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psyc exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Health psychology

A

how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion/maintenance
of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of
biological, psychological, and social factors

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3
Q

Type A personality

A

strong competitive orientation, impatience and time urgency,
anger and hostility; ambitious, perfectionists, time-conscious

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4
Q

Type B personality

A

relaxed, patient, easygoing, and amicable behavior

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5
Q

Rumination

A

engaging in repetitive negative thinking about some event

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6
Q

Depressive disorders

A

persistent feelings of sadness/despair; most common
development after a heart attack
* Emotional dysfunction of depression doubles ones chances of developing
heart disease

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7
Q

Immune response

A

is the body’s defensive reaction to
invasion of bacteria, viral agents, other foreign
substances
* During stressful events, immune response is down
* Ex.) Finals week, loneliness, depression, marital
problems, social ladder perceptions

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8
Q

Engaging in unhealthy habits results in half of all deaths each year, why?

A
  1. Health-impairing habits develop slowly over time
    * 2. Health-imparing habits involve activities that are pleasant at the time
    * 3. Health-imparing habits are associated with chronic diseases
    * 4. People have tendency to underestimate the risks associated with their own health
    habits while viewing others self-destructive habits more accurately
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9
Q

Unrealistic optimism

A

aware risk factors are dangerous, but view them as risks for
others and not themselves

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10
Q

Alcohol dependence (alcoholism)

A

chronic, progressive disorder marked by
growing compulsion to drink & impaired control over drinking that eventually
interferes with health/social behavior

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11
Q

Set point theory

A

proposes that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and
weight) fairly stable

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12
Q

Setting point theory

A

proposes that weight tends to drift around the level that
determine food consumption/energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium

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13
Q

Nutrition

A

collection of processes (food
consumption) through which an organism
uses materials (nutrients) required for survival
and growth

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14
Q

Nutritional goals

A
  1. Consume a balanced variety of foods: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins,
    minerals, and fiber
    * 2. Avoid excessive consumption of saturated fats, cholesterol, refined-grain
    carbohydrates, sugar, and salt: red meats, whole milk, fried foods
    * 3. Increase consumption of polyunsaturated fats, whole-grain carbohydrates,
    natural sugars, and foods with fiber: fish, poultry, non-fat milk, whole-grain
    foods, fruits and veggies
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15
Q

Developing an exercise program

A
    1. Search for an activity you find enjoyable
    1. Exercise regularly without overdoing it
    1. Increase the amount of time you exercise gradually
    1. Reinforce yourself for participation
    1. Never too late mentality
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16
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

disorder in which the immune
system is weakened/eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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17
Q

Seeking medical attention process

A

60% of people who visit primary care physicians
have little medical basis for visiting
1. Determine what physical sensations are symptoms
2. Decide if symptoms warrants medical attention
3. Make medical arrangements for care

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18
Q

Tolerance

A

progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use

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19
Q

Physical dependence

A

when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid
withdrawal symptoms

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20
Q

Psychological dependence

A

when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy
intense mental/emotional cravings

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21
Q

Overdose

A

: excessive dose of a drug that can threaten one’s life

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22
Q

Narcotics

A

drugs derived from opium that relieves pain
Ex.) Oxycotin, codeine, demerol, Vicodin
Effects: euphoria, nausea, lethargy, drowsiness, constipation, slowed respiration
Risks: physical & psychological dependence

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23
Q

Sedatives

A

sleep-inducing drugs; decreases CNS activity
Ex.) Valium, alcohol
Effects: large doses -> euphoric effect similar to alcohol, anxiety/depression reduced,
reduced motor coordination, slurred speech, staggering gait, judgment impaired,
unstable emotionality
Risks: psychological & physical dependence, accidental injuries

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24
Q

Stimulants

A

: increases central nervous system & behavioral activity
Ex.) Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA
Effects: euphoria, enthusiasm, energetic, increased BP, muscle tension, sweating,
restlessness, irritability, anxiety, paranoia
Risks: mild physical dependence, strong psychological dependence, poor eating/
sleeping habits -> deterioration of physical health, increased risk for heart attack,
respiratory issues, intense paranoia

