Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Mar: Sem 4 - Principles II > Exam 1: xrays > Flashcards

Exam 1: xrays Flashcards

1
Q

Would bones be more present with overexposure or underexposure?

A

overexposure

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of body habitus results in underexposed x-rays?

A

Obesity

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

With overexposure, a chest x-ray will appear too ______.

A

dark
* the bones are very white but small nodules and fine structures in the lung aren’t seen

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

With underexposure, a chest x-ray will appear too ____.

A

bright
* this is hard to interpret
* small pulmonary blood vessles appear prominent and could lead you to think there are infultrations

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major difference b/w male and female cxr

A
  • caused by breast tissue: breast tissue absorbes some xr beam
  • this can cause underexposure of the tissues in the path
  • not a problem if the breasts are above the hemidiaphragms

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pt position with PA and AP xr views

A

PA: (usually ambulatory pts) the xr tube is behind the pt and the beam passes from the pts back and exits the front of the chest
AP: if laying down, xr tube passes antrior to posteior

AP makes the heart look a little larger because the beam spreads out a little more
*But PA (upwright) helps with lung expension and pulm. vessels - i.e. a hemothorax will become gravity dependent (run down)

S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What mnemonic should guide x-ray assessment?

A

Are There Many Lung Lesions?

Abdomen
Thorax
Mediastinum
Lung
Laterality

S7
Laterally= bilateral lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • In the thorax assessment, sharp ____ angles will have ____ fill in the gaps if there’s a ____
  • There is a ____ if the air goes ____ the angles instead of filling in the gaps.
A
  • In the thorax assessment, sharp costophrenic angles will have blood fill in the gaps if there’s a hemothorax
  • There is a pneumothorax if the air goes around the angles instead of filling in the gaps.

S13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the mediastinum assessment, what tells you there is cardiomegaly?

A

Cardiac silhouette > than 1/2 to 2/3 greater than normal

S17
From K: I believe this should say 1/2-2/3rds of the space in thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the systematic order of approach for chest x-ray assessment?

A
  1. Bony framework
  2. Soft tissues
  3. Lung fields and Hila
  4. Diaphragm and pleural spaces
  5. Mediastinum & heart
  6. Abdomen and neck

Beautiful Sky, Lets Hike Down Mountain Above

S21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures make of the pulmonary Hila?

A

Pulmonary arteries & veins
* the hila is the shadow of the pulm artery and vein adjacent to the heart shadow

S24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Abnormalities in lung fields are marked by excessive ____ and ____.

A

radiolucency and radiopacity (or opacified areas)

S24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do you look for with bony framework?

A

Ribs
Sternum - sometimes hard to see
Spine
Shoulder girdle
Clavicles
*Anterior view sometimes gets lost in mediasteinum

S22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do you look for with soft tissues?

A

Breast shadows be mindful of breasts obscuring the costophrenic angles
Supraclavicular areas
Axillae - more pneumothorax accumulation
Tissues along side of breasts

S23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you look for with Lung fields?

A

Hilum (base/root of lung – close to heart)
Lungs: Linear and fine nodular shadows of pulmonary vessels
Blood vessels
40% obscured by other tissue

S24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do you look at with the diaphragm and pleral surfaces?

A

Diaphragm (liver sits higher on the R so that dome is higher)
Dome-shaped
Costophrenic angles
Normal pleura is not visible on the cxr unless two layers come together to form interlobar fissures

S25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do you look at with the mediastinum and heart (Right side)?

A

Heart size on PA
Right side: Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Ascending aorta, Superior vena cava

biggest takaways are to look for the aortic knob and the size of the cardiac silhouette

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do you look at with the mediastinum and heart (Left side)?

A

Left side: Left ventricle, Left atrium, Pulmonary artery, Aortic arch, Subclavian artery and vein

Order from bottom to top: LV, LA, pulm art, aortic arch and subclav artery and vein

S27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do you look at with the abd and neck?

A

Abdomen: Gastric bubble, Air under diaphragm
Neck: Soft tissue mass, Air bronchogram

S28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below?

A

Superior Vena Cava

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?

A

Right atrium

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?

A

Right ventricle

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?

