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1
Q

psychology

A

science of behavior and mental/physiological process

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2
Q

adjustment

A

psychological process, people cope with demands/challenges of everyday life

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3
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge should be acquired through observation

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4
Q

experiment

A

research method, investigator manipulates one variable (independent variable) in controlled condition & observes changes that may occur in the other variable (dependent variable)

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5
Q

independent variable

A

condition that experimenter varies to see its impact of the independent variable

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

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7
Q

experimental group

A

subjects who receive special treatment in regard to the independent variable

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8
Q

correlation

A

exists when two variables are related to each other

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

numerical index of the degree of a relationship that exists between two variables

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10
Q

positive correlation

A

2 variable covary in the same direction

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11
Q

negative correlation

A

2 variables covary in the opposite direction

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

careful observation without intervening

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13
Q

case study

A

in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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14
Q

survey

A

structured questions/interviews designed to solicit information about participant behavior, attitudes and beliefs

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15
Q

subjective well-being

A

individuals personal assessment of their overall happiness/ life satisfaction

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16
Q

affective forecasting

A

efforts to predict ones emotional reactions to future events ; people are bad at this

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17
Q

personality

A

an individuals unique mix of consistent behavioral traits

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18
Q

personality traits

A

durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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19
Q

five factor model of personality

A

1.openness: curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, artistic
2.conscientiousness: diligent, disciplined, organized, punctual, dependable
3.extraversion: outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive
4.agreeableness: sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest straightforward
5.neuroticism: anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable

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20
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

Freudian theories; focus on unconscious mental forces
Id: primitive, instinctive component of personality
>pleasure principle: demands immediate gratification
Ego: decision-making component of personality
>reality principle: delay gratification of urges until appropriate
super-ego: moral component of personality; right/wrong

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21
Q

the unconscious

A

difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness

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22
Q

behaviorism

A

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior

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23
Q

classical conditioning

A

learned response; stimuli evokes a response that was initially evoked by another stimuli ; Pavlov
unconditional stimulus: stimulus that an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
unconditioned response: unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
conditioned stimulus: initially neutral stimulus that evokes a response through conditioning
conditioned response: leaned reaction to conditioned stimulus through previous conditioning

