Exam Flashcards

(301 cards)

1
Q

How are sperm released in isthmus?

A

Capacitation

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2
Q

what is capacitation

A

biochemical changes that cause destabilisation of the sprem membrane

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3
Q

when does capacitation occur

A

ass soon as they are in the female reproductive tract

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4
Q

what is hyperactive motility

A

shift in flagellar movement from progressive linear to accelerated excited

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5
Q

how is sperm guided to oocyte

A

thermotaxis and chemotaxis

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6
Q

what is acrosome reaction

A

release of enzymes after membrane fusion which allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucida

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7
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

perivitelline space

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8
Q

steps in oocyte activation (4)

A

increase in intracellular ca
cortical reaction
resumption of meiosis
decondensation of sperm nucleus

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9
Q

what is cortical reaction and why is it good

A

exocyotosis of cortical granules in to perivitelline space. it causes a change in zona pellucida so sperm cannot enter

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10
Q

purpose of cortical reaction

A

prevention of polyspermy

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11
Q

what is superfecundation

A

fertilisation of 2 or more ova from same cycle, separate from acts of intercourse (in bitches and queens)

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12
Q

fertile life of sperm in cow

A

28-50h

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13
Q

fertile life of sperm in mare

A

144h

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14
Q

fertile life of sperm in bitch

A

144h

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15
Q

fertile life of sperm in sow

A

36h

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16
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

process by which spermatozoa are formed

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17
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

puberty age bull

A

10-12 months

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19
Q

puberty age stallion

A

13-18 months

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20
Q

puberty age dog

A

5-10 months

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21
Q

puberty age boar

A

4-8 months

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22
Q

puberty age ram

A

4-6 months

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23
Q

purpose of leydig cells

A

interstitial
have LH receptors
produce testosterone

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24
Q

purpose of sertoli cells

A

supportive cells
remove excess cytoplasm from spermatids
produce estradiol, inhibin and antimullerian hormone

