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O & E > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

an organized group of tissues & organs that work together to perform a specialized set of functions

A

Organ System

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2
Q

gene that turns the transcription of other genes on or off

A

Regulatory Gene

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3
Q

a connective tissue structure that joins a muscle to another muscle, or a muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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4
Q

tissue in which fat is stored

A

Adipose Tissue

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5
Q

the fluid portion of blood in which red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets are suspended

A

Plasma

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6
Q

a group of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions

A

Tissue

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7
Q

the thin, non-cell layer of an epithelial membrane that attaches to the underlying tissues

A

Basement Membrane

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8
Q

the body system that helps regulate metabolic activities

A

Endocrine System

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9
Q

principal vertebrate skeletal tissue; a type of connective tissue

A

Bone Tissue

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10
Q

an energy-conserving state of low metabolic rate & inactivity

A

Torpor

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11
Q

involuntary, striated type of muscle found in the vertebrate heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

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12
Q

centers in the medulla & pons that regulate breathing

A

Respiratory Centers

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13
Q

cartilage cells

A

Chondrocytes

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14
Q

animal tissue consisting mostly of an intracellular substance in which the cells are embedded

A

Connective Tissue

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15
Q

a type of tissue that may be irregular, as in the dermis of the skin, or regular, as in tendons

A

Dense Connective Tissue

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16
Q

involuntary muscle tissue that lacks transverse striations

A

Smooth Muscle

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17
Q

remote; farther from the point of regerence

A

Distal

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18
Q

an outer layer of cells that covers the body of plants & functions primarily for protection

A

Epidermis

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19
Q

directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts

A

Endocrine Gland

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20
Q

cancer cells

A

Malignant Cells

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21
Q

an animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature despite variations in environmental temperature

A

Endotherm

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22
Q

the type of animal tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

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23
Q

a bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the central nervous system & some other part of the body

A

Nerve

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24
Q

a mature bone cell; an osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix & occupies a lacuna

A

Osteocyte

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25
Q

tiny threadlike structures in the cytoplasm of striated & cardiac muscle that are composed of myosin filaments & actin filaments

A

Myofibrils

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26
Q

adjustment to seasonal changes

A

Acclimatization

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27
Q

the process by which new individuals are produced

A

Reproduction

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28
Q

a gland that excretes its products through a duct that opens onto a free surface, such as the skin

A

Exocrine Gland

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29
Q

in nervous tissue, cells that support & nourish neurons

A

Glial Cells

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30
Q

a normal condition maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

A

Set Point

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31
Q

a type of epitelial membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the outside of the body

A

Mucous Membrane

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32
Q

an animal whose temperature fluctuates with that of the environment

A

Ectotherm

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33
Q

closer to the point of reference

A

Proximal

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34
Q

any living system consisting of 1 or more cells

A

Organism

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35
Q

unicellular glands that secrete mucus

A

Goblet Cells

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36
Q

the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

A

Interstitial Fluid

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37
Q

proteins found in the collagen fibers of connective tissues

A

Collagen

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38
Q

long-term torpor in response to winter cold & scarcity of food

A

Hibernation

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39
Q

the regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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40
Q

a nerve cell

A

Neuron

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41
Q

the body’s covering, including the skin & its nails, glands, hair, and other associated structures

A

Integumentary system

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42
Q

the breakdown of food to small molecules

A

Digestion

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43
Q

a type of connective tissue that is widely distributed in the body

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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44
Q

a fluid, circulation connective tissue that transports nutrients & other materials through the bodies of many types of animals

A

Blood

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45
Q

a subsystem of the cardiovascular system

A

Lymphatic System

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46
Q

a system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition

A

Positive Feedback System

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47
Q

a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digestion bacteria & cell debris

A

Macrophage

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48
Q

the spreading of cancer cells from 1 organ or part of the body to another

A

Metastasis

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49
Q

the colorless fluid within the lymphatic vessels that is derived from blood plasma; contains white blood cells

A

Lymph

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50
Q

the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron & effector

A

Synapse

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51
Q

a sticky secretion composed of covalently linked protein & carbohydrate

A

Mucus

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52
Q

an agent that causes cancer or accelerates its development

A

Carcinogen

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53
Q

the long extension of the neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

