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Repro 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

causes of mastitis in mares

A

C.pseudotuberculosis, P.aeruginosa, S.equi

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2
Q

signs of mastitis in mares

A

swelling, pain, no abnormal milk but sick foal not suckled for 24h
S.aureus in non lactating mares leads to chronic, draining abscesses

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3
Q

treatment of mastitis in mares

A

broad spec atb
parenteral atb - gentamicin, penicillin
hot packs and frequent milking

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4
Q

when do most new IMM infections occur

A

just after drying off or around calving

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5
Q

types of dry therapy q

A

abrupt = non-selective application of long acting atb in all quarters after last milking
gradual = decrease milking frequency by 1x over 5-7d, decrease food and water intake
selective = only treat affected quarters

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6
Q

3 parts of dry off and what happens

A

active involution - milk made then resorbed, lactoferrin binds to iron making it unavailable to bacteria
passive involution - no milk, keratin plug formation so lower risk of infections
regeneration - new secretory cells created 2 weeks before calving, colostrum production starts, increased susceptibility to infection as fluid volume increases, dilation of teat canal and leakage, decreased leukocytes. microorganism use milk components and multiply

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7
Q

blanket dry off therapy

A

treat all quarters of all cows
advantages - lab and screening not needed, damaged tissues is allowed to redevelop, higher cure rate than in lactation due to use of slow release products

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8
Q

selective dry off therapy

A

treat only infected/ potentially infected quarters or cows
select based on milk culture and or SCC
advantages - decreased expense, decreased drug use and development of resistant bacteria strains
give internal teat sealant to uninfected quarter

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9
Q

antibiotic withdrawal with mastitis

A

42d after infusion and or 3-4d after calving

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10
Q

lactation therapy

A

treatment based on bacteriological diagnostic and antibiogram
measure therapeutic response by SCC or mastitis test
use atb with low minimum inhibitory concentration
atb bactericidal not bacteriostatic

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11
Q

give IMM atb for which pathogens

A

Staph, Strep,Corynebacterium

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12
Q

systemic atb for

A

clinical mastitis
use narrow spec if possible
at least 3d treatment

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13
Q

how to treat mild mastitis

A

can self cure - help with massage and stripping but bacteria can still be present

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14
Q

penicillin G

A

first choice for Strep, and penicillin resistant staph

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15
Q

fluids and mastitis

A

IV to counteract endotoxic shock
40-60L 0.9% NaCl over 24h

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16
Q

NSAIDs and mastitis

A

aspirin, ketoprofen, flunixin
good as dont cause immunosuppression or abortion like glucocorticoids

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17
Q

structure of tertiary follicle (10)

A

oocyte
antrum folliculi
zona pellucida
corona radiata
cumulus oophorus
follicular fluid
stratum granulosum
basement membrane
theca interna
theca externa

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18
Q

goal of folliculogenesis

A

to produce 1 dominant follicle from a pool of growing follicles

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19
Q

number of follicular wave in species

A

cow - 2-3
ewe - 4-5
sow and mare - 1

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20
Q

3 phases of folliculogenesis

A

preantral - primordial, primary and secondary follicles, dependent on EGF and FGF, gonadotropin independent
transition - FSH an dLH dependent
astral - LH dependent, tertiary follicle

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21
Q

primordial follicle

A

smallest, detected in fetal life, surrounded by 1 layer of flattened granulosa cells

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22
Q

primary follicle

A

surrounded by 1 layer of cuboidal granulosa cells and zona pellucida begins to form

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23
Q

secondary follicle

A

surrounded by more than 2 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, formation of zona pellucida and theca layer
FSH and LH receptors

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24
Q

tertiary follicle

A

also called Graafian or antral
multiple layers of granulosa cells
seen on surface of ovary