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25
spermiogenesis
morphologic differentiation of spermatids
26
phases of spermiogenesis (4)
Golgi phase - golgi vesicles form to produce large acrosomal vesicle cap phase - golgi migrates to caudal part of cell, formation of cap and flagella acrosomal phase - nucleus elongates and neck and annulus is formed maturation - mitochondria form spiral around flagella and plasma membrane formed
27
spermiation
release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells in to lumen of seminiferous tubules
28
where does maturation of sperm occur
epididymis
29
semen contains
sperm and accessory gland secrete
30
fertilisation
union of nuclei of male and female gametes
31
what do cumulus cells do during fertilisation (2)
attract, trap and select sperm facilitate capacitation and acrosome reaction
32
natural semen deposition stallion
intracervical or intrauterine
33
natural semen deposition bull
intravaginal
34
natural semen deposition dog and tom
intravaginal
35
natural semen deposition boar
intracervical
36
who has high volume, dilute semen
boar and stallion
37
who has low volume, highly concentrated semen
bull, dog, ram
38
what is retrograde flow
sperm getting washed out in mucous
39
how to prevent retrograde flow
ejaculate fractions - boar, stallion, dog uterine deposition - stallion
40
2 types of sperm transport
rapid - sperm reach oviduct within a few mins sustained - sperm reach oviduct in 4-6h and will be involved in fertilisation
41
types of cervical mucous
sialomucin - high viscosity in central part of cervical channel sulfomucin - low viscosity in cervical folds
42
4 events of follicular phase
increase GnRH from pituitary follicular growth and prep for ovulation sexual receptivity ovulation
43
stages in follicle wave and hormones (4)
recruitment - increase FSH, decrease LH, inhibin and estradiol selection - decrease FSH, moderate LH, decrease inhibin dominance - increase LH and inhibin, decrease FSH atresia - degeneration
44
what initiates ovulation
LH surge
45
who are induced ovulators
queen, ferret, rabbit
46
how does induced ovulation work
copulation causes GnRH release, then LH and LH acts on follicle
47
luteal phase
formation of CL and secretion of progesterone
48
CL development (4)
basement membrane cells deteriorate due to collagenase complete separation causes granulose and theca internal cells to mingle, there is local bleeding and follicle collapses basement membrane forms connective tissue of CL and C hemorrgahicum lasts 2-3d CL made from large luteal (granulosa) and small luteal (theca international) cells and connective tissue and produces progesterone
49
oogenesis
formation, development and maturation of an ovum
50
3 steps of oocyte maturation
meiosis cytoplasmic maturation expansion of cumulus oophorus
51
what triggers meiosis
preovulatory LH surge
52
when does meiosis 1 occur
during fetal life
53
what is purpose of mitotic arrest
to protect genetic material
54
what causes super ovulation
too much eCG, FSH or for embryo transfer
55
in what stage is oocyte ovulated
metaphase of meiosis 1 - finishes meiosis after fertilisation
56
5 sexual reflexes
approach erection mounting copulation ejaculation
57
what is a sexual reflex
response to external stimulus, received by sensory organs. congenital or acquired
58
what happens during approach
sperm moves from epididymis to ampulla of vas deferens so there is optimum amount in ejaculate
59
what happens during erection
muscle relaxation and vasodilation so blood can't drain from corpus cavernosum leading to prolapse
60
what do you need for ejaculation
correct temperature, pressure, and moisture
61
best AI method in mare
frozen 12h before (up to 6h after) ovulation
62
signs of pending ovulation in the mare
orange slice uterus on US fish bone cervix 43mm piriform shape, soft fluctuating follicle white dots in follicular fluid
63
where to deposit semen doing AI in the mare
intrauterine through vagina
64
fractions of dog semen
urethral - 0.5-2ml, no sperm, cloudy sperm - 0.5-6ml, milky prostatic - 30ml, clear
65
AI bitch with fresh
when progesterone is 4-10ng/ml, 2-3d post ovulation or 1d and 3d after ovulation if 2x, intravaginally. raise pelvis for 15mins
66
AI bitch with chilled
day 2 and day 3 post ovulation intravaginal or intrauterine
67
AI bitch with frozen
day 2 or day 3 post ovulation transcervically or laparoscopic
68
when to AI bitch best on vaginal cytology
when 80% are cornfield cells
69
when to AI cow
12h after end of esters or 28-30h after start of standing heat
70
what is AM/PM rule
if estrous in morning, AI in evening and vice versa
71
where to put semen when AI cow
uterine body
72
method for AI of cow
rectovaginal method
73
how long do sperm have to be in cow to be able to fertilise
6h
74
when is ovulation in sows
37-41h after start of estrous
75
3 extenders for boar semen
Guelph, Beltsville, Zorlesco
76
boar semen and cold
sperm are highly sensitive to cold shock sp have to use ambient temperature extenders
77
AI semen deposition ewes
intravaginal or cervical intrauterine if laparoscopic
78
when is ovulation in ewes
25-30h after start of estrous
79
when to AI ewe if using natural heat
12-18h after start of oestrus cervical or vaginal
80
