Exam 3 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
a set of immune cells present in many tissues that capture antigens & present them to T cells
A
Dendritic Cells
2
Q
receptors on certain types of animal cells that bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
A
Pattern Recognition Receptors
3
Q
a type of white blood cell whose cytoplasmic granules absorb acidic stains
A
Eosinophil
4
Q
an organism, usually a microorganism, capable of producing disease
A
Pathogen
5
Q
serious condition in which Rh+ red blood cells (which bear antigen D) of a fetus are destroyed by material anti-D antibodies
A
Erythroblastosis
6
Q
mechanisms of communication between cells
A
Cell Signaling
7
Q
a type of specific immune response carried out by T cells
A
Cell-Mediated Immunity
8
Q
the increase in number of T cells or B cells specific for an antigen
A
Clonal Expansion
9
Q
an acute allergic reaction following sensitization to a foreign substance or other substance
A
Anaphylaxis
10
Q
identical antibody molecules produced by cells cloned from a single cell
A
Monoclonal Antibodies
11
Q
a large granular lymphocyte that functions in both nonspecific & specific immune responses
A
Natural Killer Cell (NK Cell)
12
Q
the retrovirus that causes AIDS
A
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
13
Q
a type of granular leukocyte important in immune responses
A
Neutrophil
14
Q
temporary immunity that depends on the presence of immunoglobulins produced by another organism
A
Passive Immunity
15
Q
a group of proteins in blood & other body fluids that are activated y an antigen-antibody complex & then destroy pathogens
A
Complement
16
Q
the combination of antigen & antibody molecules
A
Antigen-Antibody Complex
17
Q
mechanisms such as physical barriers (e.g., the skin) & phagocytosis that provide immediate & general protection against pathogens
A
Nonspecific Immune Responses
18
Q
a commercially produced, weakened or killed antigen associated with a particular disease that stimulates the body to make antibodies
A
Vaccine
19
Q
the response of body tissues to injury or infection, characterized clinically by heat, swelling, redness, & pain, & physiologically by increased dilation of blood vessels & increased phagocytosis
A
Inflammatory Response
20
Q
literally, “cell eating”; a type of endocytosis by which certain cells engulf food particles, microorganisms, foreign matter, or other cells
A
Phagocytosis
21
Q
cell that secretes antibodies; a differentiated B lymphocyte
A
Plasma Cell
22
Q
red blood cell antigens, known as D antigens, 1st identified in Rhesus monkeys
A
Rh Factors
23
Q
the rapid production of antibodies induced by a second exposure to an antigen several days, weeks, or even months after the initial exposure
A
Secondary Immune Response
24
Q
a cell that displays foreign antigens as well as its own surface proteins
A
Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)
25
substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions
Histamine
26
process of recognizing foreign macromolecules & mounting a response aimed eliminating them
Immune Response
27
the response of the immune system to 1st exposure to an antigen
Primary Immune Response
28
cytokines that kill tumor cells & stimulate immune cells to initiate an inflammatory response
Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)
29
a substance that stimulates an allergic reaction
Allergen
30
cytokines produced by animal cells when challenged by a virus
Interferons
31
an endocrine gland that functions as part of the lymphatic system; processes T cells
Thymus Gland
32
immunity that develops as a result of exposure to antigens; it can occur naturally after recovery from a disease or can be artificially induced by immunization a vaccine
Active Immunity
33
a hypersensitivity to some substance in the environment, manifested as hay fever, skin rash, asthma, food allergies, etc.
