Exam # 2 Flashcards

Question

What is grass tetany? What is the clinical signs?

Answer 1

* Graze lush pastures can lead to hypomagnesemia. * Clinical signs: repetitive muscle contractions that are uncontrolled, hyperirritability and convulsions. * Start with muscle tremors and progress to tetany. Clinical signs by stage: Early: Muscle fasiculations, hyperesthesia, stiff goose stepping gait. Animal may be irritable or maybe aggressive. Can be bellowing with an overly alert , nervous expression Later: Recombency and convulsion, paddling motions with limb, extensor rigidity, opisthotonus, death can occur from respiratory/ cardiac arrest.

Answer 2

• Rare • Increased heat production • Protein is thermogenic • Can be a problem in hot climate or during performance • Can lead to ammonia smell in the urine • Expensive • Could lead to obesity? • Possibly increased growth in juvenile horses? - Protein metabolism is thermogenic, so their could be increased heat production in preformance horses.

Answer 3

• Calcium and phosphorus comprise 70% of all the minerals in the body. • The bone is the storage pool for these minerals (the ionized calcium in the blood remains constant by drawing from the bone if needed) • P is important for energy metabolism (ATP), membrane function and enzyme regulation • Ca is important for neural function, enzyme activity, cell signaling etc

Answer 4

• Taurine deficiency in cats has been recognized since 1975 • Taurine-deficiency dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of cats represents a failure in contractility – presumably due to abnormal calcium-ion balance in the myocardial cell • Taurine deficiency impacts ability to regulate ionic flux in photoreceptor cells in the retina • When retinal taurine concentration is reduced structure and function deteriorate progressively

Answer 5

- Typical diet would include wheat or barley straw or stover (leaves and stalks of crops such as corn) • Straw can be fed ad-lib - Low energy density

Answer 6

* PASTURE: PLANTS THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR GRAZING * EITHER CULTIVATED (PLANTED) OR WILD (NATIVE) * MAY OR MAY NOT BE IRRIGATED

Answer 7

This is because though the sow is taking in a normal amount of food her BCS will drop from increased energy expenditure, so we need to try to minimize that drop as much as possible.

Answer 8

- Vitamin K - Vitamin A - Vitamin D - Vitamin E

Answer 9

Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency

Answer 10

Clinical signs: Jaundice, dyspnea, tachycardia, hematuria, fatigue and hypotension. What will you see? - Excessive formation of Heinz bodies, and attachment to membranes increases their rigidity and renders them susceptible to fragmentation in the spleen. - They are the result of ROS which can cause intravascular lysis of RBCs leading to hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. - Methemoglobinemia ( brown plasma) can occur in animals from oxidant induced injury of iron in hemoglobin (Fe2+ -\> Fe3+ producing methemoglobin) - Cats more susceptible than dogs, but its still highly unrecommended overall. No benefit of garlic.

Answer 11

Protein requirement would increase to 8% in the first trimesters and 10% in the last trimester. this is because more protien is needed in the final trimester to produce the fetus' tissues and help support lactation. * High protein feed: legume grass, legume hay * Can balance a meal with grass hay and high protein grain (12% protein DM)

Answer 12

Clinical signs • Lethargy • In foals- unable to curl tongue to suckle • May cause aspiration pneumonia – if tracheal muscles are affected Yellow fat disease- a condition that causes steatitis Steatitis- inflammation of fat stores.

Answer 13

- Low Vitamin E concentration ( plasma levels can be variable) - Can biopsy liver and muscle stores (avoid fat stores, they are not reliable) - High Creatine Kinase, and AST (shows recent muscle damage) - Low RBC glutathione peroxidase (selenium deficiency)

Answer 14

KILOGRAM DRY MATTER (WATER REMOVED) IS SOMETIMES USED TO EXPRESS INTAKE. DRY MATTER INTAKE ESTIMATES ARE ALSO USED TO CALCULATE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS PROVIDED IN THE FEED • DAILY DRY MATTER INTAKE, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF MATURE BODYWEIGHT AT MAINTENANCE

Answer 15

• THE FORAGE THAT REGROWS IS CALLED AFTERMATH, STUBBLE, OR RESIDUE • IT IS A HIGH QUALITY, NUTRIENT RICH AND LUSH FORAGE. - Stubble is often the term used when referring to corn or other grain.

Answer 16

Breed associated diseases – Orthopedic – Obesity – Urinary stones – Food Hypersensitivity

Answer 17

Most reliable and most representative: Lab analysis (core biopsy) Other ways: - appearance, color, smell Be careful to make sure the hay is not bad on outside and good inside.

Answer 18

* Access to fresh clean water via correctly positioned nipple or bowl- type drinker * Drain the water pipe system about 10 days after farrowing or link into sow line

Answer 19

• Cats possess the entire enzymatic pathway to form taurine from methionine/cysteine • Two enzymes along the pathway have low activity (cysteine dioxygenase and cysteinesulphinic acid decarboxylase) - Too slow and does not allow for enough taurine to be made. • ‘Double Whammy’ – Low endogenous production of taurine – Loss of taurine in the bile

Answer 20

The gestation timeframe is the same but the lactation period is more than 50% less and the growth timeframe is lessened as well

Answer 21

• The main diet is the mare’s milk; however will show interest in other food such as the mare’s grain and creep feed • Creep feed: the feed that is offered to suckling animals (also beef, swine, small ruminants) to support growth in addition to milk • Creep feed would typically include corn, oat, barley

Answer 22

• Amino acids are important to build protein and used as a source of energy and gluconeogenesis • Amino acids are also utilized to form ketoacids as substrates for energy or glucose production • Cats are unable to decrease the activity of transaminase/ deaminase enzymes when fed a limited protein diet • This is likely since cats are strict carnivores and adapted to high protein intake

Answer 23

* Colostrum consumption is vital for the piglet’s health * Piglets in the ages of 3-6 weeks are most susceptible to diarrhea * Maintaining pigs at a thermoneutral environment can help growth efficiency

Answer 24

Arginine Citruline Arginosuccinate Omithine

Answer 25

* Rumination- regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum followed by remastication and reswallowing. * Effective mechanical breakdown and increases substrate surface area to fermentive microbes. * Usually occurs when cow is at rest.