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25
Hallucinogens
diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental/ emotional functioning, distortions of sensation/perception Ex.) LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana, MDMA Effects: euphoria, anxiety, fear, paranoia Risks: no physical dependence, psychological dependence is rare, disorientation -> accidents/suicide, depression, paranoia
26
Self-concept/self-schema
collection of beliefs about one’s own basic nature, unique quality, and typical behavior * Shape social perception * Developed from past experience; early in life * Personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, and social & cultural roles
27
Possible selves
one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future * Self-concepts malleable * Once developed, preservation is key
28
Self-discrepancy
consists of mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought-self * When the actual self is at odds of the ideal self * Mismatch between actual and ought selves
29
Social comparison theory
proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions
30
Reference group
a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparison
31
Upward social comparisons
can motivate you/direct your future
32
Downward social comparisons
boosts self-esteem
33
Michelangelo phenomenon
reflects the partner’s role in sculpting reality into ideal self of loved one
34
Individualism
involves putting personal goals ahead of the group goals & defining one’s own identity in terms of personal attributes vs. group memberships; independent view
35
Collectivism
putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one’s group identity ahead of their own; interdependent view
36
Self-esteem
refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person
37
Trait self-esteem
confident, take credit for success, downplay/ignore criticism
38
State self-esteem
dynamic & changeable, how individuals feel about themselves in the moment
39
Interpersonal
self-esteem is a subjective measure of one’s own interpersonal popularity & success
40
authoritarian parenting
strict, punishment, rules (low self esteem)
41
authoritative parenting
kind, understanding, tries to get to solution through words (high self esteem)
42
permissive parenting
child gets whatever they want / spoiled (high self esteem)
43
neglectful parenting
parents are absent, child has little support (low and high self esteem)
44
Automatic processing
mindlessness; creating healthy habits/routines to save cognitive resources
45
Selective attention
high priority is given to information regarding the self
46
Controlled processing
mindfulness; dedicating cognitive resources to problem solving
47
Self-attributions
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior
48
Internal attributions
ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, & feelings
49
External attributions
ascribes causes of behavior to situational/environmental constraints
50
Explanatory style
tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life; optimistic vs. pessimistic
51
Self-assessment motive
reflected in people’s desire for truthful information about themselves
52
Dunning-Krueger effect
self-distorting bias when we fail to recognize our own lack of skill, we miss recognizing the genuine skill enacted — we remain unaware of how inadequate/adequate we are when it comes to the ability
53
Affective forecasting
people repeatedly mistake how much they’ll feel wins/ lossess * Impact bias
54
Self-enhancement motive
tendency to seek positive & reject negative information about ourselves * Observed response, behavior, process, personality trait, underlying motive
55
Better-than-average effect
tendency to routinely overrate your performance on tasks
56
Downward social comparisons
defensive tendency to compare oneself with troubles who are more serious than one’s own
57
Self-serving bias
tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors & one’s failures to situational factors
58
Basking in reflected glory
tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful
59
Self-handicapping
the tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure
60
Self-regulation
process of directing/ controlling one’s behavior to achieve desired goals; develops early in life & remains stable throughout ones life
61
Self-efficacy
refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes * Related to health promotion, academic performance, career choice, job satisfaction, and job performance
62
Developing self-efficacy:
1. Mastery experiences 2.Vicarious experiences 3.Persuasion & encouragement 4. Interpretation of emotional arousal
63
Self-defeating behavior
seemingly intentional actions to thwart self-interest * Deliberate self-destruction * Counterproductive strategies
64
Public self
an image presented to others in social interactions; a more consistent sense across domains = well adjusted
65
Spotlight effect
people tend to believe that others notice/evaluate them more than what actually happens
66
Impression management
refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them
67
Ingratiation
behaving in ways to make oneself likable to others
68
Self-promotion
earning respect by reflecting on your positive traits
69
