Exam 4 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Growth Stages that are a critical time for plants ot have sufficient water?
A
Flowering and emergence
2
Q
Is manganese a macro or micro nutrient?
A
Micronutrient
3
Q
Denitrification is a transformation in the?
A
Nitrogen Cycle
4
Q
What process allows plants to take in mineral nutrients?
A
Mass Flow, Root Interception, and Diffusion
5
Q
What is required for a disease to occur?`
A
Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen, and Favorable Environment
6
Q
The action threshold is reached before the economic threshold. True or False?
A
True
7
Q
How can insects injure plants?
A
Chewing, Piercing and Sucking, and Vectoring Disease
8
Q
What seed is dark and round?
A
Pigweed
9
Q
How many pounds of diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) are required to apply 32 pounds of phosphorous per acre to a 57 acre field?
A
3965.2 pounds
10
Q
Active ingredient at 1.2 pounds per acre, and active ingredient is 7.64 pounds per gallon, how many gallons do you need to treat a 48 acre field?
A
7.64 gallons
11
Q
Canola is more susceptible to what temperatures and why?
A
Colder because it is a dicot plant and the frost will get to the growing plant above the ground.
12
Q
Non-mineral nutrients?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
13
Q
Macronutrients?
A
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium
14
Q
Micronutrients?
A
Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Boron, Chlorine, and Molybdenum
15
Q
What does a greenseeker do?
A
Applies the right amount of N in the right time at the right place and efficiently increases the yield and reduces the nitrogen input expenses
16
Q
Some microorganisms are able to convert….into….that can be used by plants.
A
atmospheric nitrogen
organic nitrogen
17
Q
What is the greatest source in the nitrogen cycle?
A
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
18
Q
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is what type of plant?
A
Legumes
19
Q
Legumes-Nodules hold what to produce compounds
A
Bacteria (rhizobia) and bacteria
20
Q
Non-Legumes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with?
A
Azolla fix N with Anabaena and Alder fix N with Frankid
21
Q
To make nitrogen fertilizer it’s what process?
A
Haber-Basch process
22
Q
Equation for the Haber-Basch process?
A
Hydrogen + Nitrogen heat and pressure and ammonia
23
Q
The process in which excess nutrients enter a water body?
A
Eutrophication
24
Q
Excess nutrients cause algal growth and hypoxia?
A
Eutrophication
25
Usually associated with runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous?
Eutrophication
26
If organic material being degraded has excess N relative to the amount of C, N will be ?
Mineralized (released)
27
If the organic material has too little N for the amount of C, N will be ?
Immobilized
28
Pest Management Strategies
Legal Control, Cultural Control, Biological Control, Mechanical Control, and Chemical Control
29
Stop or Slow spreading down of certain pests?
Legal Control
30
Legal Control ran by?
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serivce
| Prevention, Eradication, and Quarantine
31
Managing the growing environment using cultural practices?`
Cultrual Control
32
Cultural Practices?
```
Sanitation
Host Eradication
Plant Health
Crop Rotation
Row Spacing
Drainage
```
33
Examples of Cultural Control?
Tillage, Mulching, Burning, and resistant varieties
34
Use of natural enemies?
Biological Control
35
Introduction of an animal/insect/microbial species to that is a natural predator of the pest?
Biological Control
36
Examples of Biological Controls?
Insects, diseases, herbivores, sheep, and goats
37
Using physical methods to control pests?
Mechanical control
38
Devices or machines to control the infestation of pests?
Mechanical Control
39
Examples of Mechanical Control?
Lights, sounds, traps, heat/cold, scarecrows
40
Using pesticides to kill pests or prevent pest infestations?
Chemical Control
41
Chemical control problems arise when?
Over Applied
42
Beneifts of Chemical Control?
Quick, Easy, Efficient, and Cheap when applied right
43
Risks of Chemical Control?
Contamination, injury to application and resistance
44
Applying the correct rate of pesticides is
Critical
45
Over Application of Pesticides is likely to
Injure the crop and increase potential for environmental harm
46
Under Application of Pesticides is likely to result in
poor pest control, which increases the likelihood of pesticide resistance
47
A plant growing where it is not wanted?
Weed
48
Sometimes a plant is considered a weed in an environment, but it is a
crop in other environments
49
Weeds cost American Farmers about $ /year
40 Billion
50
How do weeds affect crops?
```
Competition
Reduce quality
Harbor insects or diseases
Decrease irrigation efficiency
Interfere with harvest
```
51
What uses resources before the crop reduces grain quality (weed seeds) and may have virus/diseases that can be transmitted?
Weeds
52
The more closely related the weed and crop, the more difficult to
Control
53
Weed management Mechanical?
Cultivation
| Flaming small weeds
54
Weed management Biological
Salt cedar beetles
55
Weed management Chemical?
Herbicides
56
Weed management Cultural?
Narrow Rows
57
Loss of the ability to properly fuction as aresult of prolonged irritation by a pathogen?
Disease
58
A species that is able to cause disease?