Answer 26

Dogs differ from human beings in that dogs are adapted for long-distance running using the aerobic metabolism of fat

Answer 27

• 3 different layers. Gas is most dorsal. Then todays hay since it is not as broken down yet. Followed by grain and yesterdays hay (which has had some time to ferment and settle. Bottom Layer is higher in liquids and smaller particles.

Answer 28

 If the gut function is impaired, parenteral nutrition may be administered  The formula is custom made under a hood  Components used in formulating parenteral nutrition include:  protein in the form of amino acids  carbohydrates in the form of dextrose  lipids in the form of long chain fatty acids  May be safer to avoid in donkeys, ponies and other horses prone to hyperlipidemia  electrolytes and vitamins  The catheter, line and bag must be kept as clean as possible

Answer 29

- Omnivores - Exploration - 5-8 piglets

Answer 30

• HAY IS CUT FORAGE THAT IS DRIED AND HAS 90% DRY MATTER AND 10% MOISTURE • IT IS CUT AND COLLECTED IN BALES (SQUARE OR ROUND) AND STACKS • DUE TO LOW % MOISTURE, HAY CAN BE STORED FOR A RELATIVELY LONG PERIOD OF TIME WITHOUT MOLD OR PUTREFACTION

Answer 31

1. ) High in carbohydrates 2. ) Diet with more fat.

Answer 32

• Uncommon as long as salt is available • May cause weakness • Decreased sweating • Decreased performance • Decreased sweating • Decreased lactation • Pica

Answer 33

- Avocado: toxic for birds( can cause respiratory signs in birds) (not dogs/ cats ( can be given but pit can cause obstruction) - Chocolate: Contains theobromine which dogs/cats). is an alkaloid that can cause a variety of clinical signs. Toxic doses of theobromine are as low as 20 mg/kg. You can see GI signs, cardiac, and neurologic signs. - More pure the chocolate - More toxic - Grapes / Rasins: Can cause kidney injury in dogs and cats. Toxin is unknown. Appears safe in birds/ reptiles in moderation. - Macadamia Nuts: Can cause weakness, depression, vomiting, tremors, and hyperthermia in dogs. Signs usually appear within 12 hours of ingestion and can last 12- 48 hours. - Allium species: ( garlic, onion, leek, chives) cause gastroenteritis and Heinz body anemia ( oxidative damage leading to hemolytic anemia) - Xylitol: Common sweetener in sugar free foods. Can cause insulin increase (hypoglycemia from increased insulin) and liver failure in dogs. Xylitol is metabolized by the liver and intermediates are phosphorylated and deplete ATP from hepatocytes. Can also cause oxidative damage. - Kabocha squash - can cause GI signs in dogs ( other pumpkins/ squash are fine) - Raw dough- not toxic but can cause GI obstruction - High fat foods: Not exactly toxic but can cause severe GI signs and pancreatitis in some dogs.

Answer 34

- NRC Minimal requirement- minimal concentration or amount of bioavailable nutrient that will support a defined physiological state • NRC Adequate intake - the concentration in the diet or amount required by the animal of a nutrient that is presumed to sustain any given life stage when no minimal requirement has been demonstrated

Answer 35

Statement 3 - This particular product has not undergone a feeding trial. Gives company leeway of what is comparable.

Answer 36

Daily energy requiremet: 33 Mcal/100kg BW/day Daily needs DMI on good quality forage -\> 1-1.5 % BW DMI Max consumption DMI: 3-3.5 DMI

Answer 37

Most nutrients cannot be adequately determined with lab tests/blood tests • Albumin- can be reduced if protein status is poor, acute inflammation or liver failure • Albumin half life is long (19.4 days) therefore may not reflect acute changes • Decreased creatinine/BUN can indicate poor muscling and protein intake

Answer 38

• Vital component of blood • Aids absorption and transfer of oxygen in blood • Piglet born with limited supplies. Milk contains no iron. Traditionally outdoor animals, obtain iron from the soil - Must give supplemental iron to prevent anaemia and loss of growth

Answer 39

• BOTH ARE POLYSACCHARIDES • ENDOGENOUS MAMMALIAN ENZYMES CANNOT BREAK 1,4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (ONLY ALPHA) IN CELLULOSE OR HEMICELLULOSE • BACTERIAL FERMENTATION ALLOWS DIGESTION OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN THE FORESTOMACH OR HINDGUT VIA FERMENTATION • MAMMALIAN AND BACTERIAL ENZYMES CAN DIGEST STARCH. WITH BACTERIAL FERMENTATION THESE STARCHES EVENTUALLY FORM VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)

Answer 40

Muscle pain • Swollen muscles  Stiff gait  Myoglobin in the urine may cause red-brown urine  Can progress to renal failure – tubular necrosis due to myoglobinuria  Potassium leakage from myocytes can cause cardiac arrythmia and even cardiac arrest! (Hyperklemia)

Answer 41

The energy requirement depends on the duration of activity and the distance traveled

Answer 42

Older cows : bone and gut less responsive to pth and calcitriol than heifers. Peripartuant hypocalcemia occurs in 3 progressive stages, and can occur in both dairy and beef cattle.

