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O & E > Exam 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

neurons that transmit action potentials from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord

A

Afferent Neurons

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2
Q

areas of the brain that link sensory & motor neurons

A

Association Areas

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3
Q

a concentration of nervous tissue that controls neural function

A

Brain

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4
Q

a groove, trench, or depression, especially 1 occurring on the surface of the brain, separating the convolutions

A

Sulcus

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5
Q

a decreased response to a drug over time

A

Tolerance

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6
Q

a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

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7
Q

in vertebrates, the brain & spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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8
Q

in vertebrates, an action system of the brain. In humans, plays a role in emotional responses, motivation, autonomic function, & sexual response

A

Limbic System

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9
Q

factual knowledge of people, places, or objects

A

Declarative Memory

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10
Q

a division of the autonomic nervous system; its general effect is to mobilize energy, especially during stress situations

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

physical dependence on the drug, generally based on physiological changes that takes place in response to the drug

A

Addiction

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12
Q

a convoluted subdivision of the vertebrate brain concerned with coordination of muscular movements, muscle tone, & balance

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

the fluid that bathes the CNS of vertebrates

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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14
Q

the ability of synapses to change in response to certain types of stimuli

A

Synaptic Plasticity

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15
Q

nervous tissue in the brain & spinal cord that contains myelinated axons

A

White Matter

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16
Q

the hollow, longitudinal structure in the early vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain & spinal cord

A

Neural Tube

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17
Q

a layer of cells filled with black pigment that absorbs light & prevents reflected light from blurring the image that falls on the retina

A

Choroid Layer

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18
Q

the 3 membranes that protect the brain & spinal cord: the dura mater, arachnoid, & pia mater

A

Meninges

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19
Q

endocrine gland located in the brain

A

Pineal Gland

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20
Q

the unconscious memory for perceptual & motor skills

A

Implicit Gland

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21
Q

the 10 or 12 pairs of nerves in vertebrates that emerge directly from the brain

A

Cranial Nerves

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22
Q

the white bulge that is the part of the brain stem between the medulla & the midbrain

A

Pons

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23
Q

a diffuse network of neurons in the brain stem

A

Reticular Activation System (RAS)

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24
Q

in the early embryo, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing vertebrate brain

A

Hindbrain

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25
Q

the evolution of a head, the concentration of nervous tissue & sense organs at the front end of the animal

A

Cephalization

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26
Q

the middle of the 3 meningeal layers that cover & protect the brain & spinal cord

A

Arachnoid

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27
Q

a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group

A

Dopamine

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28
Q

in vertebrates, the nerves that emerge from the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

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29
Q

neurons that transmit action potentials from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

A

Efferent Neurons

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30
Q

in mammals, the anterior part of the cerebrum

A

Frontal Lobes

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31
Q

in vertebrates, the dorsal, tubular nerve cord

A

Spinal Cord

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32
Q

a mass of neuron cell bodies; in vertebrates, refers to aggregation of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglion

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33
Q

in mammals, a large bundle of nerve fibers interconnecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

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34
Q

a division of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the control of the internal organs

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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35
Q

the outer layer of the cerebrum composed of grey matter & consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies

A

Cerebral Cortex

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36
Q

nervous tissue in the brain & spinal cord that contains cell bodies, dendrites, & unmyelinated axons

A

Gray Matter

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37
Q

part of the vertebrate brain; in mammals it regulates the pituitary glans, the autonomic system, emotional responses, body temperature, water balance, & appetite

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

a change in the behavior of an animal that results from experience

A

Learning

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39
Q

a bundle of axons (or dendrites) wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the CNS & some other parts of the body

A

Nerve

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40
Q

the tough, outer meningeal layer that covers & protects the brain & spinal cord

A

Dura Mater

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41
Q

a molecule such as a hormone, local regulator, or neurotransmitter that transmits information when it binds to a receptor on the cell surface or within the cell

A

Signaling Molecule

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42
Q

long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections that occurs in response to a series of high-frequency electrical stimuli

A

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

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43
Q

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in setting circadian rhythms

A

Melatonin

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44
Q

that part of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that keeps the body in adjustment with the external environment

A

Somatic Nervous System

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45
Q

the part of the vertebrate brain that serves as a main relay center, transmitting information between the spinal cord & the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

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46
Q

long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections that occurs in response to low-frequency stimulation of neurons

A

Long-Term Synaptic Depression (LTD)

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47
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS

A

Tract

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48
Q

a large, convoluted subdivision of the vertebrate brain

A

Cerebrum

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49
Q

in the early embryo, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing vertebrate brain

A

Forebrain

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50
Q

in vertebrate embryos, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing brain

A

Midbrain

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51
Q

a system of interconnecting nerve cells found in cnidarians & echinoderms

A

Nerve Net

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52
Q

posterior areas of the mammalian cerebrum

A

Occipital Lobes

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53
Q

the part of the vertebrate brain that includes the medulla, pons, & midbrain

A

Brain Stem

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54
Q

invertebrates, the nerves & receptors that lie outside in the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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55
Q

the inner membrane covering the brain & spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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56
Q

