Exam 3

Question 1

Foraging

Answer 1

Food getting strategy that obtains wild plant and animal resources through gathering, hunting, scavenging or fishing
Food collecting

Question 2

Hunter gatherers

Answer 2

Most of human history
Live in marginal areas (deserts, arctic, dense tropical forests)
Collect food from naturally occurring resources

Question 3

Inuit (Eskimo) Traditional Adaptation

Answer 3

Live year round in North American Arctic, cannot exploit plants for diet
Sea mammals, fish and caribou

Question 4

The Band

Answer 4

Basic unit of social organization among foragers
Size often varies by season
Individuals shift membership throughout life
Exogamous
Affiliate through kinship, marriage and fictive kinship
Egalitarian but division of labor by age and sex

Question 5

!Kung or Ju/’hoansi

Answer 5

Contemporary foragers
Kalahari desert in Southern Africa (Botswana and Namibia)
88,000-100,000

Question 6

Nyae Nyae

Answer 6

Namibia
25%
!Kung
Laurence, Lorna, John and Elizabeth Marshall study

Question 7

Dobe

Answer 7

Botswana
75%
Richard Lee and Irven Devore

Question 8

Ju/’hoansi Subsistence Women

Answer 8

Gather three days per week
60-80% of subsistence base
Mongogo staple
Roots and tubers
Digging stick and carrying pole
Kaross
High relative status
Relatively little gender stratification

Question 9

Ju/’hoansi Subsistence Men

Answer 9

Hunt 3 days per week
20-40% of subsistence base
Spears, bow and arrows
Poison from thorax of beetle larvae
Gather plants, collect animals

Question 10

John Marshall and the Kalahari Family

Answer 10

Film in 1990s

Question 11

General Features of Horticulturalists

Answer 11

Hoes, digging sticks, fallow period, shifting cultivation
No use of plows, tractors, animal traction, irrigation, fertilizer, no terracing
Rely on domestic animals, hunting, fishing and trade

Question 12

The Yanomamo

Answer 12

Venezuela, Brazil
20,000 individuals
Napoleon Chagnon and Raymond Hames
Tribal horticulturalists who also hunt and gather
Villages (shabonos) in forest clearings

Question 13

Descent Groups

Answer 13

Permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry, fundamental to tribal society

Question 14

Exogamy

Answer 14

Rule requiring people to marry outside their own group

Question 15

Patrilineal Descent Groups

Answer 15

Unilineal descent rule in which people join the father’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout their life. Include children of the group’s men.

Question 16

Yanomamo Family Structure

Answer 16

Nuclear Families and patrilineal descent groups

Exogamy

Question 17

Village Headman

Answer 17

Polygyny (4,5 wives)
First among equals
Leads by example and persuasion
Leader, mediator, generous, fierce warrior
Cultivates more land
Garden provides much of food during village feasts
Related to most members of the village

Question 18

Intensive Agriculture

Answer 18

Food production characterized by the permanent
cultivation of fields and made possible by the use of
the plow, draft animals or machines, fertilizers,
irrigation, water-storage techniques, and other
complex agricultural techniques.
Irrigation
Fertilizer
Technology
Terracing

Question 19

General Features of Agriculturalists

Answer 19

Work longer hours than horticulturists
More likely to face famines and food shortages
More productive
More likely to have towns and cities, high degree of craft specialization, complex political organization and large differences in wealth and power

Question 20

Pastoralism

Answer 20

Food getting is based on domesticated animals that feed on natural pasture
Trade animal products for plant foods and other necessities

Question 21

Characteristics of Foragers (Land)

Answer 21

Individuals generally do not own lands
May have collective ownership, but land is not bought or sold
Land does not have intrinsic value, it is the resources that are important

Question 22

Characteristics of Pastoralists (Land)

Answer 22

Territory exceeds horticultural society
Wealth depends on mobile heards, uncultivated pasture for grazing and water
Own grazing land communally, but herds individually

Question 23

Forager Characteristics (Technology)

Answer 23

Small tool kits
Need weapons for the hunt, digging sticks and receptacles for hunting and gathering
Consider tools belong to the person who made them

Question 24

Inuit Technology

Answer 24

More sophisticated technology than other forager groups such as harpoons, compound bows, ivory fishhooks, kayaks

Question 25

!Kung Technology

Answer 25

Share tools | Few possessions they have are constantly in circulation among members of their groups

Question 26

Types of Economic Production

Answer 26

Resources need to be transformed or converted through labor into food, tools and other goods

Question 27

Subsistence vs Market or Commercial Economy

Answer 27

Subsistence: Producing food only for their own consumption Market: producing with a profit motive

Question 28

Chayanov's Rule

Answer 28

When there are proportionately more workers in a society people can work less. Conversely, few able-bodied workers and more consumers, the workers have to work ahrder

Question 29

Reciprocity

Answer 29

Giving and taking without the use of money | Mainly takes the form of gift giving or generalize reciprocity

Question 30

Generalized reciprocity

Answer 30

Foods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift. Generalized reciprocity sustains the family in all societies. Parents give food, clothing and labor to the children. Egalitarian

Question 31

Redistribution

Answer 31

Accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution

Question 32

Market or commercial exchange systems

Answer 32

Transactions in which the prices are subject to supply and demand whether or not the transactions occur in a marketplace. Refers to the exchange of goods and labor as well as land, rentals and credit

Question 33

Trobriand Islanders Reciprocity

Answer 33

Ceremonial exchange called the kula ring (valued shell ornaments across several islands) Mwali and soulava

Question 34

Potlatch

Answer 34

Kwakiutl Feast among Pacific Northwest Native Americans at which great quantities of food and goods are given to the guests in order to gain prestige for the hosts Competitive element intensified after contact with Europeans

Question 35

Types of Advantages of Differential Access

Answer 35

1. Wealth or economic resources 2. Power 3. Prestige

Question 36

Egalitarian Characteristics Revisited

Answer 36

Contain no social groups with greater or lesser access to economic resources, or prestige Small differences based on achieved rather than ascribed attributes, dependent on sharing

Question 37

Class definition

Answer 37

``` Class societies characterized by unequal access to economic resources, power and prestige A class is a category of people who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power and prestige ```

Question 38

Open class system

Answer 38

If there is some possibility of moving from one class to another

Question 39

Caste Systems

Answer 39

Virtually closed classes Ranked group whose membership is determined at birth, and marriage is restricted to member's of one's own cast Ex: India with four main levels of caste

Question 40

George Wallace

Answer 40

1964, Stand at the Schoolhouse Door | Symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of segregation

Question 41

George Flippin

Answer 41

University of Nebraska Son of freed slaves Starred at halfback for UNL 1891-94 First African-American athlete at Nebraska and 5th at a white university Missouri refused to play Nebraska is 1892

Question 42

Transgender

Answer 42

Describes people who don't feel their assigned fits them well

Question 43

Two Spirits

Answer 43

Cheyenne and Native American societies Berdaches More often biological males - second wife by a man Can be biological woman - marry other women

Question 44

Traditional Psychological Research

Answer 44

1. Males are more aggressive 2. Males have greater mathematical abilities 3. Males have greater visual spatial abilities 4. Females have superior verbal ability to males

Question 45

Agta of the Phillipines

Answer 45

Regularly hunt wild pig and deer and take nursing babies on hunting trips

Question 46

Patrilineal-Patrilocal Complex

Answer 46

Patrilineal: Son stays and the daughter leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents 67% of all societies

Question 47

Explanations for the Relative Status of Women

Answer 47

1. Women contribute more to primary subsistence 2. Men's status related to emphasis on warfare 3. Male status high with centralized authority 4. Women's status high in matrilineal/matrilocal

Question 48

Martin Whyte

Answer 48

Status is a combination of factors High status for women stems from a greater caloric contribution to primary subsistence is NOT supported Women have a higher status where kin groups and marital residence are organized around women Lower status for women is associated with indicators of societal complexity (preindustrial) Education for women results in greater status and lower fertility

Question 49

Low Status for Women Associated with

Answer 49

stratification, plow and irrigation agriculture, large settlements

Question 50

Postpartum Requirements and Male Aid

Answer 50

Authors look at animals that have some sort of stable female-male mating (Compared to promiscuous) to see what factors predict bonding Prolonged infant dependency and high female sexuality correlated with low male-female bonding Species in which postpartum mothers cannot feed themselves and their babies at the same time have stable matings

Question 51

Economic Aspects of Marriage

Answer 51

In 75% of known societies, one or more economic transactions take place before or after marriage

Question 52

Bride price/bride wealth/progeny price

Answer 52

Gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin 44% of all societies Livestock and food important Common among horticulturists who lack social stratification and where woman contribute a great deal to primary subsistence activities and more than men to all kinds of economic acitivities

Question 53

Dowry

Answer 53

Substantial transfer of goods or money from the bride's family to the bride, the groom or the couple 8% Goods go to new household Those in which women contribute relatively little to subsistence, high degree of social stratification, and a man is not allowed to practice polygyny

Question 54

Westermarck's Childhood-Familiarity Theory

Answer 54

People closely associated with each other since early childhood are not sexually attracted to each other and avoid marriage with each other

Question 55

Parallel and Cross-cousins

Answer 55

Parallel: children of siblings of the same sex (father's brother children, mother's sister's children) Cross-cousins: children of siblings of the opposite sex (father's sister's children, mother's brother's children)

Question 56

Levirate and Sororate

Answer 56

Levirate: custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother's widow Sororate: custom whereby a woman is obligated to marry her deceased sister's husband

Question 57

Fraternal Polyandry

Answer 57

Marriage of a woman to two or more brothers at the same time

Question 58

Polyandry

Answer 58

Marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time | India, Tibet

Question 59

Neolocal residence

Answer 59

A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives separately, and usually at some distance, from the kin of both spouses Only 5% of societies

Question 60

Bilateral Kinship/Kindred/Ego

Answer 60

Individuals affiliate more or less equally with their mother's and father's relatives, descent groups are absent Kindred: bilateral set of close relatives who may be called upon for some purpose Ego: reference point or focal person of kinship

Question 61

Clan

Answer 61

A set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor or ancestress but cannot specify the links back to that founder, often designated by a totem

Question 62

Totem

Answer 62

Plant or animal associated with a clan as a means of group identification

Question 63

Functions of Unilineal descent groups

Answer 63

Regulate marriage, economic, political, religious reasons

Question 64

Practicing or applied anthropology

Answer 64

The branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside the traditional academic setting