when to AI ewe if using sponges
45-58h after sponge removal if cervical or vaginal 48-65h after removal if intrauterine
81
semen deposition when AI goats
intracervical is most common intravaginal - fresh only intrauterine - laparoscopic
82
when to AI if not synchronised goats
12-24h after first positive heat detection
83
when to AI using sponges goats
1x AI - 43-46h after removal 2x AI - 30 and 50h after removal nanny goat - 45h after removal
84
how to AI goats
very quickly (20s) pipette through cervix 1-2cm need speculum and light source
85
non-return rate
number of cows not rebred within a certain specified time post AI
86
ideal calving interval
365days
87
ideal calving index
365-375 days
88
calving index
average calving interval of all cows in the herd
89
ideal calving to first service interval
60-65 days
90
voluntary waiting period
time after calving when cows are deliberately left unserved
91
voluntary waiting period length
45-55days
92
heat detection rate
cows correctly identified in heat out of those eligible for heat in a certain time period
93
target heat detection rate
70%
94
3 week submission rate
percentage of cows receiving at least 1 insemination in first 3 weeks of mating period (after VWP)
95
target submission rate
70%
96
calving to conception interval target
85-95 day
97
days open
average number of days from calving to conception for cows conceiving and days from calving to culling for those that don't conceive
98
days open target
120days
99
first pregnancy rate target
55%
100
insemination index
number of semen doses divided by pregnant cows
101
good insemination index
1.4-2
102
pathogens in cow uterus (3)
E.coli T.pyogenes Fusobacterium
103
acute metritis in cow
within 10d post partum general health disturbance red-brown fluid in uterus, white purulent discharge bad smell
104
chronic endometritis in cow
21d pp purulent discharge 26d pp mucopurulent discharge general condition unchanged
105
post partum metritis in mares
life threatening causes = dystocia, RFM, older animals (poor uterine tone and fluid pooling) pathogen = E.coli signs = increased HR and temp, bad smelling discharge and lethargy complications = laminitis, MODS, death treatment = ate, lavage, oxytocin, NSAIDs etc
106
postpartum metritis in bitch
cause = dystocia, RFM or foetus pathogen = E.coli, Staph, Strep signs = anorexia, vomiting, bad smelling discharge, increased temp, no milk therapy = electrolytes, atb, PGF, oxytocin, ovariohysterectomy
107
puerperium length in mare
early 5-6d late 12d
108
when is involution complete in mares
9-10d pp
109
what is foal heat
5-12d postpartum. conception can be less due to incomplete involution
110
lochia in mares
is light and stops 24-48h post partum
111
puerperium length in sheep
early 7d late 30d
112
puerperium length in goat
early 14d late 25-45d
113
when is involution complete in sheep
20-25d
114
when is involution complete in goat
28d
115
lochia in sheep and goat
red-brown colour then goes pus like sheep = 5-6d goat = 12-14d
116
when in involution complete queen
5-6d fully by 30d
117
length on puerperium in sow
early 7d late 18d
118
involution in sow
rapid for first 5d, then finished by 28d
119
lochia in sows
lasts no longer than 5d, red then whitish
120
weaning and ovarian rebound in sows
rapid regression of CL 3d pp follicles are small during suckling and grow rapidly after weaning preovulatory LH surge within 7d of weaning without suckling, oestrus can be 8d pp
121
length of puerperium in bitch affected by
constitution of bitch number of pups delivery duration
122
involution in bitch
can take 12weeks
123
lochia in the bitch
black green due to hemochlorin (uteroverdin) within 12-48h pp changes to mucoid and blood stained often not seen as bitch licks
124
bitches and temp pp
3-6d pp there can be temp up to 39.3
125
steps in puerperium (5)
involution of genital tract restoration of endometrium elimination of bacterial contamination return of cyclic activity onset of lactation
126
factors influencing puerperium
age, climate, movement, dystocia, RFM, delayed return to cyclic activity
127
involution of uterus begins due to
muscle fibre and fatty degeneration with formation of glycogen which enters circulation
128
what does uterine involution involve
remodelling of caruncles regeneration of endometrial tissue decreased blood flow and smooth muscle mass
129
involution of cervix
constricts within 10-12h starts cranially and moves caudally atrophy and shrinkage due to elimination of fluid and decrease in collagen and smooth muscle
130
restoration of endometrium first 7-10d
loss of fluid and debris (secundus)
131
lochia
fetal fluids and membranes, mucus of uterine glands, sloshed caruncles and blood from umbilicus length, composition nd amount depends on species
132
what happens to caruncles pp
remain in form for 2-3d then blood vessels become constricted leading to necrosis by 5d pp storm compactum sloughs off as lochia by 15d pp sloughing is complete everything is smooth by d19 due to vessel disappearance
133
elimination of bacterial contamination
uterus sterile by 6-8w pp in normal healthy cow phagocytosis by migrating leukocytes and uterine contractions remove bacteria
134
why is early return to cyclic activity good in terms of puerperium