Allergy
34
B or T cell (lymphocyte) that permits rapid mobilization of immune response on 2nd or subsequent exposure to a particular antigen
Memory Cell
35
T lymphocyte that suppresses the immune response
Suppressor T Cell
36
soluble molecules that destroy pathogens
Antimicrobial Peptides
37
a serious, potentially fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
38
programmed cell death
Apoptosis
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a disease in which the body producers antibodies against its own cells or tissues
Autoimmune Disease
40
the type of white blood cell responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B Cell (B Lymphocyte)
41
defense mechanisms that target specific macromolecules associated with a pathogen
Specific Immune Responses
42
a type of cell found in connective tissue
Mast Cell
43
an abdominal organ located just below the diaphragm that removes worn-out blood cells & bacteria from the blood & plays a role in immunity
Spleen
44
a specific protein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes & binds to specific antigens; produced by plasma cells
Antibody
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a type of specific immune response in which B cells differentiate into plasma cells & produce antibodies that bind with foreign antigens, leading to the destruction of pathogens
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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any molecule, usually a protein or large carbohydrate, that is specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system
Antigen
47
distinctive molecules on bacteria & other pathogens that are not found in animals
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
48
a diverse group of cytokines produced mainly by macrophages & lymphocytes
Interleukins
49
white blood cell with nongranular cytoplasm that governs immune responses
Lymphocyte
50
an enzyme found in many tissues & in tears & other body fluids
Lysozyme
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a group of membrane proteins, present on the surface of most cells, that are slightly different in each indivdual
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
52
a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digesting bacteria & cell debris
Macrophage
53
signaling proteins that regulate interactions between cells in the immune system
Cytokines
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a rapid, widespread allergic reaction that can lead to death
Systemic Anaphylaxis
55
a type of white blood cell responsible for a wide variety of immune functions, particularly cell-mediated immunity
T Cell (T Lymphocyte)
56
T lymphocyte that destroys cancer cells & other pathogenic cells on contact
T Cytotoxic Cell (TC)
57
T lymphocyte that activates B cells (B lymphocytes) & stimulates T cytotoxic cell production
T Helper Cell (TH)
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lymphocyte activation in which a specific antigen causes activation, cell division, & differentiation only in cells that express receptors with which the antigen binds
Clonal Selection
59
a type of pattern recognition receptor. Cell-surface receptors on several cell types that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Toll-Like Receptors
60
an immune response directed against a transplanted tissue or organ
Graft Rejection
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airduct in the lung that branches from a bronchus
Bronchiole
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a curve depicting the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen, as a function of certain variables such as oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or pH
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
63
a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli
Chemoreceptor
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a thin, flexible structure that guards the entrance to the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing
Epiglottis
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the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation
Residual Volume
66
hemoglobin that has combined with oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin
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organismic respiration is the process of gas exchange between a complex animal & its environment ,generally through a specialized respiratory surface, such as a lung or gill
Respiration
68
the hydrostatic organ in bony fishes that permits the fish to hover at a given depth
Swim Bladder
69
an opening for gas exchange, such as the opening of a trachea on the body surface of an insect
Spiracle
70
the volume of air moved into & out of the lungs with each body surface of an insect
Spiracle
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the volume of air moved into & out of the lungs with each normal resting breath
Tidal Volume
72
one branch of the trachea & its immediate branches within the lung
Bronchus
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principal thoracic air duct of terrestrial vertebrates; windpipe
Trachea
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an internal respiratory organ that functions in gas exchange; enables an animal to breath air
Lung
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the maximum volume of air a person exhales after filling the lungs to the maximum extent
Vital Capacity
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in mammals, the muscular floor of the chest cavity
Diaphragm
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a biological mechanism that enables maximum exchange between 2 fluids
Countercurrent Exchange System
78
the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture, which is the same pressure it would exert if alone
Partial Pressure
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a group of physiological mechanisms, such as decrease in metabolic rate, that are activated when a mammal dives to its limit
Diving Reflex
80
part of the digestive tract. In complex vertebrates, it is bounded anteriorly by the mouth & nasal cavities & posteriorly by the esophagus & larynx, the throat region in humans
Pharynx
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thin-walled ducts in the lungs of birds
Parabronchi
82
the respiratory organs characteristic of many aquatic animals, usually thin-walled projections from the body surface or from some part of the digestive tract
Gills
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increased oxyhemoglobin dissociation due to lowered pH
Bohr Effect