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the visceral functions of the body

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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57
Q

an automatic, involuntary response to a given stimulus that generally functions to restore homeostasis

A

Reflex Action

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58
Q

a neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the CNS

A

Sensory Neuron

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59
Q

the multicellular tissue in the inner ear that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic canal

A

Basilar Membrane

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60
Q

a sensory receptor that responds to heat

A

Thermoreceptor

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61
Q

a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli

A

Chemoreceptor

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62
Q

the passages in the vertebrate inner ear containing structures that control the sense of equilibrium (balance)

A

Semicircular Canals

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63
Q

the structure of the inner ear of mammals that contains the auditory receptors

A

Cochlea

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64
Q

a peptide neurotransmitter released by certain sensory neurons in pain pathways; signals the brain regarding painful stimuli

A

Substance P

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65
Q

the transparent covering of an eye

A

Cornea

66
Q

determination of the position of objects by detecting echoes of high-pitched sound emitted by an animal

A

Echolocation

67
Q

granules of loose sand or calcium carbonate found in statocysts

A

Statoliths

68
Q

the roof membrane of the organ of Corti in the cochlea of the ear

A

Tectorial Membrane

69
Q

any small, saclike extension

A

Ampulla

70
Q

a type of neuron in the retina of the eye; receives input from the photoreceptors (rods & cones) & synapses of ganglion cells

A

Bipolar Cell

71
Q

the fluid of the membranous labyrinth & cochlear duct of the ear

A

Endolymph

72
Q

1 of the sense organs the receives sensory stimuli from the outside world, such as the eyes or touch receptors

A

Exteroreceptor

73
Q

the area of sharpest vision in the retina

A

Fovea

74
Q

a type of neuron in the retina of the eye

A

Ganglion Cell

75
Q

shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

A

Cristae

76
Q

the structure within the vestibule of the vertebrate inner ear that, along with the saccule, houses the receptors of static equilibrium

A

Utricle

77
Q

the innermost of the 3 layers (retina, choroid layer, & sclera) of the eyeball, which is continuous with the optic nerve & contains the light-sensitive rod & cone cells

A

Retina

78
Q

a vertebrate mechanoreceptor found in the lateral line of fishes, the vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals & cochlea

A

Hair Cell

79
Q

in mammals, an organ in the epithelium of the nose, made up of specialized chemoreceptor cells that detect pheromones

A

Vomeronasal Organ

80
Q

a layer of cells filled with black pigment that absorbs light & prevents reflected light from blurring the image that falls on the retina

A

Choroid Layer

81
Q

the pigment portion of the vertebrate eye

A

Iris

82
Q

the oval, transparent structure located behind the iris of the vertebrate eye

A

Lens

83
Q

a sensory cell or organ that perceives mechanical stimuli

A

Mechanoreceptor

84
Q

a cell (or part of a cell) specialized to detect specific energy stimuli in the environment

A

Sensory Receptor

85
Q

the system of interconnecting canals of the inner ear of vertebrates

A

Labyrinth

86
Q

the outer coat of the eyeball

A

Sclera

87
Q

the auditory tube passing between the middle-ear cavity & the pharynx in vertebrates

A

Eustachian Tube

88
Q

the structure within the inner ear of vertebrates that contains receptor cells that sense sound vibrations

A

Organ of Corti

89
Q

the structure within the vestibule of the inner vertebrate ear that along with the utricle houses the receptors of static equilibrium

A

Saccule

90
Q

an invertebrate sense organ containing 1 or more granules

A

Statocyst

91
Q

hairlike projections of hair cells

A

Stereocilia

92
Q

collectively, the saccule, utricle, & semicircular canals of the inner ear

A

Vestibular Apparatus

93
Q

a sense organ within a body organ that transmits information regarding chemical composition, pH, osmotic pressure, or temperature

A

Interoceptor

94
Q

an amino acid that functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain

A

Glutamate

95
Q

an eye, such as that of an insect, consisting of many light-sensitive units call ommatidia

A

Compound Eye

96
Q

tissue containing odor-sensing neurons

A

Olfactory Epithelium

97
Q

pair receptors

A

Nociceptors

98
Q

1 of the light-detecting units of a compound eye, consisting of a lens & a crystalline cone that focus light onto photoreceptors called reticular cells

A

Ommatidium

99
Q

small calcium carbonate crystals in the saccule & utricle of the inner ear

A

Otoliths

100
Q

a receptor located in the dermis of the skin that responds to pressure

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

101
Q

a substance secreted by an organism to the external environment that influences the development of behavior of other members of the same species

A

Pheromone

102
Q

receptors in muscles, tendons, & joints that respond to changes in movement, tension, & position

A

Proprioceptors

103
Q

one of the rod shaped, light-sensitive cells of the retina that are particularly sensitive to dim light & mediate black & white vision