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25
steps in follicular waves
1 - periodic increases in FSH leads to recruitment of small antral follicles 2 - follicles develop under influence of FSH 3 - selection of dominant follicle as they become less dependent on FSH and more dependent on LH 4 - LH receptors appear in granulosa cells 5 - dominant follicle secretes inhibin and estradiol that cause negative feedback on hypothalamus-pituitary axis leading to less FSH secretion 6 - any antral follicle that was still dependent on FSH will undergo atresia 7 - dominant follicle develops further and will ovulate in progesterone drops 8 - if progesterone doesn't decrease, follicle will regress as progesterone decreases LH secretion so FSH can increase again and a new wave starts 9 - periodic anovulatory waves will continue until there is an LH surge
26
most common cause of abortion in mares
bacterial or fungal placentitis
27
side effects of giving progesterone in bitches
delayed birth and urogenital defects in puppies
28
what's is flushing
period of increased food/nutrition 2-3 weeks before start of sheep and goat breeding season
29
male effect in sheep and goats
if separated and then introduce a male, there will br an LH surge within 48h use with photoperiod pretreatment
30
puberty of queens
6-9 months
31
estrous type queens
seasonally polyestric heat in Jan, Feb anestrus - oct-dec
32
proestrus in queen
lasts 1-2d not always obvious - maybe over affectionate increase in oestrogen
33
estrous in queens
lasts 4-10d signs = restlessness, vocalising, head rubbing, exposed vulva
34
mating in cats
lasts 5-50s male bites her neck and she cries she stretches, rolls around and licks after
35
interestrous in queens
time between successive estrous periods if ovulation doesnt occur will repeat every 9d spay to stop
36
diestrus in queens
lasts 35-40d progesterone dominance
37
anestrus in queens
non-breeding season if big litter - potential lactational anestrus for 1 month
38
pregnancy duration queens
60d
39
puberty in gilts
7months
40
estrus cycle length in sows
21d
41
proestrus in sows
lasts 1-3d signs = active mounting, hyperaemic mucosa, restlessness, clear, mucoid discharge
42
estrus in sows
lasts 36-96h signs = passive mounting, frequent urination, open cervix, whitish sticky discharge
43
metestrosu in sows
lasts 2-3d CL development, gradual decrease of discharge
44
diestrous in sows
lasts 13-14d CL activity pale mucosa, closed cervis
45
lactational anestrous in sows
if low milk production or if separated from piglets for more than 12h/d from 21st day of lactation
46
estrous detection in sows
boar assisted workers - lumbar test, rising sow biological - vaginal pH, cytology or temp
47
when to AI sow
18-36h after start of estrous
48
length of cycle cow
21d
49
length of estrosu cow
2-36h
50
time of ovulation cow
12h after end of estrous
51
length of cycle mare
21d
52
length of estrous mare
3-9d
53
Time of ovulation mare
12-24h before end of estrous
54
length of cycle sow
21d
55
length of estrosu sow
36-96h
56
time of ovulation sow
36-48h after start of estrosu
57
length of cycle ewe
17d
58
length of estrosu ewe
18-72h
59
time of ovulation ewe
18-27h after start of estrous
60
length of cycle doe
21d
61
length of estrous doe
12-48h
62
time of ovulation doe
12-48h after start of estrosu (end of estrous)
63
length of cycle bitch
more than 2months
64
length of estrous bitch
9d
65
time of ovulation bitch
1-2d after start of estrosu
66
length of cycle queen
14-21d
67
length of estrosu queen
4-10d
68
time of ovulation queen
induced ovulation
69
action of progesterone
hypothalamus - decreases GnRH pulses so prevents preovulatory LH surge and prevents estrous uterus - decrease motility of myometrium, promotes pregnancy mammary gland - development of alveoli and initiation of lactation
70
what is luteolysis
degradation of CL and decreased secretion of progesterone
71
process of luteolysis
PGF2a from uterus gets to the ovary by general circulation and destroys luteal cells this leads to decreased progesterone synthesis and regression of CL and formation of corpus albicans removal of negative feedback of progesterone on GnRH secretion leads to initiation of follicular phase (FSH secretion)