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54
Q

the voluntary striated muscle of vertebrates, so called because it usually is directly or indirectly attached to some part of the skeleton

A

Skeletal Muscle

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55
Q

cell fragments in vertebrate blood that function in clotting

A

Platelets

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56
Q

an organ that receives urine from the ureters & temporarily stores it

A

Urinary Bladder

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57
Q

a flexible skeletal tissue of vertebrates; a type of connective tissue

A

Cartilage

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58
Q

a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myosin

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59
Q

a regulatory system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that counteracts, or reverses, the change, restoring homeostasis

A

Negative Feedback System

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60
Q

the balanced internal environment of the body

A

Homeostatsis

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61
Q

channels extending through the matrix of bone

A

Haversian Canals

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62
Q

a type of animal tissue specialized for transmitting electrical & chemical signals

A

Nervous Tissue

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63
Q

a specialized structure such as the heart or liver, made up of tissue & adapted to perform a specific function or group of functions

A

Organ

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64
Q

a connective tissue or cable or strap that connects bone to each other or holds other organs in place

A

Ligament

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65
Q

connective tissue cells that produce the fiber & the protein & carbohydrate complexes of the matrix of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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66
Q

a chemical messenger, often produced in 1 region of the body of a multicellular organism & transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism

A

Hormone

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67
Q

the spindle-shaped unit of bone composed of concentric layers of osteocytes organized around a central Haversian cana containing blood vessels & nerves

A

Osteon

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68
Q

a branch of a neuron that receives & conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

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69
Q

in connective tissues, the combination of matrix & fibers in which the cells are embedded

A

Intercellular Substance

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70
Q

a state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature

A

Estivation

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71
Q

a condition characterized by overgrowth of the extremities of the skeleton, fingers, toes, jaws, & nose. It may be produced by excessive secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Acromegaly

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72
Q

a muscle protein involved in regulation of contraction

A

Tropomyosin

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73
Q

a hemoglobin-like, oxygen-transferring protein found in muscle

A

Myoglobin

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74
Q

a specific region of an enzyme (generally near the surface) that accepts 1 or more substrates & catalyzes a chemical reation

A

Active Site

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75
Q

sculpt & remodel bone by dissolving & removing part of the bony structure

A

Osteoclast

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76
Q

a segment of a striated muscle cell located between adjacent z lines that serves as a unit of contraction

A

Sarcomere

77
Q

the system of vesicles in a muscle cell that surrounds the myofibrils & releases calcium in muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

78
Q

a connective tissue structure that joins a muscle to another muscle, or a muscle to a bone

A

Tendon

79
Q

a nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects & the cell walls of many fungi

A

Chitin

80
Q

an energy-storing compound in muscle cells

A

Creatine Phosphate

81
Q

the principal storage polysaccharide in animal cells

A

Glycogen

82
Q

the layer of dense connective tissue beneath the epidermis in the skin of vertebrates

A

Dermis

83
Q

a decrease in the change difference across a plasma membrane; may result in a acton potential in a neuron or muscle cell

A

Deplarization

84
Q

molting; shedding outer skin; common process in insects, crustaceans, snakes

A

Ecdysis

85
Q

functional unit consisting of a single motor neuron & the muscle fibers in innervates

A

Motor Unit

86
Q

the muscle cell plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

87
Q

bony &/or cartilaginous structures within the body that provide support

A

Endoskeleton

88
Q

a 3-carbon organic acid

A

Lactate

89
Q

channels extending through the matrix of bone

A

Haversian canals

90
Q

involuntary muscle tissue that lacks transverse striations

A

Smooth Muscle

91
Q

a branch of the protostomes that includes animals that molt, such as the rotifers, nematodes, & arthropods

A

Ecdysozoa

92
Q

a subphylum of chordates that includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals

A

Vertebrates

93
Q

a dark pigment present in many animals

A

Melanin

94
Q

the junction between 2 or more bones of the skeleton

A

Joint

95
Q

an external skeleton, such as the shell of mollusks or outer covering of arthropods