A

Rod

104
Q

a receptor that responds to electrical stimuli

A

Electrorecptor

105
Q

narrowing of the diameter of blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

106
Q

a steroid hormone produced by the vertebrate arenal cortex; stimulates sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

107
Q

a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digesting bacteria & cell debris

A

Macrophage

108
Q

a polypeptide produced by the action of renin on the plasma protein angiotensinogen

A

Angiotensin 1

109
Q

1 complete heart beat

A

Cardiac Cycle 1

110
Q

a hormone released by the atrium of the heart

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

111
Q

the fluid portion of blood in which red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets are suspended

A

Plasma

112
Q

a type of white blood cell; a large, phagocytic, nongranular leukocyte that enters the tissues & differentiates into a microphage

A

Monocyte

113
Q

a valve between each atrium & its ventricle that prevents back-flow of blood

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valve

114
Q

a hereditary disease in which blood does not clot properly

A

Hemophilia

115
Q

a vertebrate red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

116
Q

the portion of the circulatory system that carries blood from the intestine through the liver

A

Hepatic Portal System

117
Q

heart attack

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

118
Q

phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart is relaxed

A

Diastole

119
Q

cell fragments in vertebrate blood that functions in clotting

A

Platelets

120
Q

the body system that functions in internal transport & protects the body from disease

A

Circulatory System

121
Q

a peptide hormone secreted mainly by kidney cells

A

Erythropoietin

122
Q

1 of a class of proteins in blood plasma, some of which (gamma globulins) function as antibodies

A

Globulin

123
Q

expansion of the diameter of blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

124
Q

the colorless fluid within the lymphatic vessels that is derived from blood plasma; contains white blood cells

A

Lymph

125
Q

blood cavity characteristic of animals with an open circulatory system

A

Hemocoel

126
Q

a peptide hormone formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotension 1

A

Angiotensin 2

127
Q

the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting

A

Systole

128
Q

the red, iron-containing protein pigment in blood that transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & aids in regulation of pH

A

Hemoglobin

129
Q

the fluid that bathes the tissues in animals with an open circulatory system

A

Hemolymph

130
Q

the alternate expansion & recoil of an artery

A

Arterial Pulse

131
Q

valves between the ventricles of the heart & the arteries that carry blood away from the heart

A

Semilunar Valves

132
Q

an enzyme released by the kidney in response to a decrease in blood pressure

A

Renin

133
Q

pertaining to the liver

A

Hepatic

134
Q

the largest & main systemic artery of the vertebrate body

A

Aorta

135
Q

substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions

A

Histamine

136
Q

the mass of specialized cardiac muscle in which the impulse triggering the heartbeat originates

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

137
Q

a class of protein found in most animal tissues; a fraction of plasma proteins

A

Albumin

138
Q

the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the tissues & organs of the body

A

Systemic Circulation

139
Q

the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the tissues & organs of the body

A

Systemic Circulation

140
Q

the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

A

Interstitial Fluid

141
Q

a fluid, circulating connective tissue that transports nutrients & other materials through the bodies of many types of animals

A

Blood

142
Q

white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

143
Q

a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that controls the rate of water reabsorption by the kidney

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

144
Q

a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from a heart chamber & toward the body organs

A

Artery

145
Q

receptors within certain blood vessels that are stimulated by changes in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor

146
Q

the force exerted by blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels

A

Blood Pressure

147
Q

microscopic blood vessels in the tissues that permit exchange of materials between cells & blood

A

Capillaries

148
Q

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricles into the aorta in 1 minute

A

Cardiac Output

149
Q

deuterostome animals that ,at some time in their lives, have cartilaginous, dorsal skeletal structure called a notochord

A

Chordates

150
Q

a type of circulatory system in which the blood flows through a continuous circuit of blood vessels; characteristic of annelids cephalopods, & vertebrates

A

Closed Circulatory System

151
Q

a set of immune cells present in many tissues that capture antigens & present them to T cells

A

Dendritic Cells

152
Q

a type of white blood cell whose cytoplasmic granules absorb acidic stains

A

Eosinophil

153
Q

the net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (ie. down a concentration gradient,resulting from random motion

A

Diffusion

154
Q

an insoluble protein formed from the plasma protein fibrinogen during blood clotting

A

Fibrin

155
Q

a mass of lymph tissue surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

A

Lymph Node

156
Q

a subsystem of the cardiovascular system

A

Lymphatic System

157
Q

white blood cell with nongranular cytoplasm that governs immune responses

A

Lymphocyte

158
Q

a type of circulatory system in which the blood bathes the tissues directly

A

Open Circulatory System

159
Q

the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the lungs for oxygenation

A

Pulmonary Circulation

160
Q

a hemolymph pigment that transports oxygen in some mollusks & arthropods

A

Hemocyanin

161
Q

disease of the heart or blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular Disease

162
Q

the volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle during 1 contraction

A

Stroke Volume

O & E (3 decks)

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