Answer 43

- Calcium salts: usually in form of calcium borogluconate, iv slowly ( Rapid iv administration can result in cardiac arrest (stone heart syndrome). Therefore ascult while administering, if heartrate decreases below 60 bpm or you hear severe arrhythmia then stop administration for 20-30 seconds - pad areas, likely to fall and can become injured Prevention: Method 1: 1 month prior to calving, decrease Ca2+ so they could gear up PTH and Vitamin D3 homeostasis early on (this will prevent them from being "blindsided" by drop in calcium). Increasing calcium in feed will have opposite effect and induce milk fever. Method 2: Feed anionic salts for 2 weeks postpartum- inducing mild metabolic acidosis. This will aid calcium absorption in the gut, makes mineral more labile and improves renal activity of 1-alpha hydroxylase ( which activates vitamin D3) Risks: Can cause bone mineral liability, expensive, and may not work.

Answer 44

- Feed • Lysine, is an essential amino acid that is expensive and is usually the limiting amino acid in pig diet

Answer 45

- grains/ concentrates - oils and fats

Answer 46

- Cofactor for acetylcholinesterase, the ECF enzyme that cleaves Ach and terminates the stimulatory signal. - Cofactor for release of PTH from parathyroid gland. - Hypomagnesimia ( low mg2+ in ECF) may result in impaired PTH release. - Competes with calcium ( both are 2+ cations) and inhibits its stimulatory activity.

Answer 47

- Released from thyroid C cells in response of excessively high Ca2+ - Promotes deposition of calcium, into bone - Promotes calcium loss in kidneys - Effect: decreases CA2+ in the ECF

Answer 48

• Reported in cats fed large amounts of beef liver – skeletal malformation – Fetal malformation – Liver failure – Kidney failure – Spontaneous bleeding

Answer 49

• FORAGE: • GRASS: INCLUDES GRAIN CROPS, TURF GRASS, BAMBOO • LEGUMES: ASSOCIATED BACTERIA ARE ABLE TO FIX NITROGEN (N2) INTO THE SOIL, THEN NH3 IS ABSORBED INTO THE PLANT AND CAN BE USED AS A SUBSTRATE FOR PROTEIN AND OTHER NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS

Answer 50

Stagnant water can grow blue green algae Could leaad to liver necrosis, tremors, diarrhea and even death. Hepatotoxicity

Answer 51

Dalmatian- urate urolithiasis

Answer 52

1. Do you employ a boarded nutritionist or a PhD nutritionist? 2. Who formulates the diet? 3. Do you perform AAFCO feeding trials? 4. Do you analyze the finished product? If so, what does the analysis include? 5. What product research has been conducted?

Answer 53

- As Fed- percentage of nutrients including water • Dry Matter- percentage of nutrients without water • Crude protein- chemical analysis of the food which measures the approximate amount of protein in food by measuring the nitrogen content • Crude Fat- based on the solubility of lipids in non- polar organic solvents (ether extraction or acid hydrolysis)

Answer 54

* Guaranteed analysis: * Min is provided for crude protein, fat (more expensive, more important) * Max is provided for fiber, moisture and sometimes ash (dont provide energy) * Carbohydrate content is then calculated by subtracting these 5 measured nutrients from 100% * Typical analysis: * Actual average nutrient content over multiple analyses * Averages are reported for crude protein, crude fat, moisture, fiber, ash * Dry matter: * similar to typical analysis- but without the moisture content

Answer 55

 Laminitis results from disruption of blood flow to the laminae  These laminae structures within the foot secure the coffin bone to the hoof wall  Inflammation often permanently weakens the laminae and interferes with the wall/bone bond  In severe cases, the bone and the hoof wall can separate

Answer 56

- Can bind calcium and can have implications on skeletal health in growing foals and mares. - Calcium is mostly absorbed in the small intestines whereas phosphorus is mostly absorbed in the large intestines

Answer 57

• A cofactor to many enzymes including SOD therefore an antioxidant • Zinc excess is uncommon, but zinc can interfere with copper absorption • Zinc deficiency • Parakeratosis in the lower limbs • Decreased food intake

Answer 58

~ 80 % energy - 8-14.4 % protien - 2-3 % minerals ~ 1% vitamins

Answer 59

BCS of 4 is 15-19% bodyfat anything above or below is not ideal

Answer 60

220-240 days old = 31-34 weeks 135-150 kg wt P2 Fat depth = 18 mm 2nd or 3rd heat Target is feeing to develop the gilt and the progeny

Answer 61

* Prevention is key. * Monitor high risk patients and make sure high risk are getting supportive measures for prevention. * Cows feel fuller during pregnancy so they eat less and will also have increased nutritional needs due to lactation status, so making sure they are on a diet that is calorically and nutritionally dense for their needs are essential.

Answer 62

• Provides a concentrated source of energy • Important especially in submaximal exercise • High fat: – overloads the gut lymphatics – Increase bile secretion – Slowed gastric emptying time – Increased pancreatic stimulation

Answer 63

• Deficiency – Increased Clotting Time – Hemorrhage – All fish diet fed to cats need to be supplemented with vitamin K • Excess – No known complications

Answer 64

* MOLD AND SPOILAGE TYPICALLY OCCUR IN AREAS WHERE THE PACKING IS LESS TIGHT OR WHERE AIR/RAIN OR GROUNDWATER CAN ENTER * CERTAIN MOLDS CAN DEVELOP MYCOTOXINS THAT CAN BE DETERMINANTAL TO ANIMALS * SOME BACTERIA SUCH AS LISTERIA CAN GROW IN SPOILED POCKETS AND CAUSE ENCEPHALITIS AND ABORTION IN LIVESTOCK

Answer 65

- Soy bean meal: protein source- higher digestible energy vs. net energy - Soy bean hulls: fiber - higher digestible energy vs. net energy. - Wheat bran: fiber- higher digestible energy vs. net energy. (more) - Animal Fat : fat - higher net energy vs. digestible energy. - Vegetable oil: fat - higher net energy vs. digestible energy. Fat digestion is more efficient with more heat conservation but the other products are required to have a balanced diet.