A

Left ventricle

S26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch | S26
26
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Pulmonary vasculature | S26
27
What would the results be for a poor inspiration on a chest x-ray?
- High diaphragm - Crowding of lung markings | S30
28
What would be the result of over or under penetration?
* Can obliterate or exaggerate important findings * A proper PA cxr, you can make out the thoracic vertabrae | S30
29
What would be the result of rotation of the pt?
* Distortion of normal structures. Check proper orientation by looking if the clavicles are equally long or look at equal distance from vertebral spines to the end of the calvicle | S30
30
What describes the anatomical position of the right upper lobe (RUL) ?
- Upper ⅓ of right lung - Posteriorly, adjacent to first 3 - 5 ribs - Anteriorly, reaches as far down as 4th rib | S34
31
What lobe of the right lung is located primarily posteriorly?
Right Lower Lobe (RLL)
32
Which of the right lung lobes is typically smallest and triangular in shape and is narrowest near the hilum?
Right Middle Lobe (RML) | S35
33
How high up posteriorly will the RLL extend? How low will the RLL extend?
T6 down to as low as L2 with full inspiration | S36
34
What structures do the major and minor fissues seperate?
* Major fissure: more expansive and seperates RUL and RML from the RLL * Minor fissure: seperates RUL from RML (this representates the visceral pleural surfaces of both these lobes) **at the level of T4** | S37
35
Which right lung fissure is oriented obliquely?
Major Fissure | S37
36
The portion of the left lung that coresponds anatomically to the RML is incorperated where? what fissure devides the two left lobes?
* LUL * major fissure (identical to the R lung) | S40
37
What is the silhouette sign?
Lung lesion that obscurs normal anatomy (in this case the aortic arch). | S43
38
What is the Air Bronchogram Sign?
* In the lungs, bronchi should not be visible because there is air density surrounded by alveoli (soft tissue has different density) * Air bronchogram = visulization of intrpulmonary bronchi which indicates abnormal lung i.e. consolidation *with lung consolidation, pulmonary vessels are no longer visulalized because they are surrounded by other soft tissue density* **AKA: bad news bears** | S44
39
What is consolidation?
Inflammatory exudate of WBC, plasma, bacteria, and debris. i.e. a density corresponding to a segment or lobe RML consolidation pictured. | S49
40
What is the most common reason for consolidation?
Pneumonococca (pneumonia) | S49
41
Is there loss of lung volume noted with consolidations?
No | S49
42
What are examples of localized lung liquid densities?
- Infiltrate - Consolidation - Cavitation - Mass - Congestion - Atelectasis ICC MAC | S48
43
What are examples of generalized lung liquid densities?
- Diffuse alveolar - Diffuse interstitial - Mixed - Vascular David Always Inturrupts Many Vamipres | S48
44
What are some disease states consistent with increased air density?
- Emphysema - Bulla - Localized airway obstruction - Diffuse airway obstruction D- LOBE | S48
45
What signs are seen in an atelectatic lung space? (3)
- Density corresponding to segment or lobe - Loss of volume - compensatory hyperinflation **there is no ventilation to the lobe beyond the obstruction** | S50
46
4 Steps of cxr evaluation
1. identify abnormal shadows 2. anatomically localize the leasion 3. identify the pathology 4. identify the etiology 5. *after that confirm you clinical suspition with MRI, CT, contrast etc* Shady Leonard Paces Easily | S51
47
What disorder is likely from the radiograph below?
Gohn's Complex. Lesion of calcified infection with associated lymph node involvement. Usually results from tuberculosis. We done GROWN some calcium | S66
48
What disorder is likely from the radiograph below?
Anterior Medistinal Mass *we can't see the aortic knob here - aortic rupture or mass or esophageal rupture?* **Corndog mostly wants us to see something is wrong** | S67
49
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
RUL Pneumonia | S61
50
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Right Pleural Effusion **no costophrenic angle** | S59
51
What lung lobe is affected by the effusion noted in the image below?
Trick Question. Costophrenic angle still visible. This is likely a RLL pneumonia, not an effusion. | S62
52
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Free air under the diaphragm | S64
53
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
LUL mass | S68
54
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Metastatic Cancer *also a porticath on the L side and a neck fusion* | S69
55
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Pulmonary Metastasis Hematogenous | S70
56
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Pneumomediastinum - *shadow on the L side of the heart* | S72
57
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Pneumothorax | S75
58
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Subcutaneous Air - *diaphragm also looks weird - depressed maybe?* | S76
59
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Deep Sulcus Sign indicative of pneumothorax - *we also have a gastric silhouette on the left (the diaphragm is way at the bottom) | S77
60
How can one differentiate if a swallowed coin is in the trachea or the esophagus?
If the coin sits flat then its likely to be in the esophagus. *FB's always go to the path of least resistance - usually if its in the trachea, this coin will sit a little higher (i.e. the carina) | S81-82
61
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Post-operative pneumonectomy * *but we also have some tracheal shift, so follow up with clincial correlation - haha sounds like a rad...* | S88
62
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Pulmonary Edema *Large cardiac silhouette and its hard to make out other scructures* | S86
63
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Transverse Aortic Arch aneurysm or a large tumor | S90
64
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Cardiomegaly *well over the 50% normal cardiac silhouette* | S91
65
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Aortic Dissection *distended and widened mediasteinum* | S93
66
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Chiladiti Sign indicative of interposition of bowel in between liver and the diaphragm. Not good. Especially after bowel surgery. *per Corndog: usually this causes no symptomes! You're CHILLY when your bowel is torsed | S94
67
Chilaiditi syndrome refers to what? and is only in the presence of what?
* Chilaiditi syndrome refers only to complications in the presence of Chilaiditi's sign. * These include: abdominal pain, torsion of the bowel or shortness of breath | S94 ## Footnote From K:Chilaiditi syndrome is a generally benign condition in which a segment of the intestine is interposed between the liver and diaphragm
68
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Mediastinal air secondary to esophageal rupture * AKA: Boerhaave's syndrome BORING, you HAVE air in your mediastinum | S95
69
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy - lots of fluid retention | S96
70
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
LUL Atelectasis | S103
71
What is the likely pathology based on the x-ray below?
Bilateral "cotton-ball" appearance is likely for TB | S112

Mar: Sem 4 - Principles II (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions