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Exam 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Oldowan Tradition (Beginning 2.5 mya)

A

Earliest stone toolmaking tradition, named after tools found in bed I at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Include core tools and sharp-edged flakes made by striking one stone against another
Olduvai Gorge

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2
Q

Homo habilis

Homo rudolfensis

A

Earliests members of homo divided into these two species
Habilis: 2.3 mya, early species belonging to Homo with cranial capacities between 630-640 cc
50% of brain capacity of modern humans and reduced molars and premolars
Relatively long arms and power hands
Rudolfensis: Similar enough to habilis that some paleoanthropologists make no distinction between the two.
Thicker enameled molars, flatter face, large brain and modern limb proportions.

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3
Q

Pithecanthropus (Java)

A

1887
Eugene Dubois recovered cranium and a nearly complete femur
Erect Ape man also called Java Man

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4
Q

Sinathropus (China)

A

Zhoukoudian
1920s
Pei Wenshong, chinese geologist
Skullcap of juvenile, 1000 cc brain

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5
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

Mauer, Germany
Transition fossil between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Africa, Europe and Asia
Probably includes Homo antecessor
Larger and more prognathic face, teeth and jaw, browridge and long low cranial vault, more robust skeleton

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6
Q

Shanidar, Iraq

A

60,000-40,000
Importance: Skeletons of nine individuals deliberately buried
One individual had extensive injuries
Evidence of Neadertal compassion and humanity
Individuals care for others

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7
Q

Cro-Magnon, France (30,000 ya)

A

Dordogne
4-8 skeletons buried with flint tools, weapons, perforated seas shells and animal teeth
Rock shelter
Becomes a model representing all upper paleolithic peoples (40-10k ya)
Earliest specimens of humans?

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8
Q

Abrigo do lagar Velho, Portugal

A

Erik Trinkaus
Last Neandertal on record (24,500 ya)
Fairly complete skeleton of four-year-old
Exhibits mosaic features of modern and Neandertals
Hybridization between Neandetals and anatomically modern humans
Supports PARTIAL replacement hypothesis

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9
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

(40,000-10,000 ya)
Period of cultural history in Europe, Near East and Asia
New developments such as more sophisticated and varied stone tools
Emergence of art
Bow and arrow, atlatl, blades hafted onto shafts
Europe and North America resembled Siberia
Cold climates and severe temperature contrasts

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10
Q

Dolni Vestonice

A

Czech Republic
Four tent-like hut settlements with a hearth in the center
Bone heaps from 100 mammoths. Population between 100-125
Bake oven for making figurines

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11
Q

Upper Paleolithic Tools

A

Blades, burins, bone and antler tools, microliths (spears, adzes, sickles)
Indirect percussion (wood or antler hammer)
Pressure flaking
Microliths

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12
Q

Upper Paleolithic Art

A

Bead carvings and cave art
Spain and France show highly skilled
Old World (Australia, Africa) show stone and cave paintings

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13
Q

Paleo-Indians

A

US, Mexico, Canada
Early New World hunters
Hunters, gatherers and fishers in small bands
Clovis complex

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14
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

Gordon Childe
First clear evidence of a shift to food production (cultivation and domestication of plants and animals in Near East 8,000 ya)
Occurred independent

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15
Q

Old World Domesticates

A

Wheat, Barley, Rice, Millet, Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Chickens

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16
Q

Mesopotamia (Iraq and Iran)

A

3500 BC

Some archaeologists think that states first evolved here

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17
Q

Formative Era

A

5,000-3,500 BC
Development of cities and states
Development of small scale irrigation so lowland river areas attract settlers
Increasingly complex social and political life

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18
Q

Monte Alban (Valley of Oaxaca)

A

500 BC
Early than Teotihuacan
Political unification in Mexico
Smaller population - 30,000
No important commercial or trade center, no grid, no spectacular architecture
On top of a mountain, no irrigation and poor soil
Neutral place to coordinate activities of whole valley

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19
Q

Shang Dynasty, China

A

1,500 BC
One of the earliest state societies in the Far East
Stratified and specialized with religious, economic and administrative unification

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20
Q

Edward Tylor’s Definition of Culture

A

1871
Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

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21
Q

Kanzi

Study These Flashcards
A

Bonobo
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
Most proficient signing chimp
Learned symbols from watching mother being taught

22
Q

West Turkana, Kenya/Nariokotome Bay

Study These Flashcards
A

1.6 mya
Richard Leakey
Importance: Nariokotome Boy, nearly complete skeleton
H erectus is very similar in size to modern Africans, less sexual dimorphism like modern humans
Follows Bergman’s and Allen’s Rules

23
Q

Physical Characteristics of Homo erectus

Study These Flashcards
A

Platycephalic, Postorbital Constriction, Sagittal Keel, Supraorbital and Nuchal Torus, Shovel Shaped Incisors, Taurondonism, 900+ cc Brain, Post cranial anatomy size, prognathic face

24
Q

Acheulian Tools

Study These Flashcards
A

1.5 mya
Larger tools than Oldowan, created according to standardized designs and shapes
Hand axe
Africa, Europe and Western Asia
Earlier made from hard stone, later with a soft hammer of bone or antler
Associated mainly with Homo erectus (St Acheul, France) - bamboo?

25
Terra Amata, France
``` 300,000 ya Near Nice (mediterranean) Shows evidence of seasonal occupation Central hearths in postholes Gathered seafood, fished and hunted ```
26
Term Used for Transition Specimens
Homo heidelbergensis
27
Neandertal Features
Huge brain size (1400-2000 cc), midface swell, prognathism, retromolar gap, robust, powerful skeleton, large, low cranium, vertical forehead (cold adapted)
28
La Chapelle aux Saints (Marcellin Boule)
Importance: Nearly complete skeleton with whole brain case and face fully preserved Shallow grave in flexed position, found with 1,000 Mousterian Artifacts Marcellin Boule Creates Neandertal Stereotype Inaccurate: Brutish, not fully erect, opposable big toe, severe mental retardation, not capable of bipedalism Overemphasized non-modern and underplayed modern features (40-50, osteoarthritis)
29
Evidence for Neandertal Compassion and Humanity
Shanidar Valley, Iraq (60-40k ya) Nine individuals deliberately buried Flowers? Individuals care for others
30
FoxP2 Gene, Hypoglossal Canal, Hyoid Bone
FoxP2 suggests language abilities similar to modern humans Hypoglossal canal large as modern humans (nerves of tongue) Hyoid bone: does not articulate with any other bones, important for speech Shows Neandertals are similar to modern humans
31
Mousterian, France
Tool assemblage found in a rock shelter at Le Moustier in the Dordogne region in Southwest France Smaller proportion of large core tools, large proportion of small flake tools such as scrapers
32
Herto, Ethiopia
160,00-154,000 ya Key find: Supports complete replacement (single origin) Oldest unambiguous Homo sapiens Three crania (2 adult and 1 child) Clearly Homo sapiens and near modern 1450 cc brain Skulls show evidence of cutting and handling - detached from bodies after death
33
What Happened to the Neandertals Revisited
1. Interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans 2. Genocide, Neandertals killed off by modern humans 3. Extinction. Could not compete with modern humans. Trinkhaus suggests Neandertals less efficient hunters and gathers. Some interbreeding may have taken place.
34
Clovis Complex/Folsom Tradition
Clovis complex: Tools associated with Paleo-Indians Projectile points, stone scrapers, knives and bone tools Clovis blade is large and leaf shaped, flaked on both side with broad groove in the middle 11,200-10,900 ya until mammoth goes extinct Folsom: Large, straight horned bison, smaller point weapons
35
Factors Contributing to Population Growth
Sedentarism (decrease in birth spacing) | -!Kung comparisons
36
Birth-Spacing and !Kung Example
Comparison of nomadic and sedentary !Kung populations | Birth spacing impacted by postpartum sex taboo, abortion and infanticide
37
Suppression Ovulation, Critical Fat Hypothesis
Natural suppression due to nursing compared to use of supplemental food Need a minimum amount of body fat to resume ovulation
38
Wheat, Barley, Peas
Near East Catal Huyuk in Turkey 5,600 BC 200 adobe house in pueblo fashion Wheat, barley and peas were grown and stored
39
Domestication in Mesoamerica
New World Seminomadic archaic hunting and gathering lifestyle persists after domestication of plants and animals - planted crops and returned for them
40
Maize, beans and squash
New World domesticates | Mesoamerica, Mexico and Central America planted in the same fields
41
Characteristics of Civilizations (States)
First inscriptions or writing, full time craft and religious specialists, monumental architecture, difference in wealth and status and centralized government 3,500 BC
42
Sumerian Civilization (Iraq)/Empire
Number of cities within in the area of Sumer Enclosed in a fortress wall and surrounded by agricultural area All unified under a central government in 3000 BC and become an empire Great urban centers, with temples on artificial mounds Elaborate justice system, codified laws, specialized government officials, a standing army and a sewer system Social stratification Evidence of transactions through writing (cuneiform - damp clay)
43
Teotihuacan
``` Development over time Mesoamerica City-State in Mexico Formative period from 1000-300 BC characterized by small, scattered farming villages 500 BC shifted to settlements on valley floor Chiefdomes 500 AD city reaches 100,000 people Valley politically unified Two pyramids Larger than imperial Rome Built on grid ```
44
Enculturation
Development, through the influence of parents and other people, of patterns of behavior, and attitudes and values, in children that conform to cultural expectations.
45
Cultural Relativism
Franz Boas Challenged ethnographic beliefs of unilineal evolutionist Advocated cultural relativism, belief that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities
46
Ideal Cultural Traits
Actual behavior vs ideas about how people in particular situations ought to feel and behave
47
Kinesics
Study of communication by nonverbal or nonvocal means including posture, mannerisms, body movement, facial expressions, and signs and gestures.
48
Nonhuman Primate Communication Systems
Symbolic Human languages employ a much larger set of symbols Closed systems: different calls are not combined to create new ones Hand language in gorillas Chimpanzees trained on keyboards
49
The Origins of Language Revisited
Earliest Homo sapiens may have had language Language has existed for 50,000 years Some believe it only developed with the emergence of modern humans Evidence of FOXP2, hyoid bone and hypoglossal bone in Neandertals at Kebara Cave by 60,000 ya
50
Core Vocabulary/Focal Vocabulary
Core: non-specialist vocabulary | Appears to be the same cross culturally
51
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Specifies that the language one speaks affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality. Examples from Hopi (Don't distinguish past, present, future). Historically subject of debate

Anthropology (4 decks)

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