Answer 66

Glycemic index: the plasma/blood glucose response to ingestion of a measured amount of feed  The higher glycemic response typically produces a higher insulin response  Corn, oat, and barley all result in increase in blood glucose (BG) within 15 minutes - The glycemic index of hull-less oats is higher with a more rapid increase in BG (higher digestibility)  Barley is of low glycemic index  Pelleting and extrusion tend to reduce the glycemic index  Grass hay has a higher index than legume hay

Answer 67

- more impactful when this occurs during lactation - Energy requirements \> energy intake = negative energy balance • When intake is low, insulin is decreased and glucagon is increased ( increases gluconeogenesis), When glucose is in short supply, fats/ triglycerides are used as substitutes since lipids are "energy dense"

Answer 68

- Ketones can be normal in moderate amounts when energy requirements are high (i.e lactation, ewes or does with large brood in last trimester) * Ketones remove unstable Acetyl CoA. * Ketones can be found and be normal, but excessive ketones can cause ketosis/ ketoacidosis. * Presentations of neurological signs, decreased appetite, pica, ect. * Can occur in severe chronic negative energy balance.

Answer 69

Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most swine diets

Answer 70

200 ml 72% For every 100 g decrease in birth weight there is a reduction of 30 grams of colostrum intake ( too weak to get to teat, bullied out of way)

Answer 71

• Can compete with calcium and reduce bone absorption. Low Ca++ and High Phosphorus in blood triggers chronically elevated PTH. Can cause bone resorption and condition called rubber jaw. • Ruminants on high grain diets may develop phosphate based urinary calculi if urine becomes highly concentrated ( i.e struvite ( magnesium ammonium phosphate). Disease termed urolithiasis. In ruminants: Phosphorus is usually excreted in the saliva and gi tract. - Saliva : supplies rumen bacteria with P source for ATP - Allows phosphorus recycling from blood into gut, minimizing urinary losses.

Answer 72

Essential amino acids: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, taurine

Answer 73

It inteferes with copper absorption and can cause copper deficiency

Answer 74

• Grass hay is lower in calcium so may need to supplement • Legume hay has enough calcium, but may need to supplement phosphorus

Answer 75

- Weaning: 4+ 4 weeks ( 8 total) - Gestation: 114 days - Lactation: 21-28 days - Growing / Finishing : 10-12 weeks

Answer 76

- Skin and coat - Behavior/ cognition - Musculoskeletal system - Senses and metabolic flexibility - Digestive function Immune function

Answer 77

• Inaccuracy was noted in the amount of food measured out (ranging from an 18% under‐estimate to an 80% over‐estimate) - USE A FOOD SCALE

Answer 78

Citrullin supplementation may prevent the severe signs of hyperammonaemia but do not sustain normal growth

Answer 79

* Excess phosphorus impacts calcium absorption more than the other way around * The recommended ratio (Ca:P) is 1:1 -5:1 in the mature horse

Answer 80

The ability to feel the entire transverse process of the spine = poor muscling

Answer 81

Much more protein in their diet. Protein supports muscle mass.

Answer 82

Sow/ GILT: Maximum # of piglets/ year Piglet/ Weaning: Minimize mortality and optimize health Growing-finishing pigs- maximum growth

Answer 83

* Sows require +20 litres per day * Drinkers should have flow rate of 2 litres per minute * Dry fed sows: give 4-5 litres via tap or hose morning and evening * Wet fed sows: give mix with 3-3.5 litres water per kg feed, plus additional water in first 7-10 days lactation

Answer 84

No but dogs can eat cat food.

Answer 85

- Energy (Carbohydrates/ Fats): cereals, oils, fats - Proteins (Lys, met) - soy, linseed, pea, faba - Minerals/vitamins: ??????

Answer 86

Low pH prevents growth of mold and bacteria.

Answer 87

- Another disease associated with chronic negative energy balance. Occurs in does and ewes in pregnancies with multiple offspring. Gestation in small ruminants last 142-150 days. Most embryonic development and growth takes place in the last trimester. More embryos -\> Higher metabolic strain

Answer 88

• Tyrosine is a precursor for melanin. Lighter brown cats may be tyrosine levels lacking, supplementation should increase coat color. • The requirement for growth is much lower than the requirement for dark hair color

Answer 89

High protein is required for the prevention of ‘sports anemia

Answer 90

• Feeding + activity = GDV? – Most army dogs have had prophylactic gastropexy

Answer 91

- BCS - MCS OR MMI

Answer 92

- Thiamin is important for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl COA. - Thiamin deficiency can cause type B lactic acidosis since pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl COA. Thiamin is also a cofactor for enzyme transketolase. This is a way thiamin levels are monitored, by looking at these levels. - Thiamin deficiency can also cause neurologic clinical signs. Since neurologic tissues have high energy requirements, so thiamin deficiency can result in neurologic signs.

Answer 93

- Veterinary therapeutic diets may have an indication to be fed intermittently as they may be technically not complete and balanced • Veterinary diets have specific indications and are typically named so that most owners would not immediately know what the indication is • These diets require a prescription • There are diets for multiple indications • Each company would have nutritional information in a product guide that would provide caloric density, caloric distribution (pro/fat/CHO), and nutrient (g) /1000 kcal

Answer 94

Starvation = poor energy intake Can lead to: - Fat catabolism - Catbohydrate store depletion - Once fat is depleted- protien catabolism.