72
puberty in sheep and goat
depends when born but 8-18months also 70% of grown body weight
73
describe seasonally polyestric mechanism in sheep and goat
melatonin secreted from pineal gland when it is dark. RFRP3 inhibits kisspeptin neurons so less kisspeptin released and so GnRH neurons don't stimulate release of FSH and LH during long days also, during long days there is increased estradiol and testosterone negative feedback on LH secretion
74
prevovualtory follicle size in sheep and goat
6-9mm
75
puberty in the mare
12-18months
76
describe seasonally polyestric in mare
pineal gland secretes melatonin during the night longer nights means more melatonin which inhibits GnRH secretion in spring, longer days means less melatonin which means GnRH secretion increases
77
signs of estrus in mare
frequent urination winking posturing - lifting tail, squatting uterus is toned
78
preovulatory follicle in mare
43mm, piriform shape, soft fluctuation
79
anestrous in mares
in the winter lactational can last 1-3months due to prolonged luteal phase after foal heat, prevent with light exposure
80
induction of estrus in the mare
light exposure regumate - progesterone , allows for predictable estrus after withdrawl PGF2a - shortens luteal phase but timing of ovulation varies
81
induction of ovulation in the mare
GnRH hCG - induce ovulation in 24-48h if preov follicle present
82
puberty in the bitch
6-10 months
83
what kind of cycle to bitches have
monoestric, non seasonal
84
proestrosu in the bitch
lasts 9d signs - swollen vulva, some serious discharge oestrogen high, progesterone low
85
estrosu in the bitch
lasts 9d signs - bleeding, contralateral movement of tail in response to tapping side of vulva, winking of vulva in response to taps, curving of rear legs when tap vulva
86
ovulation and LH in bitche s
ovulation is 2-3d after LH surge and lasts 24-96h
87
diestrus in the bitch
lasts 2months if v long diestrosu will increase chance of pseudopregnancy
88
anestrosu in the bitch
lasts 4month hormones - oestrogen low until late anestrus then increases, progesterone low, FSH and LH pulses increase in late anestrus
89
pregnancy length bitches
60 ish days
90
progesterone and ovulation in bitch
1-1.9ng/ml = will ovulate in 2d 10ng/ml = ovulating
91
when to breed in terms of bleeding in bitches
bleeding Is first day of proestrous so mate 11-14d after
92
puberty in the cow
9-14 months
93
proestrosu in cow
uterus is enlarged hyperaemic vagibal mucosa
94
estrus in the cow
signs = passive mounting, increased activity, elastic, transparent discharge, cervix relaxed
95
oxytocin
from posterior pituitary causes secretion of PGF2a, milk secretion and uterine contractions
96
relaxin
from corpus luteum causes cervical dilation and relaxation of pelvic ligaments at end of pregnancy
97
kisspeptin
from hypothalamic neurons acts on GnRH neurons to secrete GnRH
98
inhibin
from granulosa cells of large antral follicles act on pituitary to decrease FSH secretion
99
2 centres of the hypothalamus
surge = short lived massive secretion of LH for ovulation tonic = continuous basal secretion of FSH
100
GnRH
from hypothalamus acts on anterior pituitary causes release of FSH and LH
101
LH
from anterior pituitary acts on theca internal or luteal cells causes maturation of follicles, ovulation and CL formation
102
FSH
from anterior pituitary acts on granulosa cells causes follicular growth
103
eCG
from placenta of pregnant mares in mares = causes luteinization of present follicles in rums and sows - stimulates growth of follicles and ovulation
104
progesterone
steroid hormone, from granulosa cells and theca cells of CL made from cholesterol acts on uterus - blocks muscle conductivity during pregnancy , supresses LH secretion and ovulation closes cervix at end of estrous
105
oestrogen's
from ovaries have negative feedback on FSH secretion so cause LH surge cause heat signs
106
PGF2a
from non-pregnant uterus cause luteolysis of CL, smooth muscle contraction transported to ovary by local blood supply

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