estrogen dominated uterus is more resistant to bacteria however if contamination is enough to survive first heat then luteal phase may allow bacterial proliferation
135
factors affecting post partum ovarian cyclicality
BCS, NEB, parity, disease
136
phases of return to cyclicality
puerperal - from calving until pituitary becomes responsive to GnRH 12-14d immediate - pituitary responsive to GnRH until first ovulation 14-25d post ovulatory phase - first ovulation until involution is finished 25-45d
137
what can increase involution speed
PGF2a 3d pp
138
when should first ovulation be pp in cow
21d
139
how to check cyclic return pp in cow
measure progesterone
140
why does co in NEB not cycle
there is a smaller concentration of LH and IFN-1 which can lead to inactive ovaries, cysts and non functioning CL
141
classification of abortion
by stage - imminens, incipiens, intractu by ejected content - completus (viral), incompletus (bacterial) etiology - infectious, non-infectious
142
non infectious internal causes of abortion
hormone or endocrine imbalance umbilical torsion colic/bloat twins weak cervix
143
non infectious external causes
mechanical - trauma thermal - cold or heat stress artificially induced on purpose or accidental with steroids, PGF2a and estrogen toxic plants and substances nutritional deficits
144
early abortions
often complete and no changes suggesting abortion
145
late abortion
proceeded by changes - swelling of mammary gland, colostrum secretion, softening of pelvic ligaments
146
prognosis of abortion
favourable for mother providing no complications
147
early embryonic mortality
up to 15d autolysis and resorption causes - gene incompatibility, stress, age, diet, rough rectal, late AI/ovulation infections - Tritrichomonas foetus, BVD, BHV1, Campylobacter
148
late embryonic mortality
15-45d resorption and autolysis, maybe some discharge causes - luteal deficiency, infections
149
embryonic phase
from fertilisation to onset of placentation or end of embryo differentiation
150
still birth
birth of dead foetus from 260d (cow) to term at time when it should be alive
151
abortion
from 45d-265d in cow fetal death after organogenesis and before it can survive in environment
152
embryo differentiation in mare
40d
153
embryonic differentiation in ruminants
45d
154
embryonic differentiation in sow
30d
155
embryonic differentiation in bitch and queen
20-22d
156
preterm delivery
foetus reached size but organs are not mature enough and can't live without help
157
preterm delivery in mare
less than 320d
158
preterm delivery in bitch
8 weeks
159
preterm delivery in cow
after 32 weeks
160
what is normal abortion rate in herd
3-5% per herd per year
161
outcomes of twins in mares
1 - smaller dies and abortion in 8-9th month of pregnancy 2 - equal sized foetuses delivered to term but weak and die 3 - small dies early and mummifies, large is normal and delivered to term
162
causes of abortion in mares
twins, fetal abnormalities, umbilical torsion, hydrops of metal membranes
163
causes of abortion in sows
stress, nutrition, climate
164
causes of abortion in sheep and goats
stress, nutrition
165
causes of abortion in bitches
fetal abnormalities, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pregnancy in body of uterus, low progesterone, toxic/teratogenic substances
166
infectious abortion causes in queen
FeLV, FHV1, FIP, toxoplasmosis
167
signs of bacterial or fungal abortion
exudate between chorion and endometrium congested and oedematous villi necrotic changes fetus is autolytic
168
signs of viral abortion
minimal visible changes on placenta fetus not autolytic
169
signs of parasitic abortion
necrosis of cotyledons, fluid and fibrin in cavities, enlarged ln and spleen, lesions on placenta and fetus depend on duration of process
170
why take FSC as a sample
most agents infect the placenta, enter amniotic fluid and is swallowed by fetus
171
infectious abortion causes in sow
PRRSV SMEDI Aujeskys
172
infectious abortion causes in cow
Brucellosis Camplyobacteriosis Neosporosis
173
infectious abortion causes in mare
leptospirosis salmonella streptococcus EHV
174
infectious abortion causes in sheep
brucella campylobacter q-fever
175
infectious abortion causes in goat
brucella chlamydia abortus listeria
176
parturition
delivery of fetus through birth canal on completion of gestation period
177
stages of parturition
initiation of myometrial contactions expulsion of fetus expulsion of fetal membranes
178
prepartum fetal changes
maturation of lungs increased thyroid hromones and catecholamines closure of ductus arteriosus and foramen ovals increased glycogen reserves in liver
179
signs of approaching parturition
cow - udder enlargement, vaginal discharge, relaxed ligaments bitch - drop in rectal temp by 1-2 degrees 24h before, vomiting mare - waxing up
180
trigger for beginning of parturition
increase in cortisol from foetus causes increased synthesis of enzymes that convert progesterone to estrogen
181
physical cause of parturition
increased fetal size causes increased uterine irritability
182
biochemical cause of parturition
increased fetal activity causes increased CO2 in maternal blood so increased uterine contractility
183
maternal cause of parturition