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24
Q

operant conditioning

A

form of listening; voluntary response are controlled by consequences; skinner

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25
reinforcement
behavior is strengthened through: >positive reinforcement: response is strengthened/increased frequency due to addition of a pleasant stimulus >negative reinforcement: response is strengthened/ increased frequency due to removal of unpleasant stimulus
26
punishment
response is weakened/decreased frequency due to unpleasant stimulus
27
social cognitive theory
people actively seek out/process information in environment to maximize favorable outcomes; bandura
28
observational learning
organisms response is influenced by observation of others
29
self-efficacy
ones belief about their ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
30
humanism
emphasizes unique qualities of humans; free will/personal growth
31
self concept
collection of beliefs about ones own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior; rogers
32
Incongruence
disparity between ones self concept and actual experience
33
Hierarchy of needs
systematic arrangement of needs according to priority; basic needs must be met to achieve higher levels; Maslow
34
Need for self-actualization
the need to fulfill one's potential; highest need in the hierarchy
35
Twin studies
researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins/ fraternal twins
36
Heritability ratio
estimated proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inhertiance
37
Evolutionary psychology
examines behavioral processes in terms of adaptive value for members of a species over the course of generations
38
Narcissism
personality trait marked by inflated sense of self-importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement; measured by NPI
39
Individualism
involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership
40
Collectivism
involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's own identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs
41
Reliability
refers to the measurement consistency of test
42
Validity
refers to the ability of test to measure what it was designed to measure
43
Self-report inventories of personality
personality scales that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
44
Projective tests of personality
ask people to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal the respondents needs, feelings, and personality traits
45
Stress
any circumstances that threaten/are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax one’s coping abilities
46
Primary appraisal:
initial evaluation of an event; irrelevant vs. relevant but not threatening vs. stressful
47
Secondary appraisal
evaluation of your coping resources/ options for dealing with stress
48
Acute stressors
threatening events; short duration; clear end point
49
Chronic stressors
threatening events; long duration; no time limit
50
Anticipatory stressors
upcoming/future events perceived to be threatening
51
4 major sources of stress
1.Frustration: when the pursuit of a goal is thwarted; linked to aggression Ex.) failures/losses 2.Internal Conflict: 2+ incompatible motivations compete for expression * Approach-approach: a choice must be made between 2 attractive goals * Avoidance-avoidance: a choice must be made between 2 unattractive goals * Approach-avoidance: a choice must be made about a single goal that has attractive/unattractive aspects 3. Change: noticeable alterations in one’s circumstances that require readjustment 4. Pressure: expectations/demands to behave in a certain way; related to unrealistic expectations * Perform vs. conform
52
Emotions
powerful/largely uncontrollable feelings accompanied by physiological changes
53
Negative emotions related to stress
Annoyance, anger, rage <- frustration * Apprehension, anxiety, fear <- pressure, frustration, change * Dejection, sadness, grief <- frustration
54
Positive emotions related to stress
contributes to social/intellectual/ physical resources that buffer the effects of stress
55
Autonomic nervous system
nerves that connect heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
56
Sympathetic nervous system
tend/ befriend; fight or flight response
57
Parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
58
Endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream; activated by the hypothalamus
59
Coping
active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate demands created by stress * Healthy vs. unhealthy coping
60
5 common coping strategies of limited value
1. Giving Up: * Learned helplessness: passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events 2. Acting Aggressively: * Aggression: behavior intended to hurt someone; physically/verbally; related to frustration * Catharsis: release of emotional tension; displacement 3. Self-Indulgence: stress -> reduced impulse control * Internet addiction: spending inordinate amount of time; inability to control online use * Excessive time online, anger/depression when not online, escalating need for better equipment, adverse consequences (lying, arguments) 4. Blaming Yourself: negative self-talk; catastrophic thinking; irrational assumptions; counterproductive in problem-solving 5. Defensive Coping: Defense mechanisms: Freudian; common “unconscious” reactions; protect self from anxiety/ guilt; self-deception
61
Constructive coping
healthy efforts to deal with stressful events
62
Rational-emotive behavior therapy
focuses on clients’ patterns of irrational thinking -> maladaptive emotions/ behavior
63
Catastrophic thinking
unrealistic appraisals of stress; exaggerate magnitude of problems
64
Humor
reduces stress; improves emotions/mood; decreases depression/ anxiety symptoms * Self-enhancing vs. self-defeating
65
Positive reinterpretation
downward comparisons; silver-linings
66
Emotional intelligence
ability to perceive/express emotion; facilitate thought; understand/reason/regulate emotions * High emotional intelligence = problem-solving when faced with anxiety; related to positive emotional expression * Low-emotional intelligence = use of distraction/denial; increased burnout
67
Forgiveness
counteracting natural tendencies for vengeance/avoidance; releasing liability for transgression; effective coping; self-forgiveness
68
Exercising
outlet for frustration; distraction from stressor; beneficial of psych/physical health; aerobic exercise regularly
69
Meditation
family of mental exercises; conscious attempt at unanalytical focus * Parasympathetic reaction; reduces BP, stress, anxiety, depression 1. Quiet environment 2. Mental device 3. Passive attitude 4. Comfortable position
70
Spirituality
90% population; improves physical/mental health; adequate coping tools * Can be counterproductive to some; instill guilt/create stress
71
Procrastination
tendency to delay tackling tasks until the last minute ; 70-90% of college students; maladaptive coping/ increased stress 1. Personality: low self-efficacy, low conscientiousness; lack of self-control; poor organization; low achievement motivation; high distractibility 2. Desire to minimize time of task 3. Desire to optimize efficiency 4. Close proximity to reward
72

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