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the net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (i.e., down a concentration gradient), resulting from random motion
Diffusion
85
he membrane that lines the thoracic cavity & envelops each lung
Pleural Membrane
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the process of actively moving air or water over a respiratory surface
Ventilation
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a physical law governing rates of gas exchange in animal respiratory systems
Fick’s Law of Diffusion
88
a hemolymph pigment that transports oxygen in some mollusks & arthropods
Hemocyanin
89
the red, iron-containing protein pigment in blood that transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & aids in regulation of pH
Hemoglobin
90
the organ at the upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords
Larynx
91
centers in the medulla & pons that regulate breathing
Respiratory Centers
92
hemoglobin-like, oxygen-transferring protein found in muscle
Myoglobin
93
in bony fish, a protective flap of the body wall that covers the gills
Operculum
94
muscular region of the vertebrate digestive tract,extending from the esophagus to the small intestine
Stomach
95
a complex organic molecule required in very small amounts for normal metabolic functioning
Vitamin
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starch-digesting enzyme
Amylase
97
a normal condition maintained by homeostatic mechanisms
Set Point
98
inorganic nutrients ingested as salts dissolved in food & water
Minerals
99
protein-covered fat droplets produced in the intestinal cells
Chylomicrons
100
the portion of the digestive tract of humans (& other vertebrates) consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, & anus
Large Intestine
101
certain enzymes, vitamins, & other substances that destroy free radicals & other reactive molecules
Antioxidants
102
the amount of energy expended by the body at resting conditions, when no food is being digested & no voluntary muscular work is being performed
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
103
a group of circularly arranged muscle fibers, the contractions of which close an opening
Sphincter
104
the fluid secreted by the liver; emulsifies fats
Bile
105
an animal that feeds on plants or algae
Herbivore
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an index of weight in relation to height; calculated by dividing the square of the weight (square kg) by height (meters)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
107
an animal that feeds on other animals
Carnivore
108
compounds found in plants that play important roles in preventing certain diseases
Phytochemicals
109
the aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances
Catabolism
110
folds, such as those in the lining of the stomach
Augae
111
the breakdown of food to small molecules
Digestion
112
a group of peptides that appear to decrease appetite in response to increased fat stones
Melanocortins
113
ejection of undigested food from the body
Elimination
114
portion of the vertebrate digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine
Small Intestine
115
the part of the digestive tract that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
116
the aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new cell materials, & growth
Anabolism
117
a nutrient that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient quantities to meet nutritional needs
Essential Nutrient
118
a small sac that stores bile
Gallbladder
119
a central digestive cavity with a single opening that functions as both mouth & anus
Gastrovascular Cavity
120
an organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials & therefore must obtain energy & body-building materials from other organisms
Heterotroph
121
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose concentration
Insulin
122
1 of the many lymphatic vessels in the intestinal villi that absorbs fat
Lacteal
123
a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals brain centers about the status of energy stores
Leptin
124
the process of taking food (or other material) into the body
Ingestion
125
a compound consisting of a chain of amino acid groups linked by peptide bonds
Peptide
126
rhythmic waves of muscular contraction & relaxation in the walls of hollow tubular organs, such as the ureter or parts of the digestive tract, that serve to move the contents through the tube
Peristalsis
127
a large molecular complex consisting of lipids & protein; transports lipids in the blood
Lipoprotein
128
the concentration of body organs (viscera) located above the foot in mollusks
Visceral Mass
129
poor nutritional status
Malnutrition
130
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism
Metabolism
131
the distal end & outlet of the digestive tract
Anus
132
the chemical substances in food that are used as components for synthesizing needed materials and/or as energy sources
Nutrients
133
a multicellular, minute, elongated projection from the surface of a epithelial membrane
Villus
134
energy used by an organism per unit time
Metabolic Rate
135
minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell
Microvilli
136
a thin, flexible structure that guards the entrance to the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing
Epiglottis
137
the movement of nutrients & other substances through the wall of the digestive tract & into the blood or lymph
Absorption
138
a signaling molecule produced by the hypothalamus that increases appetite & slows metabolism
Neuropeptide Y
139
the process of taking in & using food (nutrients)
Nutrition
140
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius
Kilocalorie
141
an animal that eats a variety of plant & animal materials
Omnivore
142
a hormone released by the stomach mucosa
Gastrin
143
highly reactive molecules such as free radicals, peroxides, & superoxides that are producers during normal cell processes that require oxygen
Oxidants
144
accessory digestive glands found in vertebrates & some invertebrates
Salivary Glands
145
part of the digestive tract. In complex vertebrates, it is bounded anteriorly by the mouth & nasal cavities & posteriorly by the esophagus & larynx; the throat region in humans
Pharynx
146
e potion of the small intestine into which the contents of the stomach first enters
Duodenum
147
large gland located in the vertebrate abdominal cavity
Pancreas
148
a fat-digesting enzyme
Lipase
149
an enzyme produced in the stomach that initiates digestion of protein
Pepsin
150
the precursor of pepsin
Pepsinogen
151
excess accumulation of body fat
Obesity
152
excess accumulation of body fat
Liver