Answer 95

– Glycogen stores do not get depleted and protein is not required to rebuild it

Answer 96

Vitamin B 1. Thiamin 2. Riboflavin 3. Niacin 4. Pyridoxine 5. Panthothenic Acid 6. Biotin 7. Folic Acid 8. Cobalamin 9. Choline (and vitamin C) Thiamin is most important, we see recalls due to thiamine deficiency.

Answer 97

Anemia Clinical Signs: • Pale white colour • Breathlessness • Jaundice • Scour (white) at about 3 weeks old • Reduction in growth rate = lower weaning weigh

Answer 98

* Bodyweight can be measured on walk-in scales or estimated: * Lb Bodyweight= Heart girth (in)2 X Length (in) /330 * Kg Bodyweight= Heart girth (cm)2 X Length (cm)/11800 * Heart girth – measured behind elbows at expiration * Length- point of the shoulder to tuber ischii

Answer 99

• Could be helpful to provide a higher protein diet (similar to growth) unless contraindicated by concurrent disease • Make sure diet provides vitamins and minerals as needed • Watch for food aversion, difficulty in prehension or chewing

Answer 100

Tyrosine is not an essential amino acid in cats (although there is a requirement for phenylalanine+ tyrosine)

Answer 101

* More calcium bound to albumin during alkalosis, resulting in slightly lower Ca++ in the blood and ECF * Alkalosis can cause signs of hypocalcemia. * In ruminants normally occurs with diseases that impair abomasal emptying since hcl is trapped in abomasum and forestomachs, metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 102

* GI tract absorption of Magnesium is generally inefficient. * High nitrogen (protein) as well as high dietary K+ will reduce magnesium absorption from the rumen since their will be a change in the electrical gradient. * Rapidly growing grasses have a lot of nitrogen and potassium.

Answer 103

- Closely adheres to calcium and phosphorus. - Dietary deficiency is uncommon, high P may reduce absorption as well as hypomagnesemic tetany.

Answer 104

 Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a characteristic collection of clinical signs and clinicopathologic changes in equids that places them at high risk for developing laminitis  Insulin dysregulation, the abnormal insulin response to oral or IV glucose is the hallmark of EMS  Most affected horses are obese, but insulin dysregulation can occur in thinner animals as well  increased regional adiposity in the neck and tailhead regions is typical Hallmark sign: Hyperinsulinemia with normal blood glucose concentrations (insulin resistance) is the hallmark finding.

Answer 105

1. Vaccination / deworming 2. Health check 3. Skin & coat 4. Ear / Eye / Nose 5. Dental 6.Vomiting Diarrhea 7. Illness recheck 8. Lethargic 9. Lameness 10. Behaviour - Less commonly overweight

Answer 106

- There are no specified guidelines for senior pets - Commercial senior diets vary in their nutritional content - It is important to feed for the life stage

Answer 107

- Great dane puppies developed abnormal both growth when the diet contained 3.3% calcium compared with diets with 1.1 % calcium - Miniature poodle puppies tolerated calcium intake between 0.33% and 3.3%

Answer 108

Variable due to age, activity, physiologic state, temp Typically = kcal requirement. 0.3-0.8 gallons/100 lb/ day or 25-70 ml/kg/day

Answer 109

- Cats are thought to originate from the African Wild Cat, a desert dweller • Cats tend to drink less than dogs

Answer 110

- Doesnt have specific hormones to regulate it - Doesnt mobilize bone mineral release. Mg absorption from gi tract is only regulatory mechanism for ECF. Animal must ingest from diet. Magnesium Sources: - Variety of plants, (legumes better than grasses) and nuts. - Animal tissues and liver are sources of mg ( for carnivores)

Answer 111

• Taurine is not considered essential in mammals with the exceptions of cats and human infants • It is considered conditionally essential in dogs • Taurine is conjugated to bile acids, similar to glycine – Dogs and cats use taurine rather than glycine; whereas other mammals may use either In addition, taurine acts as an antioxidant and deficiency results in increased oxidative damage – Taurine deficiencies leading to DCM have been described in Newfoundlands and in cocker spaniels

Answer 112

Treatment:  Soak food- divide to 3-4 meals  Provide soluble fiber- beet pulp  Wheat bran  Psyllium  Linseed  Provide salt blocks to avoid pica  Flunixin meglumine- reduces the cellular production of prostaglandins but can also mask signs  Gas colic- in large intestines, can palpate  The result of excessive fermentation and gas production  Can be the result of high energy feeds such as grain, lush forage  Sand colic-  Large intestines- hard to palpate  Suspect according to environment and sand in feces  Prevention:  Access to water  Dental health  Avoid excess grain/high energy forage  Slow transition to diet change  Avoid feeding when horses are ‘hot’ after exercise  Encourage owners to become educated on fed quality, dental care, vital signs and recognizing early signs of distress

Answer 113

* age * Physiological state * Activity * Feed intake * Digestibility

Answer 114

Activated Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone. - Phosphorus and magnesium content - High dietary zinc (many times due to formulation error) - Oxalates (can be posionous)

Answer 115

• HAY CAN BE COMPRISED OF A SINGLE SPECIES, OR A COMBINATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES • CAN BE FROM FORAGE THAT IS NATIVE OR CULTIVATED • MOST HAYS ARE EITHER GRASSES (TIMOTHY GRASS HAY, ORCHARD GRASS HAY), OR LEGUME HAY (ALFALFA HAY)