A

Exoskeleton

96
Q

a vertebrate mechanoreceptor found in the lateral line of fishes, the vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals, & cochlea

A

Hair Cell

97
Q

the type of animal tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, & forms glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

98
Q

involuntary, striated type of muscle found in the vertebrate heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

99
Q

a type of skeleton found in some invertebrates in which contracting muscles push against a tube of fluid

A

Hydrostatic Skeleton

100
Q

the deepest sublayer of the human epidermis, consisting of cells that continuously divide

A

Stratum Basale

101
Q

an animal without a backbone

A

Invertebrate

102
Q

the body’s covering, including the skin & its nails, glands, hair, & other associated structures

A

Integumentary system

103
Q

a horny, water-insoluble protein found in the epidermis of vertebrates & in nails, feathers, hair & horns

A

Keratin

104
Q

a connective tissue cable or strap that connects bones to each other or hold other organs in place

A

Ligament

105
Q

the connections between myosin & actin filaments in muscle fibers

A

Cross Bridges

106
Q

an efferent neuron that transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle

A

Motor Neuron

107
Q

tiny threadlike structures in the cytoplasm of striated & cardiac muscle that are composed of myosin filaments & actin filaments

A

Myofibrils

108
Q

the most superficial sublayer of the human epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum

109
Q

the process of adding together excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

A

Summation

110
Q

the shedding & replacement of an outer covering such as an exoskeleton

A

Molting

111
Q

the voluntary striated muscle of vertebrates, so called because it usually in directly or indirectly attached to some parts of the skeleton

A

Skeletal Muscle

112
Q

a mature bone cell; an osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix & occupies a lacuna

A

Osteocyte

113
Q

a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myosin

114
Q

thick filaments consisting mainly of the protein myosin

A

Myosin Filaments

115
Q

a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons

A

Acetylcholine

116
Q

a type of bone cell that secretes the protein matrix of bone

A

Osteoblast

117
Q

an electrical signal resulting from depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or muscle cell

A

Action Potential

118
Q

dense, hard bone tissue found mainly near the surfaces of a bone

A

Compact Bone

119
Q

the spindle-shaped unit of bone composed of concentric layers of osteocytes organized around a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels & nerves

A

Osteon

120
Q

the oxygen necessary to metabolize the lactic acid produced during strenuous exercise

A

Oxygen Debt

121
Q

a nerve cell

A

Neuron

122
Q

a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons

A

Actylcholine

123
Q

to change the membrane potential so that the inside of the cell becomes more negative than its resting potential

A

Hyperpolarize

124
Q

phagocytic glial cells found in the CNS

A

Microglia

125
Q

a neuron that releases norepinephrine or epinephrine as a neurotransmitter

A

Adrenergic Neuron

126
Q

neuropeptides released by certain brain neurons

A

Endorphins

127
Q

the principle that neurons transmit an impulse in a similar way no matter how weak or strong the stimulus

A

All-or-None Law

128
Q

a neuron that transmits an impulse away from a synapse

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

129
Q

a decrease in the charge difference across a plasma membrane

A

Depolarizaiton

130
Q

a type of glial cell

A

Astrocyte

131
Q

the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron & an effector

A

Synapse

132
Q

the transmission of a neural impulse along a myelinated neuron

A

Saltatory Conduction

133
Q

hormone produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

134
Q

the potential that a neuron or other excitable cell must reach for an action potential to be initiated

A

Threshold Level

135
Q

the process of summing (+ & -) incoming neura signals

A

Integration

136
Q

a class of neurotransmitters that includes norepinephrine, serotonin, & dopamine

A

Biogenetic Amines

137
Q

the process of returning membrane potential to its resting level

A

Repolarization

138
Q

active transmit system that transports sodium ions out of, & potassium ions into cells

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

139
Q

in vertebrates; the brain & spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

140
Q

a neural pathway in which a postsynaptic neuron is controlled by signals coming from 2 or more presynaptic neurons

A

Convergent Circuit

141
Q

a branch of a neuron that receives & conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

142
Q

a neural pathway in which presynaptic neuron stimulates many postsynaptic neurons

