Exam 2 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Warm Season and Summer Annual are what photosynthesis?
A
C4
2
Q
Cool Season and Winter annual are what photosynthesis?
A
C3
3
Q
When do warm season crops begin growing?
A
Spring and until temperatures get cool
4
Q
Warm season crops will be injured by?
A
Low temperatures and above freezing
5
Q
When do cool season crops begin growing?
A
Autumn and early spring
6
Q
Cool season crops usually reach maturity?
A
In mid-summer
7
Q
Soil conditions?
A
Water holding capacity, pH, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities
8
Q
Annual plants complete their lifecycle in?
A
One growing season
9
Q
Summer annuals are planted in?
A
Spring and flower in the autumn
10
Q
Winter annuals are planted in?
A
Autumn and flower in spring
11
Q
Biennial plants complete their lifecycle in?
A
Two years with only leaves in the first year and flowering in the second
12
Q
Perennial plants grow?
A
Year after year without re-establishing from the seed
13
Q
The science of identifying, naming, and categorizing plants?
A
Plant Taxonomy
14
Q
Plant Taxonomy is based on?
A
Relationships among specimens, particularly flower characteristics
15
Q
Most important part of plant for taxonomy is and why?
A
Flower; because flowers are the most consistent across environments
16
Q
Who is the father of plant taxonomy?
A
Carl Linneaus
17
Q
Which Botanical family is the most agronomically important family of flowering plants?
A
Grasses
18
Q
Which Botanical family fixes nitrogen and is also an important source of dietary for humans and livestock?
A
Legumes
19
Q
Which Botanical family contains many important food crops?
A
Nightshade
20
Q
Which Botanical family produce alkaloids?
A
Nightshade
21
Q
What are made to protect the plant from predators?
A
Alkaloids
22
Q
Which Botanical family has a high sulfur content?
A
Mustard
23
Q
Which Botanical family has the largest family of flowering plants?
A
Sunflower
24
Q
Which Botanical family is often native to tropical or subtropical regions?
A
Mallow
25
Scientific names are composed of?
Genus
Species
Authority
26
Genus is always? Species and Genus are always?
Capitalized
| Italicized
27
Scientific names are used for?
Precise communication
28
Subdivision of species
Subspecies
29
Group of similar plants that can be distinguished from others in the species based on appearance or agronomic performance
Variety
30
Internationally accepted term for variety
Cultivar
31
First generation of a cross of two individual plants that are genetically different
Hybrid
32
Crops will fit into how many categories?
Multiple
33
Which crops are harvested fro their edible seed?
Grass crops or Cereal crops
34
What are grass crops or cereal crops harvest for?
Their edible seeds
35
Cereal crops are high in?
Carbohydrates
36
Which crops are harvested for their seeds?
Legumes or Pulse crops
37
Pulse crops are high in?
Lipids and Proteins
38
Which crops are below ground storage organs that are harvested for food and feed?
Root and tuber crops
39
What crops are extracted and used for food and industrial purposes?
Oil crops
40
Oil crops have different?
Fatty Acid Profiles
41
Crops that produce large amounts of vegetative matter that is used for feed
Forage Crops
42
Forage crops are important in what type of production?
Ruminant
43
Crops that are harvested for their potential to be used for biofuel production
Bioenergy Crops
44
Some bioenergy crops are used for?
Ferment the carbohydrates and oil
45
Crops that are used to produce textiles for clothing and manufacturing purposes
Fiber crops
46
Crop grown to sell for a profit?
Cash crop
47
Crops that are planted to protect or improve the soil
Cover crops
48
Cover crops that are tilled into the soil while they are still alive are called?
Green manures
49
Crops that are planted in the same field so that they will benefit from each other are?
Companion crops
50
Crops taht are planted to attract specific pests
Trap or Catch crops
51
A domesticated plant used to meet peoples' daily need or grown for sale is?
Crop
52
Plants are what kind of producers?
Primary
53
How do plants store energy?
Carbohydrates and Lipids
54
Carbohydrates consist of?
Hull, Endosperm, and Embryo
55
Lipids are found in the?
Cotyledon
56
Crop Characteristics
High Yielding
Easily Harvested
Edible Seeds
57
Easily harvested have what kind of seeds
Large
58
Easily harvested seeds don't
Shatter
59
Easily harvested seeds do not have
seed coverings
60
What percentage of plant species on the planet are used in agriculture?
10%
61
Adapting a wild species to be used by humans?
Domestication
62
Species becomes dependent on humans for?
Survival
63
What is the Center of Origin of Cultivated Plants also called
Vavilov's Theory
64
What is the geographic region of enhanced variability within a crop species believed to be the place where the crop was first domesticated called?
Center of Origin
65
Center of Origin is also called?
Center of Diversity
66
Many crops also have .....centers of origins
different
67
Non-cultivated relative of a crop?
Wild
68
Varieties developed by local farmers through selection over time?
Landrace
69
What is the location where crops grow best away from their center of origin?
Center of Production
70
A geographical region where production of a particular crop is especially high?
Center of Production
71
Plant Growth is permanent increase in?