Pathogen
59
Three parts to the Disease Triangle?
Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent
60
Diseas only occurs if all three conditions are met. Three conditions are?
Susceptible, Favorable, Virulent
61
Fungi cause most?
Economically important diseases
62
Insect management three options?
Cultural Control
Chemical Control
Biological Control
63
Insect management Cultural Control
Shredding cotton stalks for boll weevil control
| Plant varieties/hybrids with resistance
64
Insect management Chemical Control
Apply insecticides to control thrips at planting
65
Insect management Biological Control
Allowing natural populations of ladybugs to control aphids
66
Apply the proper rate
Apply in ideal conditions
Use multiple modes of action
Utilize cultural practices when possible
Resistance management
67
A series of pest management evalutaions and decisions that consider the agroecosystem as a whole
Integrated Pest Management
68
Control is just needed when prevention is not effective and or not available?
Integrated Pest Management
69
4 Steps to I.P.M?
Prevention
Set Thresholds
Monitor and identify pests
Control
70
Prevention for I.P.M.?
Manage the crop in such a way that pests do not become a threat
Crop Rotations
Pest-Resistant varieties
Clean field borders
71
Long term commitment involving environmental, social, and economical aspects?
Sustainable
72
Able to support or supply for a prolonged time?
Sustainable
73
Three parts to a sustainable crop production?
Economically Viable
Environmentally Sound
Socially Acceptable
74
Socail and Environmental=
Tolerable
75
Social and Economical=
Fair
76
Environmental and Economical=
Viable
77
Socail and Environmental and Economical=
Sustainable
78
Soundness is product or process that from beginning to end is in perfect harmony with the environment?
Environmental soundness
79
Includes human rights labor rights adn that future generations will have same or more access to resources than the current generation?
Social Accountability
80
Goals of Sustainable Crop Production
Protect and Improve natural resources
Reduce the use of nonrenewable resources
Provide adequate and dependable income
81
Integrated pest management (monitor for economic thresholds) and Cultural control methods (planting dates and patterns, resistant varieties)
Sustainable pest management
82
Cover Crops (improve siol tillage, reduce erosion)
Judicious use of fertilizers
Compost
Sustainable Soil Fertility
83
Other Sustainable Practices
Reduced Tillage
Diversification
Rotational Grazing
Direct Marketing
84
Sustainable Agriculture Advantages
Focuses on Ability to provide in the Future
| Enhances natural resource conservation
85
Sustainable Agriculture Disadvantages
Numerous definitions of "sustainable"
| No truly "sustainable" systems in place
86
```
Profitability
Self-Sufficiency
Bio Diversity
Soil Health
Water Use
Local Economy
```
Sustainable Agriculture Indicatos
87
Oraginc System is always ....
| Sustainable is not always....
Sustainable
| Organic
88
What is organic crop production?
Producing crops without synthetic inputs and can only apply manure no chemicals
89
```
Cultural Control (Resistant Variety)
Biological Control (Natural Predator)
Mechanical Control
```
Organic Pest Management
90
Organic Soil Fertility
Crop Rotation
Green Manures
Animal Waste
"No synthetic fertilizers"
91
Adv. of Organic
```
Increase Biodiversity
Improve Soil Quality
Reduce Dependence on Non-Renewable Resources
Reduce Pollution
Sell product for a premium (sometimes)
```
92
Disadv. of Organic
Increased Requirement of land and labor
Increased pest infestations
Limited technical support
93
When th eplant stops deposisting energy in seeds
Physiological maturity
94
Plant reaches maximum dry weight?
Physiological Maturity
95
Whent hte moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing and storage?
Harvest maturity
96
Fast los of moisture; milky consistency
Milk
97
Even faster loss of moisture; mealy (sticky) consistency
Soft Dough
98
Hard to squeeze; loss of green color
Hard Dough
99
Ready to Harvest
Mature
100
Forages are harvest for hary before?
They reach physiological maturity
101
Maturity in Forages is
Bad
102
Forages are harvested
while accumulating dry matter
103
Maturity in Forages
Increase Fiber Content
Decrease Digestibility
Decrease Protein Content
104
Combines 3 phases into 1 (reaping, threshing, winnowing)
Combine
105
Used to cut wheat, rye, oats, corn, and soybeans
Combine
106
Largest part of a wheat seed?
Endosperm (83% of Kernel)
107
Wheat Class-Soft White
Pastery
108
Wheat Class-Soft Red
Cakes
109
Wheat Class-Hard Red
Bread
110
Wheat Class-Durum
Pasta
111
Past is what wheat class?
Durum
112
Bread is what wheat class?
Hard Red
113
Cakes are what wheat class?
Soft Red
114
Pastery is whate wheat class?