A

Divergent Circuit

143
Q

neurons that transmit action potentials from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

A

Efferent Neurons

144
Q

neuropeptides released by certain brain neurons that block pain signals

A

Endorphins

145
Q

ion channels in the plasma membrane of neurons that are regulated by changes in voltage

A

Voltage-Activated Ion Channels

146
Q

a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group

A

Dopamine

147
Q

a peptide neurotransmitter released by certain sensory neurons in pain pathways

A

Substance P

148
Q

a change in membrane potential that brings a neuron closer to the firing level

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

149
Q

a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

150
Q

in nervous tissue, cells that support & nourish neurons

A

Glial Cells

151
Q

a mass of neuron cell bodies; in vertebrates, refers to aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglion

152
Q

a type of glial cell that forms myelin sheaths around neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

153
Q

an increase in neurotransmitter release thought to occur as a result of calcium ion accumulation inside the presynaptic neuron

A

Synaptic Enhancement

154
Q

substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions

A

Histamine

155
Q

a change in membrane potential that takes a neuron farther from the firing level

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

156
Q

a neuron that releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

A

Cholinergic Neuron

157
Q

one of a group of proteins that bind GTP & are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma membrane

A

G Protein

158
Q

the conduction of a neural impulse along a neuron or from 1 neuron to another

A

Neural Transmission

159
Q

a gaseous signaling molecule

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

160
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system

A

Tract

161
Q

process of detecting a stimulus

A

Reception

162
Q

a nerve cell that carries impulses from 1 nerve cell to another & is not directly associated with either an effector or a sensory receptor

A

Interneuron

163
Q

neurons that transmit action potentials from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord

A

Afferent Neurons

164
Q

the white, fatty material that forms a sheath around the axons of certain nerve cells, which are then called myelinated fibers

A

Myelin Sheath

165
Q

an electrical signal resulting from depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or muscle cell

A

Action Potential

166
Q

a bundle of axons (ordendrites) wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the CNS and the body

A

Nerve

167
Q

a class of compounds including dopamine, epinephrine, & norepinephrine

A

Catecholamine

168
Q

a chemical signal used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

169
Q

a neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the CNS

A

Sensory Neuron

170
Q

a system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition

A

Positive Feedback System

171
Q

a neurotransmitter that is also a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine

172
Q

one of a group of peptides produced in neural tissue that function as signaling molecule

A

Neuropeptide

173
Q

the process of adding together excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

A

Summation

174
Q

supporting cells found in nervous tissue outside the CNS

A

Schwann Cells

175
Q

a neuron that transmits an impulse to a synapse

A

Presynaptic Neuron

176
Q

the long extension of the neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

177
Q

a channel in the plasma membrane that permits the passage of specific ions, Na+, K+, or Cl-

A

Passive Ion Channel

178
Q

a method that allows researchers to study the ion channels of a tiny patch of membrane by tightly sealing a micropipette to the patch & measuring the flow of ions through the channels

A

Patch-Clamp Technique

179
Q

refers to how neurons signal one another, how they connect, & how neurons signal one another, how they connect, & how they carry out basic functions such as regulating heart rate, blood pressure, & sleep-wake cycles

A

Hard-wiring

180
Q

a progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

181
Q

a form of synaptic enhancement (increase in neurotransmitter release) that can last for several minutes

A

Potentiation

182
Q

a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group

A

Serotonin

183
Q

the brief period that elapses after the response of a neuron or muscle fiber, during which it cannot respond to another stimulus

A

Refractory Period

184
Q

a local change in electrical potential that varies in magnitude depending on the strength of the applied stimulus

A

Graded Potential

185
Q

the membrane potential (difference in electrical charge between the 2 sides of the plasma membrane) of a neuron in which no action potential is occurring

A

Resting Potential

186
Q

in vertebrates, the nerves & receptors that lie outside the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

187
Q

a form of AMP in which the phosphate is part of a ring-shaped structure

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

188
Q

an efferent neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS to skeletal muscle

A

Motor Neuron

189
Q

the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience

A

Neural Plasticity

O & E (3 decks)

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