Answer 116

• Energy requirements are also lower than horses (50-70% of a similar size horse) • Can become obese and develop hyperlipidemia, laminitis and other metabolic complications if fed with horses

Answer 117

• Each life stage has its own protocol. Life stages are the same for both dogs and cats and are defined as: • Adult Maintenance • Growth • Gestation/ Lactation • All Life Stages • A minimum of eight healthy adult dogs at least one year of age and of optimal body weight • Test is 26 weeks at least • BW, food intake, Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum albumin shall be measured and recorded at the end of the test

Answer 118

* Protein requirements increase to 13% * Can be balanced with a combination of legume hay or legume grass * If legume hay is provided, grain protein can be 12% * If grass hay is provided, grain protein needs to be at least 16%

Answer 119

• Non esterfied Fatty acids sent to liver to become Triglycerides ( which then becomes VLDL), Ketone bodies ( exportable energy source used by extra hepatic tissues) or for fuel for hepatic metabolism to make energy.

Answer 120

HAY THAT IS TOO RICH CAN CAUSE DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS • BLOAT • ENTEROTOXAEMIA • LAMINITIS • PULMONARY EDEMA (CATTLE)

Answer 121

First litter: 6.5 kg Sow (multiple litters): 8 Kg - feed to appetite from day 4-5 until weaning

Answer 122

When both PTH and calcitonin are high, they have competing effects on the bone - PTH stimulates resorption while calcitonin stimulates bone remodeling • The result is abnormal bone growth

Answer 123

* FROM APPEARANCE: LEAF CONTENT (MORE PROTEIN, STARCH) * COLOR- GREEN=GOOD; BROWN= MOLD, SUN EXPOSURE, WET

Answer 124

NPN such as urea is not useful in the horse as it will be absorbed in the small intestines and excreted as urea in the urine • This is unlike foregut fermenters where the bacteria can utilize the nitrogen BEFORE it is absorbed in the SI • If the feed contains urea, it should be subtracted from the crude protein analysis (which is nitrogen analysis) • NPN is less toxic in horses than foregut fermenters

Answer 125

Colic is a general name for abdominal pain - Many possible causes - If colic is prevalent- check diet, dentition, parasite control - Impaction colic- usually in the large intestines, often can be palpated - Can be caused by: Indigestible food, Sand, pica, poor hydration  Signs of colic include:  Pawing  Rolling  Bloating  Sweating  Distress  Uneasiness  Loss of interest in food and water  Peculiar postures (sitting, stretching)  Absence of gut sounds

Answer 126

Gut closure in piglet can take place as early as 24 hours after birth * Piglet no longer capable of absorbing antibodies from gut * Piglet must consume sufficient antibodies within first 24 hours or earlier * Colostrum intake in first 6 hours is critical – the earlier the better

Answer 127

Puppies of different breeds have different sensitivities to calcium excess • Until the age of 6 months, puppies do not regulate calcium absorption

Answer 128

Treatment * Treat underlying disease, or feeding high quality carbohydrate meals. * Add molasses in the water, orogastric tube feeding. - Transfaunation: If you have a fistulated cows, you can transfer rumen fluid from healthy cow to sick cow, can be administered via orogastric tube. - Adminsiter propylene glycol: metabolized by the liver to propionate. If animal has liver failure no point to give since it wont be metabolized. Overdose can cause diarrhea, ataxia, coma ect. • Glucose IV (decreases ketone formation) • Corticosteroids: enhances gluconeogenesis, reduce milk production. improve how animal feels. ◦ Negatives: Can induce abortion if pregnant. Stimulates hormone sensitive lipase, which increases FFA production which is not ideal in these patients. - Glucose IV + insulin SC: can be given together to reduce lipolysis -\> you will see decrease of phosphorus, magnesusm, and potassium. - Give B vitamins : likely low, synthesized by rumen microbiota, niacin and choline (can help form lipoprotiens and transport fat from the liver in fattyliver disease)

Answer 129

Cats are obligate carnivores (however, this does not mean they cannot eat vegetables too!)

Answer 130

• Sources – Wheat Germ – Corn Oil – Soybean Oil - The Vitamin E in pet foods can be oxidized if not stored properly

Answer 131

Etiology:  Can be caused by certain toxins such as bacterial toxins  This can be the result of GI dysbiosis, nutritional factors, or an infection Excessive carbohydrate intake- incidental grain overload  Grains, green pasture  Gut microbial shift: not all carbohydrate will be digested in the small intestines, fermentation in the large intestines causes acidosis  bacterial die-off and release of endotoxins  Endotoxemia can cause and increase in TPR, colic (within 12-16 hours) laminitis (within 24 hours)  Clinical signs:  Lameness  Pain  Change in the hoof structure in chronic disease  Can be fatal

Answer 132

Chronic kidney disease is relatively uncommon in horses  Common causes: high blood pressure, coagulopathies, pyelonephritis and tumors  Renal disease is typically progressive  Unfortunately, no clear diet recommendations- avoid high protein (legumes for example)  Protein \< 8%  Carbohydrate based diet  Adequate hydration

Answer 133

• The "95%" rule: applies to products consisting primarily of very few ingredients. Simple names, such as "Beef for Dogs" or "Tuna Cat Food”. • The “25%” rule : If the named ingredients comprise at least 25% of the product but less than 95%, the name must include a qualifying descriptive term, such as “Dinner”. • At least 95% of the product must be the named ingredient (aside of water for processing) • “Chicken 'n Liver Dog Food," the two named ingredients together must comprise 95% - The "3%" or "with“: The named ingredient (‘with cheese’) is required at least 3% of the product • Flavor: a specific percentage is not required, but a product must contain an amount sufficient to be able to be detected