Cell Size or number
72
What is the key to cell expansion?
The vacuole
73
Cell division is by?
Mitosis
74
Cell division occures in the?
Meristem
75
Apicals can be found in two places...
Shoot apical or Root apical
76
Meristems grass has one other characteristic of Meristem dicots...
Intercalary
77
What si the growth of new cells for new leaves?
Apical
78
What is the growth of new branches?
Axillary
79
What is the growth of diameter?
Lateral
80
What pushes the leaf out of the whirl?
Intercalary
81
How do you measure grwoth?
Biomass and Yield
82
Organic matter produced in a given location at a give time is
Biomass
83
Output per unit area during a growing season is?
Yield
84
Total amount of dry matter present at harvest that includes all of the plant parts is
Biological Yield
85
Amount of useable plant matter is
Economic Yield
86
Proportion of the crop that is useable is
Harvest index
87
Harvest index is calculated by
Economic yield / Biological yield
88
Respiration produces
ATP CO2 and H2O
89
Photosynthesis occurs where?
Chloroplast
90
What converts light into CO2 and Sugar
Photosynthesis
91
Chloroplast captures and stores what?
Captures the light and stores ATP to be used in synthesis
92
Chlorophyll are pigments true or false?
True
93
Chlorophyll does what with light?
Absorbs and reflects it
94
Translocation and Transpiration both occur where?
In the vascular system
95
What is the transport of sugars and other molecules
Translocation
96
Translocation is through the
Phloem from sources to sink
97
Translocation does or does not require energy?
requires energy
98
Water movement from the roots and into the atmoshpere is?
Transpiration
99
Transpiration is through the
Xylem
100
Traspiration does or does not require energy?
Does not require energy
101
Process of changing that occurs as the plant matures adn responds to its enviornment
Plant Development
102
Factors that regulate development
Light exposure
Temperature requirement
Energy accumulation
103
Crops that require specific amounts of light exposure to flower are
Photoperiodism
104
Plants that flower under any light conditions
Day Neutral
105
Plants that flower when exposed to short nights
Long Day
106
Plants that flower when exposed to long nights
Short Day
107
Process of inducing flowering by meeting a requirment of exposure to cold temperatures for a given amount of time
Vernalization
108
Measure of heat accumulation used to predict the rate of development of plants and insects
Growing degree day
109
5 stages of plant development
```
Germination
Emergence
Vegetative growth
Reproductive growth
Senescence
```
110
Process of resuming growth in a seed
Germination
111
Development adn emergence from teh seed of those structures necessary to produce a normal plant
Germination
112
Germination begins with?
The seed imbiding water
113
Germination ends with?
The emergence of the radicle
114
Germination requirements are?
```
Mature Seed
Water
Air
Correct Temperature
Correct Light
```
115
Condition in some seeds that prevents germination even when all of the germination requirements are met
Dormancy
116
Process of the shoot rising out of the soil
Emergence
117
Cotyledons are above ground in what type of emergence
Epigeal
118
Cotyledons are below ground in what type of emergence
Hypogeal
119
Phase of growth during which the shoot tissue of a plant increases in volume
Vegetative growth
120
Growth phase during which flowers are formed and seed is produced
Reproductive growth
121
Which plants stop vegetative growth once reproductive growth begins
Determinate
122
Whihc plants continue vegetative growth while reproductive growth occurs
Indeterminate
123
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
Pollination
124
When does photosynthesis occur the most?
During vegetative growth
125
Pollen adn ovule are from the same plant in what type of pollination
Self-pollination
126
Pollen adn ovule are from different plants in what type of pollination
Cross pollination
127
Most common pollination
Biotic pollination
128
Pollen meeting the ovule is
Fertilization
129
Apomixis is what type of reproduction
Asexual no fertilization
130
Clonal propagation is what type of reproduction
Asexual or Sexual
131
Involves recovering the nutrients stored in old tissues
Senescence
132
Senescence is regulated by
Hormones and/or environmental factors
133
Plant stops depositing energy in seeds and reaches maximum dry weight and is controlled by hormones
Physiological maturity
134
Moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing adn storage
Harvest maturity
135
Community of selected plants and/or animals interacting with an environment that is managed by humans
Agroecosytem
136
Primary Consumers are
Animals and Humans
137
Primary Producers are
Plants
138
Agroecosytem has what type of diverstiy
Limited
139
Agroecosystem has constant
disruption
140
Agroecosystems have what type of losses replenished with external inputs
Nutrient
141
Occurs when two or more plants growing the same area need to acquire the same resources at the same time
Plant competition
142
Plants often compete for
Light, Water, and Nutrients
143
Two plants are competing from the same species
Intraspecific competition
144
Intraspecific is one of the factors that determines
Planting Patterns
145
Two plants are competing from different species
Interspecific competition
146
One plant produces a chemical that is harmful to another plant
Allelopathy
147
Allelopathy gives a plant what type of advantage
Competitive
148
Two important factors for enhancing the stability and sustainablity of agroecosystems
Equilibrium and Diversity
149