relaxin and proinflammatory cytokines cause dilation of birth canal oxytocin causes uterine contactions increased placental oestrogen causes PGF release
184
first stage of labour signs
myometrial contactions cervical dilation appearance and rupture of chorioallantois ends when part of fetus is in birth canal
185
second stage of labour signs
uterine and abdominal contractions maternal recumbency and straining
186
third stage of labour
uterine contractions - helped by suckling which releases oxytocin loosening of chorionic villi
187
what is Ferguson reflex
occurs during second stage of parturition, when foetus hits roof of vaginal wall, it triggers abdominal contractions
188
length of parturition in cow
1 - 4-24h 2 - 0.5-3h 3 - 12-16h
189
length of parturition in mare
1 - 1-12h 2- 15-30mins 3 - within 3h
190
length of parturition in sow
1 - 12-24h 2 - 0.5-4h 3 - after 2/3 piglets or within 4h pp
191
length of parturition sheep and goat
1 - 6-12h 2 - 0.5-1h 3 - within 3-6h
192
length of parturition in bitches
1 - 4-24h 2 - 1st pup within 2h of start of second stage, 5-60min between pups, up to 24h total 3 - after each pup or within 2h of last pup
193
3 ways of inducing parturition
induced fetal maturation - ACTH? induced birth canal relaxation induced contractions - oxytocin
194
consequences of prolonged parturition in the mare
uterine cavity decreases in size, pressure applied to umbilicus leading to decreased blood flow, tachycardia, hypoxia and fetal death
195
gestation length of mare
336 days (11months)
196
term in mare
300 days
197
what is maladjusted foal
neurosteroids not working properly and foal hasn't transitioned properly from sleepy to awake
198
how to fix maladjusted foal
Madigan method squeeze 20 mins?
199
red bag presentation
placenta (chorioallantois) has partially or fully separated from endometrium before foal is delivered so foal is not getting any oxygen - have to rupture bag immediately
200
milking procedure
forestripping - to detect abnormal milk and stimulate complete let down of milk predipping - do decrease amount of bacteria on teat wiping - and dry unit attachment - prevent air entering post-dipping - post-milking teat is relaxed for 20-30mins, post dip to prevent germs entering (offer food etc to prevent cow from lying down)
201
why to avoid over milking
can lead to hyperkeratosis which increases the risk of infection so remove cluster when milk flow is decreasing
202
stages of dry period
active involution 0-30d steady state involution lactogenesis and colostrogenesis 15-20d pre partum
203
nutrition during dry period
2 weeks before dry period - less concentrates, higher fibre during dry - less concentrates, higher fibres 2 weeks before calving - lower fibre, higher concentrates
204
groups during dry period
far off dry group close dry off group (2-3weeks before calving)
205
milk leakage
due to impaired teat sphincter, often in higher yielding cows at dry off due to incomplete keratin plug formation increases chance of mastitis
206
factors of pregnancy
early pregnancy factor (EPF) progesterone estrogen interferon tau cG placental lactogen
207
specific for pregnancy
pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG)
208
what does EPF do
binds to T lymphocytes to prevent embryo destruction and creates a reaction rosette
209
how does cow and ewe prevent luteolysis during pregancy
interferon tau from conceptus
210
how does sow prevent luteolysis
estradiol reroutes PGF2a in to uterine lumen where it is destroyed there are interferons from embryo that - limit synthesis, release and transfer of PGF2a, - stimulate PGE formation instead of PGF2a - change PGF2a from endocrine (blood) to exocrine (uterine cavity)
211
what is interferon tau good for
biomarker for embryonic mortality and vitality
212
in mares, when do PAG appear
24d to 35d post abortion or 70d post partum
213
role of PAG
detection and determination of feto-placental function and survival of foetus
214
when does placental lactogen appear in cow
from 160d to parturition - higher in fetal blood than dam
215
what does placental lactogen do
influence on fetal growth and body weight in neonatal calf synergistic effect to prolactin and IGF1 and 2
216
can you detect PL in mares
no
217
endometrial cups
secrete eCG - for development of CL active 70-130d possible false positive finding 3 months post abortion
218
progesterone during pregnancy in the mare
CL 40-70d fetoplacental unit 150d to parturition
219
estrogen in pregnant mare
in urine from fetal gonads important for diagnostic 150-300d take first urine in the morning
220
PAG in ruminants
synthesised in cotyledons in mono/binucleate cells of trophoblast released in to maternal blood after migration and fusion with maternal epithelial cells of endometrium
221
When is it RFM in cow
12h+ pp
222
causes of RFM in cow
mechanical obstruction, dystocia, twins, uterine atony, placentitis, abortion
223
RFM 'treatment' in cow
remove manually as gently as possible, remove uterus content with catheter, oxytocin if atonic, PGF2a to help detachment 5d pp
224
drugs in cows with RFM
give broad spec atb parenterally if signs of metritis foam oxytetracycline intrauterine when removed and control involution to prevent accumulation don't give intrauterine atb as will decrease the rate of phagocytosis and so prolong retention