Supplication
to get favors from others, individuals make themselves appear weak/ dependent
70
Negative acknowledgment
confessing to an error you made makes you come off positively
71
Self-monitoring
the degrees to which people attend to/control the impressions they make on others
72
Building self-esteem
1. Recognize you control your self-image 2. Learn more about yourself 3. Don’t let others set your goals 4. Recognize unrealistic goals 5. Modify negative self-talk 6. Emphasize your strengths 7. Cultivate a new strength 8. Approach others with a positive outlook
73
Person perception
the process of forming impressions of others; observations from others help us understand ourselves 1. Appearance 2. Verbal behavior: what/how much people disclose 3. Actions: most accurate portrayal of people’s character 4. Nonverbal messages: eye contact, facial expressions, language, gestures 5. Situational cues: provides information of people’s behavior
74
Snap judgments
quick judgments, saves cognitive resources; usually used to observe others
75
Systematic judgments
more deliberation, requires more cognitive resources; can be used to observe others in a number of situations
76
Attributions
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others behavior, and events
77
Internal attributions
people’s behavior explained by their disposition (i.e., personality, abilities)
78
External attributions
people’s behavior explained by environmental/situational factors
79
Perceiver’s expectations
confirmation bias & self-fulfilling prophecies
80
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek information that supports ones beliefs while not pursuing disconfirming information
81
Primacy effect
occurs when initial information carries more weight than following information
82
Perceiver’s expectations
confirmation bias & self-fulfilling prophecies
83
Self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when expectations about a person causes them to behave in ways that confirm the expectations
84
Stereotypes
widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group * Ingroup vs. Outgroup membership * Robber’s Cave Study
85
Fundamental attribution error
refers to the tendency to explain other people’s behavior as the result of personal rather than situational factors
86
Defensive attribution
: tendency to blame victims for their misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
87
Prejudice
negative attitude toward members of a group
88
Authoritarian personality
personality trait; prejudice toward any outgroup one may not identify with
89
Right-wing authoritarianism
submission to authority, aggression, and conventionalism
90
Social dominance orientation (SDO)
personality trait; feelings of superiority over other groups
91
Discrimination
behaving differently/unfairly toward members of a group
92
Old fashioned discrimination
overt discrimination; declining in the US
93
Modern discrimination
when people privately harbor racist/sexists attitudes but only express them when it feels safe to do so * Ex.) Opposing programs intended to promote equality
94
Aversive racism
indirect, subtle, ambiguous form; occurs when conscious beliefs in equality conflicts with unconscious, negative acts toward minority group members
95
Stereotype threat
when stereotypes about your group affect your development
96
Persuasion
involves the communication of arguments and information intended to change another person’s attitudes
97
Attitudes
beliefs/feelings about people, objects, and ideas -> influences behavior
98
Source
the person who sends communication (credibility, likability, trustworthiness, attractiveness, similarity)
99
Receiver
: the person to whom the message is sent
100
Message
the information is transmitted by the source
101
Channel
medium through which the message is sent
102
Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
an individual’s thoughts about a persuasive message (rather than content of the message itself) determine whether attitude change will occur
103
Peripheral route
automatic processing/snap judgments; attitude is changed by cues of the message (rather than the message itself) -> easy/quick to change attitude * Ex.) Appealing scene/source
104
Central route
deliberative processing/elaborative thinking; attitude is changed by the logic/merits of the message -> difficult/work required to change attitude * Ex.) Motivation to follow up research & ability to grasp the concept
105
Conformity
occurs when people yield to real/imagined social pressure; group size matters
106
Compliance
occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior, even though their private beliefs have not changed
107
Normative influence
operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative consequences * Ex.) Job interview
108
Informational influence
operates when people look to others for how to behave in ambiguous situations
109
Bystander effect
the tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present than when they are alone
110
Obedience
is a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority * Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study * Displays power of the social situation vs. individual factors

spyc (4 decks)

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