Answer 134

Forage Straw Silage/haylage seed hulls

Answer 135

• CUTTING REFERS TO THE ORDER IN WHICH THE HAY HARVEST WAS CUT (BEGINNING OF SEASON VS. LATE IN SEASON) • 1ST CUTTING: FIRST HARVEST, VARIABLE MATURITY (SOME PLANTS ARE IN EARLY GROWTH, SOME ARE MATURE); LESS DIGESTIBLE, LOWER NUTRITIONAL VALUE • 2ND, 3RD CUTTING: UNIFORM GROWTH, GREATER WATER PENETRATION AND WARMER WEATHER; HIGHER NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND DIGESTIBILITY

Answer 136

• Quality of the pet's surroundings – Husbandry – Multiple Pets – Environmental Stimulation

Answer 137

- Found in every cell - Bone is major storage pool for calcium of hydroxyapatite - Component in milk (high requirement during lactation) - Important muscle activity ( actin- myosin coupling) - Influx in cells may trigger cell death (both in normal and pathologic processes) - Calcium is required in hormone/ neurotransmitter release. - Dampen neuronal excitation potential that requires sodium channel activity.

Answer 138

* Air temperature in pen and the combined effects of: * Air speed * Floor type * Air to wall temperature difference * Group size (group vs individual pig)

Answer 139

Miniature Schnauzer- calcium oxalate urolithaisis, hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis

Answer 140

- Loss of maternal antibodies - Move to new environment - Stressful (mixing/ moving) - Possible high infectious - Food ( change of flora, composition, too much, too little)

Answer 141

Most foals would wean between 3 and 7 months. You would start to introduce creep feed at 1-3 months.

Answer 142

high fiber foods

Answer 143

Feed to maintain an ideal BCS • May need to increase amount of concentrate in breeding (showing off for female) • Avoid obesity- poor fertility (poor sperm quality when obese)

Answer 144

• Low phosphorus in ECF. - relatively uncommon, can occur with milk fever. Clinical presentation: usually alert but show weakness/ and inability to stand. Cows can attempt to rise on multiple occasions pushing part way up on legs and moving around pen on abdomen. "termed creeper cows" Trigger: Lactation triggers heavy ca2+ loss in milk, triggers pth secretion, pth moves alot of phosphate into urine, and persistent weakness is likely due to ATP depletion from muscle cells. Treatment: Blood Samples: Note hemolysis increases blood phosphorus because it leaks from ruptured RBC - IV Monosodium phosphate. Cannot mix Ca++ containing soluion. CaPO4 aggregrates and will precipitate. - Phos supplements - Offer phosphorus rich grains - Consider checking vitamin D status of diet

Answer 145

 The pathogenesis is similar with other species:  Free fatty acids are mobilized to provide energy at a rate that exceed their metabolism (fatty acid oxidation or formation of ketone bodies)  Lipids are re-esterified to triglycerides  May accumulate in the liver where they are metabolized to energy  The fat accumulates in hepatocytes and can also cause clots/emboli in blood vessels

Answer 146

* Acute deficiency in most essential amino acids may lead to growth impairment and reduced food intake * Arginine deletion may cause death in a single meal! This is because it allows for ammonia to build up in the system, and this can cause death

Answer 147

• The body condition and back fat of the gilt are critical measures for reproductive success and therefore longevity • On the other hand, excessive BCS during gestation can make parturition more difficult • Demands are the highest during lactation

Answer 148

- acetoacetate, betahydroxybutyrate, acetone

Answer 149

* Water: 30-40 L per day (depends on temperature and activity) * Higher requirement if main diet is dry hay rather than pasture/forage * Water needs to be clean * Restrict access is horse is hot/water too cold ( to prevent colic) * 2-3 L every 15-30 minutes

Answer 150

Feces - 20% Digestible (after removing feces) - energy 80% Urine and gas - 4% Metabolizable ( after removing urine and gas) - 76% Heat increment- 18% ( can go up to 38% if conditions are optimal but is costly for farmer) Net energy (after heat increment removed) - 58% NE retained: 38% (for meat) NE maintenance: 20%

Answer 151

• Cats don’t have a taste receptor for sweet flavor • Cats need a higher protein and fat diet than dogs

Answer 152

Zinc deficiency: Puppies- poor growth, skin lesions Northern breeds- genetic defect resulting in interference with zinc absorption, dermal lesions

Answer 153

Feed/water, and saliva are delivered to the reticulorumen through the esophageal orafice. Foreign objects like rocks and nails go to the reticulum. Food is broken down into smaller pieces, that then is pushed into the retiuculum through the reticulo- omasal orifice into the omasum. It will eventually make it into the rumen or the fermentation vat.

Answer 154

In foals -\> excess may cause joint disease

Answer 155

It is possible that horses on a high fat diet and low antioxidant intake are at higher risk of exercise-related oxidative damage - Also reported in sled dogs/sporting dogs and wildlife during capture and transport, and in humans - Can also result for other extensive muscle damage such as trauma, burns, snake bites, electrocution, heat stroke - Other causes: - Vitamin E/ selenium deficiency - Electrolyte imbalance (sweat, heat) - Underlying disease (fever) - Polysaccharide storage myopathy-glycogen storage disorder - Quarter horses - Warmblood - Draft horses

Answer 156

• Suckling sows, and piglets over 2 weeks of age must have permanent access to sufficient quantity of fresh water

Answer 157

It is a component of bone mineral and tooth enamel. 85% of total body P in hydroxyapatite Phospholipids in cell and cellular organelle membranes. Energy metabolism: ATP Sources: - Grains - Wheat bran - Supplements - Grasses are low in Phosphorus Phosphorus competes with calcium and can reduce its absorption.