Most limiting factor determins yield potential fo a given plant in a given environment is
Liebig's Law of the Minimum
150
Biotic factors of Yield limiting
Crop Variety/Hybrid
151
Abiotic factors of Yield limiting
Water, Nutrients
152
Cultural factors of Yield limiting
Planting time, depth
153
Cultivated population of a single species
Monoculture
154
Advantage to Monoculture
Easy to manage; large production
155
Disadvantage to Monoculture
Limited diversity and less adaptable
156
Planting multiple crops in the same fields
Polyculture
157
Advantage to Polyculture
Increased diversity
| More adaptable
158
Disadvantage to Polyculture
More complicated to manage
159
Planting multiple crops in the same field at the same time
Mixed cropping
160
Growing different species or multiple varieties of a crop in the same field
Mixtures
161
System in which one crop is planted in teh open acres of another
Intercropping (Alley) cropping
162
Planting crops in strips across the field
Strip cropping
163
Planting multiple crops in teh same field at different times
Multiple cropping
164
Examples of multiple cropping
Double cropping
Cover cropping
Crop rotations
165
Growing a second crop after the first crop of the season has been harvested
Double cropping
166
Planting a crop after harvest of one cash crop and before planting another
Cover cropping
167
Cover cropping improves
Soil material and erosion by legumes
168
Practice of growing a different crop in teh same field each year
Crop rotation
169
Another name for crop rotation is
Sequence cropping
170
What type of land is not planted and is maintained free of vegetative material
Fallow
171
Two types of fallow land
Mechanical and chemical
172
Benefits of crop rotation
Pest control
Reduce fertilizer inputs
Improve soil quality
173
In which type of plant would you expect to find the C4 photosynthetic pathway?
Warm season and summer annual
174
Crops harvested for its edible seed
Cereal crop and pulse crops
175
Which of the following is a characteristic of a plant that makes an ideal crop?
Easy to harvest, edible, and high yielding
176
China is the center of origin of soybean. The following is true about China?
China has great diversity in soybean relatives
177
Final product of photosynthesis is?
Carbohydrates
178
Type of molecule transported in the process of translocation
Carbohydrates
179
Cocklebur is a weed that is a short-day plant. When will cocklebur being reproductive growth?
When the nights get longer
180
Autoallelopathy will reduce which type of competition?
Intraspecific
181
Name that best describes a cropping system in which two cash crops are planted alternating in strips?
Strip Cropping
182
Type of crop that is used to make textiles?
Fiber Crop
183
Type of plants typically with a C3 photosynthetic pathway?
Cool-Season
184
Soybean categories?
Fabaceae family, pulse crops, bioenergy crops
185
Crop with high carbohydrate content?
Cereal and root
186
Ceral crops belong to what plant family?
Poaceae
187
A biennial plant grows for?
Two seasons
188
Most important plant part for establishing taxonomic relationships?
Flowers
189
Clover planted in a pecan orchard is what type of cropping system?
Alley Cropping
190
Benefit of crop rotation?
Reduced pest pressure
191
Presnet in an agroecosystme, but not a natural ecosystem?
Managers
192
Factor that increases ecosystem stabiliity?
Diversity
193
Liebig's law of the minimum's, what determines the yield potential fo a given plant in a given environment?
The most limiting factor
194
Competition that occurs because a plant produces chemicals toxic to other plants?
Allelopathy
195
A field that is left unplanted for a season?
Fallow Field
196
Green manure is an example of which type of crop?
Cover Crop
197
Plant that continues growing vegetatively after reproductive growth begins?
Indeterminate
198
Winter wheat requires exposure to cold temperatures to induce flowering. Process is?
Vernalization
199
When exposed to short nights and begins to flower what photoperiodic response?
Long day
200
What allows plants to grow leaves?
Apical Meristem
201
What describes a plant in which an ovule is fertilized by a pollen from a different plant?
Cross pollinated
202
Emergence that cotyledons stay below ground?
Hypogeal
203
Term that describes the ratio of the economically useful plant mass to biological yield?
Harvest index
204
First structure to emerge from a seed, signaling the end of germination?
Radicle
205
Senescence is a process controlled by hormones and environmental factors.Which of the following is also true about senescence?
Nutrients are recovered by the plant
206
Cell organelle that is a storage site that also helps plant cells expand by creating turgor pressure?
Vacuole
207
South America is the center of origin of peanut. Which of the following si also true of South America?
Great diversity within peanut occurs there
208
A domesticated plant used to meet daily needs?
Crop
209
Form of stored energy in a plant?
Carbohydrates and lipids
210
Respiration is the what in plants and animals?
Same
211
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
212
Plants are what kind of producers in an agroecosystem?
Primary producers
213
What percentage of plants on earth are used as crops?
10%
214
What is an important characteristic of a crop plant?
Harvest Ease
215
What is a group of plants wiht similar agronomic traits?
Variety
216
Who established the modern system of plant taxonomy?
Carl Linneaus
217
Harvest Maturity occurs after what maturity in grain crops?
Physiological
218
What competition occurs between two plants in the same species?
Intraspecific