225
when is RFM in mare
2-3h+ pp
226
drugs in RFM mares
oxytocin not later than 6h after retention flunxine meglumine Ca borogluconate due to low serum ionised Ca in mare with RFM
227
removal of RFM mare
If not out after oxytocin then manual removal - tie outer part in knot, wrap tail, disinfect, press fingers between chorion and endometrium while lightly pulling and twisting outer part if difficult give oxytocin, NSAID, atb and retry in 4-6h or uterotonics and 10L warm saline in allantochorial membrane
228
after RFM removal mare
rinse uterus with 10-15L warm saline or water with mild disinfectant (to remove microretentions which could cause metriti, septicaemia and laminitis) 1-2x/d for several days and oxytocin after rinsing - 2 oxytetracycline foam tablets antihistamine every 6h and board spec atb
229
when is RFM in small rums
12h+ pp
230
RFM in small rums
try to remove manually 2-4h after birth while canal is still open oxytocin several times a day and atb
231
RFM in sows
rare possible for membrane and foetus to be retained and decompose in situ
232
RFM in bitch
remove manually if possible - if not, oxytocin and atb and monitor for necrosis of placental sites if nothing helps - ovariohysterectomy
233
RFM in queens
very rare treatment is oxytocin and atb
234
version and flexion of gravid uterus
more of a parturition problem in large animals therapy is cesearean hysterotomy
235
torsion of gravid uterus definition
rotation of pregnant uterus on its longitudinal axis which leads to narrowing of birth canal
236
cause of torsion of uterus
instability of uterus during single horn pregnancy (doesnt happen in twins)
237
predisposing factors for uterus torsion
excessive movements of dam or foetus decreased amount of fetal fluid, fall/kick, small non-gravid horn, cow tied up for long periods of time
238
signs of uterine torsion
uneasy restlessness, parturition not progressing
239
diagnosis of uterine torsion
vagina - conically closed, can feel rotation of mucosa, shrinkage of front part if greater than 180 rectal - palpate twisted horn and broad ligaments. can only diagnose precervical torsion rectally important to know side of torsion
240
treatment of uterine torsion
retorsion - rotate fetus per vagina or roll dam c-section - if other methods don't work, long duration or fetus dead
241
prognosis of uterine torsion
depends on degree of torsion, duration of process and condition of dam
242
parturient paresis
also called milk fever/hypocalcemia peracute-acute afebrile, severe metabolic disease in 72h pp in high producing dairy cows
243
signs of milk fever
decreased appetite, tremors, hypersensitivity, recumbency, decreased temp, increased HR, bloat, S shape curve of neck, coma, death
244
treatment of milk fever
Ca gluconate IV Ca propionate in propylene glycol gel powdered Ca propionate PO to avoid cardio toxic effecst vitamin D, P and Mg repeat for 3-4d to prevent relapse complications = decubitus, pneumonia
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species and prognosis of uterine prolapse
cow = most favourable mare = dubious, complications -sepsis and laminitis sows = unfavourable, esp if poor signs small rums = very sensitive esp if deficient carnivores = favourable if not too long lasting prognosis is worse if bladder or rectal prolapse too
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treatment of uterine prolapse mare and ruminants
epidural, wrap tail, raise hind end support uterus above the vulva, rinse with cold water to shrink, check for laceration, lubricate, replace little by little, start near vagina being careful not to invert labia using fist, put pressure inside whole arm length, make sure uterus is passed cervix and horns are fully everted empty bladder before replacing check for bleeding rinse replaced uterus with warm saline and give small doses of oxytocin maybe sutures on labia
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treatment of uterine prolapse in bitch and queen
laparotomy and pull uterus back through abdomen if damaged then ovariohysterectomy atb and NSAIDs
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uterine invagination
gravid horn inverts in to its own lumen and then prolapses during 3rd stage of labour
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phases of uterine prolapse
1 - uterine wall inverts in to lumen and increased abdominal straining further inverts the wall 2 - inverted wall passes through cervix and vulva etc and gravity pulls more out
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causes of uterine prolapse
dystocia, uterine atony, too big fetus, older or cachetic animal, no movement, injuries to repro tract or broad ligaments, forced extraction of RFM in mares
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necrosis of placental sites in bitch
cause = uterine infection, dead emphysematous fetus and retained placenta signs = rapid onset septicaemia and yellow brown lochia therapy = ovariohysterectomy, abdominal lavage and atb
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subinvolution of placental sites