Soft White
115
Three wheat production systems
Grain
Forage
Dual Purpose
116
Highest wheat seeding rate is
forages
117
Put cattle on wheat in
Late October Early November
118
Take cattle of wheat in
Early Spring (before jointing)
119
Canola is a type of
Rape Seed
120
A type of rapeseed low in erucic acid
Canola
121
Canola grows best in
Medium-Textured well drained Soils
122
Canola does not tolerate
water-logged conditions
123
Canola seeding rate is
5-10 lbs per acre
124
Canola grazing issues
Nitrate Accumulation
125
Nitrates is toxic to
Animals
126
Conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to ammonia using high temperature and pressure?
Haber-Bosch process
127
Process in which excess nutrient enters a water body?
Eutrophication
128
Green Seeker is a sensor based system that currently may be used to determine a crop's need for which nutrient?
Nitrogen
129
Organic matarial being degraded by microorganisms has an excess N relative to the amount of C?
Mineralization
130
Planintg resistant varieties is a form of what kind of cutltural control?
Pests
131
How can weeds affect crops?
By competition
Interfering with harvest
Reducing Quality
132
Most economically important causes of diseases?
Fungi
133
Listing a plant species as a noxious weed is what type of pest management?
Legal Control
134
A series of pest management evaluations adn decisions that considers the entire agroecosystem?
Integrated Pest Management
135
Considerations when evaluating the sustainability of a cropping system?
Economics, Environment, and Society
136
Goal of Sustainable crop production?
To protect and improve natural resources
To reduce the use of non-renewable resources
To provide adequate and dependable income
137
Organic Pest Management?
Cultural control, Biological Control, and Mechanical Control
138
Advantage of organic system?
Reduces pollution
139
Small grains maturity with a mealy consistency?
Soft-Dough
140
Appropriate time to harvest forages?
Before they reach physiological maturity
141
Machinery that has three separate operations into one single process?
Combine
142
When the moisture content of seeds is appropriate for storage?
Harvest maturity
143
What comprises 83% of the total wheat kernel weight?
Endosperm
144
What class of wheat is appropriate for production of pasta flour?
Durum wheat
145
Time fo year for wheat grazing practices to begin?
Late Fall
146
Wheat production systems that requires the highest seeding rate?
Forages only
147
Why can erucic acid (found in canola) be a problem?
It can be toxic if ingested
148
Whay are canola seedlings more susceptible for environmental damages?
Because their meristems are above the soil
149
Main concern for canola forage?
Nitrate accumulation
150
Appropriate seeding rate for canola crop?
5 to 10 pounds per acre
151
Under application of pesticide is likely to result in
poor pest control and increasing pesticide resistance
152
What is the largest grain crop in OK?
Wheat
153
Canola should be grown in soils with what kind of drainage?
Good
154
The more closely related the weed and the crop, the
harder it is to control the weed
155
Long term maintenance, involving environmental, economic, and social dimensions?
Sustainability
156
Position of the double bonds in lipids can change what?
Shape of fatty acid
157
In animals are saturated fats liquid or solids?
Liquid
158
In animals are unsaturated fats liquid or solids?
Solids
159
increase number of C, melting point gets?
Higher
160
Increase number of double bonds melting point?
Decreases
161
can go into gas form quickly?
Volatile
162
Caproic, Caprylic, and Capric is in which species?
Goat
163
Olec (an unsaturated fat) is found in what?
Canola
164
Arachindionc, EPA, and DHA are found in which species?
Fish
165
Double bonds are right next to each other in what kind of linoleic acid?
Conjugated linoleic acid or CLA
166
Is Trans 10, cis 12 wanted?
No it causes milk depression
167
Is Cis 9, Trans 11 wanted?
Yes
168
Can account for greater than 70% of lipids in forage plants
Glycolipids
169
The fatty acids in Glycolipids are typically?
Polyunsaturated
170
Plants have what type of fatty acids?
Unsaturated
171
Phospholipids provide what in cells?
Structure (cell membranes)
172
Difference between Phospholipids and Glycolipids?
Instead of sugar and fatty acid, Phospholipids have phosphate and alcohol
173
True or False , Polar is attracted to water?
True
174
True or False, Nonpolar is not attracted to water?
True
175
True or False, Phospholipids are polar?
True
176
True or False, Fatty Acids are non polar?
True
177
The fatty acid tails in a phospholipid face each other because?
Fatty acids are non-polar and want to get away from the water
178
Large group including sterols, bile acids, adrenal corticoids, and sex steroids?
Steroids
179
Endogenously means?
Made in the body
180
Vitamin D3 provides?
Hormone calcium breakdown
181
Is sunlight or cholesterol the limiting factor for Vitamin D3?
Sunlight
182
Does enough synthesis of cholesterol occur?
No
183
Cholesterol is?
An important endogenously synthesized precursor, important in cell membranes.
184
Lipid nutritional functions included? (3S's)
Sources of energy, signaling, structure, carrier of absorption, and essential fatty acids
185
How much more energy from lipids are provided than carbohydrates?
2.25
186
Oxidation of fat yields CO2+H20+Energy, 2.25 more times than CHO, Cheap Substitute for CHO but can be issues with palatability
Source of energy (lipids)
