Exam 1.1 Flashcards

Question

Peppered Moth Example

Answer 1

Manchester, Great Brition Change from speckled gray to black depending on presence of lichen on the barks Birds were selective agent

Answer 2

Mendelian: Characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. Sickle-cell anemia, blood type and Tay-Sachs Non-mendelian: polygenic - continuous and gradual. Skin and hair color, stature, eye color, shape of face, nose, fingerprints Can be measured statistically

Answer 3

Genetic drift: various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small relatively isolated populations Also known as Wright effect Founder Effect: When a small group of organisms derived from a larger population migrates to a relatively isolated location (Native Americans have unusually high frequencies of O BT)

Answer 4

Example of founder effect | Christian leads mutiny and establishes a small population of sailors and Polynesian women on Pitcairn Island

Answer 5

Bergmann's: Smaller-sized subpopulations of a species inhabit the warmer parts of its geographical range and larger-sized subpopulations the cooler areas Allen's: Protruding body parts are relatively shorted in the cooler areas of a species' range than in the warmer areas Long limbed, lean bodies provide more surface area in relation to body mass and facilitates dissipation of heat

Answer 6

Varies widely among humans and has historically been the most important indicator of race 1. Protection from UV radiation in tropical regions 2. Vitamin D synthesis in northern latitudes 3. Protects against folate depletion

Answer 7

``` Molars and premolars are generalized Front teeth (incisors and canines) are very specialized ```

Answer 8

``` Lemurs, Lorises and Tarsiers Very specialized front teeth Smallest and least complex brains 60+ mya More variety than any other group Moist nose Lack of fully developed facial muscles More lateral placed eyes Powerful grip but no precisions Dental comb (incisors) Grooming claw Color vision debatable Shorter gestation and maturation periods ```

Answer 9

Marmosets, Tamarins Very small and eat insects Multiple births (often twins) Have claws instead of nails on some digits May contain monogamy or polyandry (female with more than one male) Males often heavily involved in infant care

Answer 10

``` Baboons and Macaques Old world monkeys Some are terrestrial More pronounced sexual dimorphism Omnivorous diets Cheek pouches allow food storage Ischial callosities Heavily studied by primatologists for implications of savanna dwelling group-living primates ```

Answer 11

``` Gibbons and Siamangs Southeast Asia, Malaysia Smallest of the Apes Fully Arboreal, Adapted for Suspensory Brachiation Primarily Frugivorous Little Sexual Dimorphism Monogamous Primary Groups/Pair Bonding and High Male Parental Investment Primary Group is Territorial ```

Answer 12

``` Great Apes Live only on the Indonesian islands of Boneo and Sumatra Pronounced sexual dimorphism Primarily frugivorous Arboreal Four handed fist walkers, prehensile hands and feet Largest arboreal primates Studied by Birute Galdikas Regional differences in behavior ```

Answer 13

Studied Mountain gorillas (600 in Rwanda, Congo and Uganda)

Answer 14

Chimpanzees and gorillas | Arboreal and terrestrial

Answer 15

``` Termite fishing Leaves as napkins and sponges Sticks for hunting Weapons Crack nuts with stones Hammerstones Differences in tool use among communities provides evidence for chimpanzee culture ```

Answer 16

Red colobus monkey Caught by males alone or in small groups Shared with others Use tools to hunt bush babies

Answer 17

Differences in behavior support culture

Answer 18

Washoe taught American Sign Language | Bonobo Kanzi shows proficiency for ape communication

Answer 19

24-5.2 mya Monkeys and apes diverged in Europe, Asia and Africa Conditions became drier especially in East Africa Proto-apes (Proconsul): anthropoids with apelike characteristics in early Miocene which turn in definitive apes in mid to late miocene Arboreal quadrupedal fruit-eater found in Kenya and Uganda

Answer 20

24-5.2 mya Monkeys and apes diverged in Europe, Asia and Africa Conditions became drier especially in East Africa Proto-apes emerge

Answer 21

Recent life such as birds, and mammals | 65 mya

Answer 22

Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: 13 pound fruit eating quadrupedal primate. Considerable sexual dimorphism and large brain dedicated to vision Teeth, jaws and some aspects of skull apelike (2123 and Y-5 dental pattern like OWM), monkey-like from neck down Ancestor of both OWM and the hominoids

Answer 23

Many apes characterize this era compared to now | Climate changes and becomes less conducive to monkeys, and more conducive to monkeys

Answer 24

Later Miocene | Emergence of hominoids

Answer 25

anthropoids with apelike characteristics in early Miocene which turn in definitive apes in mid to late miocene Preconsul: Arboreal quadrupedal fruit-eater found in Kenya and Uganda. Ancestor to both monkeys and apes?

Answer 26

13-8 mya Once thought ancestral to hominids due to its flat and thickly ENAMLED molars, smaller canines and less sexual dimorphism that other Miocene apes Suspensory locomotion Lived in a mixed woodland-grassland environment like early hominids and diet consisted of coarse grass and seeds Very similar to orangutan based on facial architecture. Possibly the ancestor

Answer 27

Asia Similar in dentition to Sivapithecus but much larger, perhaps as tall as 10 ft and 600+ pounds. Largest primate and may have lived 10 mya-250,000 Eats grasses, fruit, seeds and bamboo Real bigfoot, yeti or sasquatch

Answer 28

5-6 mya Emergence in Africa coincides with a change from extensice tropical forest cover to discontinuous patches of forest and open country Drying trend causes rainforest to be replaced by savanna and scattered deciduous woodlands

Answer 29

Harder to supply the brain with blood and the weight of the body above the pelvis puts greater stress on the hips, lower back, knees and feet 1. Repositioning of foramen magnum 2. Secondary spinal curves 3. Shortening and broadening of the pelvis 4. Lengthening of the hind limb 5. Angling of the femur inward 6. Development of longitudinal arch 7. Realignment of big toe 8. Expansion of birth canal

Answer 30

2 mya Malapa Cave South Africa Represents new species Found by Lee Burger Mosaic of australopithecine and early Homo features Legs are australopithecine, the pelvis and hands are more like Homo Brain and teeth are smaller than other australopithecines Some want to classify as early Homo

Answer 31

Most well represented 2 dozen found at Laetoli, Tanzania by Mary Leakey (3.0-3.6 mya) 35 individuals at Hadar, Ethiopia by Donald Johnson, younger at 3.2-2.9 mya Lucy: 40% of the skeleton Sexual dimorphism is profound Teeth were relatively large to body size and had thicker enamel Larger ape-like canines than later hominids but did not have diastema Ate seeds and nuts Larger brain than chimpanzees and prognathic Longer arms Bipedal

Answer 32

Also known as Parathropus boisei Molars large and heavy, massive face, low cranium, huge sagittal crest, flared zygomatics 2.3-1.3 mya Lived in open, dry environment and ate a lot of coarse seeds, nuts and roots

Answer 33

Searched for fossils in 1931 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania Discovered Paranthropus boisei First hominid found in East Africa Resembled Paranthropus robustus of the south

Exam 1.1 Flashcards

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