in bitches most common cause of hemmorhagic vaginal discharge pp discharge can last 7-12weeks (suspect If more than 3) common in bitches under 3y and after first whelp pathogenesis = trophoblast cells down regress or degenerate normally, continue to invade endometrium or myometrium and prevent normal involution diagnosis = history, signs, biopsy, histopath treatment is progestogens
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MMA in sows
12h-3d pp bacterial invasion of udder and or urogenital tract and production of endotoxins (if E.coli) which can change hormone levels involved in lactation (insulin, cortisol, prolactin,oxytocin etc)
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signs of MMA in sows
anorexia, depression, fever, loss of piglets, vulvar discharge, constipation
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treatment of MMA in sows
frequent small doses of oxytocin, atb, flunixin, corticosteroids. feed piglets
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prevention of MMA in sows
10-14d before farrowing move to clean pens, decrease feed to 1/5th a few days before farrowing first day pp complete feed restriction but water ad lib
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why tetany occurs in hypocalcemia
loss of membrane stabilising Ca ions, nerves become more permeable to Na and need smaller magnitude stimulus to depolarise so there is repetitive spontaneous firing of motor nerve fibres
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diagnosis of eclampsia in bitches
history, sigs, decreased blood Ca, decreased Mg or K, prolonged QT interval, ventricular premature contractions
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mammary gland
modified tubuloalveolar apocrine sweat gland
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mammogenesis
from embryonic ectoderm first there si just parallellinera thickening on the ventral abdominal wall the ridge is broken in to mammary buds from which functional part of the gland is formed fetal development of gland under genetic and endocrine control
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hormones involved in mammary gland
estrogen - proliferation of duct system progesterone - development of alveoli prolactin - development of alveoli and initiation and continuity of lactation GH - influences growth of duct system and level of milk secretion adrenal hormone s- small amounts needed for production, too much is harmful thyroid - regualte speed of metabolic processes insulin - moves glucose across membranes for milk synthesis PTH - regulates Ca and P level oxytocin - causes contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk letdown
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false labour in latin
dolores praesagientes
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causes fo preterm labour
extreme physical exertion trauma drinking cold water rough vaginal or rectal exma
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signs of false labour
restlessness, hunched over, increase HR and RR, smal and empty udder, peliv ligaments tense, closed cervix
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therapy of false labour
leave animal alone wam thigh ans sacrum area with blanket maybe Xylazine or procaine epidural
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mastitis definition
inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland, regardless of cause
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clinical v subclinical mastitsi
clinical - physical and chemical changes in milk and gland subclinical - not really detectable / no obvious signs
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pathogens of mastitis can be
contagious - S.aureus, M.bovis opportunistic - Coagulase neg Staph Environmental - coliform - E.coli, Klebsiella
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sources of mastitis infection
contagious - through milking process environment - pathogens in beddign etc
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risk factors for mastitis
older, increase temp, low SCC, udder hygiene, milkin hygiene, early dry period and first 2 months of lactation
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pathogen risk factors
viability - contagious more susceptible to disinfection virulence - colonzing ability toxins
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pathogenesis of mastitis
invasion - pathogen moves from teat end in to milk in canal infection - pathogens multiply rapidly and invade mammary tissue, maybe toxin release inflammation - clinical mastitis, mamyeb udder changes, milk changes
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severity and duration of mastitis related to
promptness of neutrophil migratory response and bactericidal activity if bacteria survive initial host repsonse, the inflam continues and neutrophils move to alveolar lumen, damagaing tissue and decreasign milk production
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severity of mastitis
paracute - severe inflam, swelling, heat, pain, marked systemic reaction. can be fatal acute - severe inflam without marked systemic reaction subacute - milk inflam with persistent abnormality in milk cchronic
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duration of mastitis
short - E.coli, Klebsiella recurrent - S.aureus, S. dysgalactiae persistent - M.bovis, S.agalactiae
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risk factors and pathogenesis of S.aureus mastitis
Hornflies in heifers colonisation of teat epithelium and adherence. prodution of b toxin, coagulase and extracellular lipopolysaccharide layer biofil. formation of microabcsesses and conversion to L form which is not susceptible to antimicrobials
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sigsn of S.aureus mastitis
severe systemic signs, anorexia, sudden onset and highly fatal gangrene, secondary infections, sloughing of whole quarter chronic form = atrophy, decrease milk, high SCC, most common form
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treatment of S.aureus mastitis
ampicillin has low bacteriologic cure L- form = lifetime infection, B lactase production stop lactation - flunixin, atb, iodine fluids and electrolytes
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prevention of S.aureus mastitis
cull infected cows, good milking hygiene, dry therpay on all cows, milk infceted last
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Mycoplasma mastitis transmission
poor milking hygiene hematogenic spread betwen quarters and colonisation of respiratory or urogenital epithelium in heifers - systemic infection and then localisation in udder
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signs of mycoplasma mastitis
classic = severe clinical mastitis in multiple quarters of multiple cows with little to no systemic signs purulent discharge, decreased milk, otitis in suckling calves colostrum/cheese curd looking secretion, milk has fine, flakes, purulent but no large clots almost complete stop of lactation
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treatment of mycoplasma mastitis
cull the cow
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control of mycoplasma mastitis
prevent entry of infected cows cull affected cows vaccination
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Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis
sign s= individual, repeat episodes of acute inflammation, watery milk with clots diagnosis = milk culture and LATEX agglutination test treatment = IMM penicillin, maintain good milk levels for 72h blitz therapy = treat all cows then have good sanitation
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risk factors for coliform mastitis
low SCC decreased neutrophil function in puerperium inadequate vit E and Se levels wet bedding
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highest rate of E.coli mastitis
2 weeks before and after calving
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pathogenesis of E.coli mastitis
proliferate and produce endotoxin. there si a large change in vascular permeability and edema of gland in recently calved cows there si a delay of neutrophil diapedesis (no chnage in milk but bad endotoxemia)
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outcome of E.coli mastitis depends on
neutrophil response
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e.coli mastitis out comes depending on neutrophil response
rapid - mild undetected clincial disease, self curing, milk negative for bacteria failing - release fo endotoxin and highly fatal endotoxemi delayed - acute clinical mastitis, progressive inflammation and permanent loss of secretory function
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latency of e.coli
can remain in neutrophils. new infection occur in last 30d of dry off but remain latent til parturition and then there is peracute mastitis
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peracute e.coli mastitis
severe toxemia, fever, increased HR, flaky, watery yellow milk, uremia, acidosis, death in 6-48h
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acute e.coli mastitis
swollen gland, watery milk with small flakes recover in days if good treatment
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chronic e.coli mastitis
repeat episodes of subacute
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subclinical e.coli mastitis
1 - only abnormal secretion 2 - 1 and abnormal gland 3 - 2 and abnormal cow
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treatment of e.coli mastitis
mild - B lactasmase resistance atb IMM in lactation severe - cephalosporins, IV oxytetracycline, IMM for 3-5d, fluids, elctrolytes, NSAIDs
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control of e.coli mastitis
hygienic environment vaccine in dry period to decrease incidence of clinical disease
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T.pyogenes mastitis
summer mastitis as associated with biting flies
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T.pyogenes mastitis is most common in
dry cows or pregnant heifers
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signs of T.pyogenes mastitis
peracute- 1 hot swollen front quarter, watery with clots durign purulent secretion, lamness, swollen hind joints, ABSCESSES
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diagnosis of T.pyogenes mastitis
summer abscesses culture milk
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treating T.pyogenes mastitsi
affected quarter almost always lost poor repsonse to IMM oxytetracycline