Answer 158

SILAGE: CEREAL CROP (FOR EXAMPLE: CORN SILAGE) THAT IS CHOPPED AND FERMENTED PRIOR TO BEING FED. • USUALLY THE ENTIRE PLANT IS INCLUDED: STEMS, LEAVES AND GRAIN • 65%-70% MOISTURE AND 30-35% DRY MATTER • HAYLAGE: IS MADE FROM A NON-GRAIN FORAGE SUCH AS ALFALFA. • ALSO COMPRISES THE ENTIRE PLANT. • MOISTURE 40-50%

Answer 159

RER: 751 Life stage: Can use neutered factor or obese prone. Neutered: 1165 kcal/ day Obese prone: 874 kcal per day

Answer 160

To Provide: • Energy and other nutrients to avoid starvation • Liquid to prevent dehydration • Antibodies to protect against infections

Answer 161

- Catabolism of liver protien - Decreased plasma protien (edema/ ascites) - Poor immunity, skin, respiratory and cardiac functions - Skeletal muscles spared as long as possible ( needs to be spared for fight or flight)

Answer 162

Many neglected horses have endo and ectoparasites, dematophytes (fungal infections) other wounds.

Answer 163

Full medical history * Housing/environment- inspect if possible * Reproductive history * Detailed diet history * What is being fed, how often, any supplementation * How is the feed offered * Feeding behavior

Answer 164

check for gastric reflux before feeding

Answer 165

• In cats (and dogs) retinyl esters may be found in the plasma normally • Cats are less sensitive to vitamin A toxicity (although not resistant)

Answer 166

Adult dogs are capable of regulating calcium balance, without adverse effects on health when fed a high calcium diet. Calcium excretion was proportional to calcium intake in adult dogs.

Answer 167

– Appropriate energy and nutrients

Answer 168

Cell contents: - Sugar - Starch - Proteins - Vitamins - Most minerals Cell Wall: - Cellulose - Hemicellulose - Lignin Intercellular cement: - Pectin - Gums

Answer 169

- The Guaranteed analysis box may be replaced with a ‘Pet Nutrition Information’ box • This will have some similarities to the human food labels • Total dietary fiber will be reported as well as total carbohydrate • Values will be ‘typical’ instead of maximum and minimum

Answer 170

- Fiber is indigestible carbohydrate - Soluble fiber acts as a prebiotic and supports gut microbiota Excess fiber- – higher fecal volume – Water loss in feces

Answer 171

Smooth weaning transition • Initiates digestive development • Improve weights • Improves weaning intakes

Answer 172

- Lipolysis - process of breaking down lipids to glycerol and 3 free fatty acids (FFA) - HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) is enzyme that facilitates it - It is promoted by: Negative energy balance High glucagon and low insulin Stress -\> cortisol release Stress -\> epinephrine release

Answer 173

- Rhabdomyolysis is damage/destruction of muscles - Usually the result of extreme exercise and excretion - Especially in race-horses- Thoroughbred, standardbred, Arabian - Results in severe muscle damage that is extensive enough to have considerable metabolic implications

Answer 174

Diet evaluation (Ask about gastro fxn, previous/ ongoing medical condition, medication, unconventional diet, snacks/treats/ table food, inappropriate feeding management, inadequate housing.

Answer 175

* ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS= NUTRIENTS THAT MUST BE PROVIDED FROM THE DIET TO SUPPORT HEALTH * COMPLETE FEED= FEED FORMULATED TO PROVIDE ALL THE ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FOR THE ANIMAL (EXCEPT WATER). * CAN BE FED AS A SOLE FOOD SOURCE (EXAMPLE: EXTRUDED DIETS FOR DOGS AND CATS THAT ARE COMPLETE AND BALANCED) * MOST LIVESTOCK DIETS ARE A MIXTURE OF INDIVIDUAL FEEDSTUFF, ALTHOUGH COMPLETE FEEDS ARE AVAILABLE TOO

Answer 176

Racing Grey hounds: 2 Hunting dogs: 3.4 Sled dogs: 15

Answer 177

- Very high body temperature (\<104) can be dangerous • Intestines and kidneys (intestinal mucosa/ kidney damage) are susceptible • Dehydration increases the risk for overheating

Answer 178

Dogs initially use glycogen as a source of glucose during submaximal exercise • Increase gluconeogenesis from protein after about 30 min (Wasserman et al. 1992)

Answer 179

• May over estimate what should be fed • Can be used as a quick guide to determine if nutrients will be met if restricting diet for weight management - ASCESS INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS NEEDS TO MAKE ADEQUATE RECOMMENDATIONS

Answer 180

Usually accompanied by overall energy malnutrition • Weight loss • Poor skin/hair quality • Poor growth • Decreased lactation (mares) • Poor performance • Biochemistry: • Low BUN • Low albumin/TP • Edema possible

Answer 181

- Dehydration - Colic - Poor performance - Impaction

Answer 182

Appears breed specific – Small dogs reach adult body size earlier (under 1 year to 1.5 years) – Large and giant dogs may continue skeletal development for over two years

Answer 183

NITROGEN-CONTAINING FEEDSTUFFS INCLUDE NOT ONLY PROTEINS BUT COMPOUNDS SUCH AS UREA, BIURET, AND AMMONIATED FORAGES • THESE ARE NOT USEFUL IN MONOGASTRIC OR HINDGUT FERMENTERS BUT ARE USEFUL IN FOREGUT FERMENTERS • THE MICROBES MAY UTILIZE THESE COMPOUNDS TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEIN WHICH CAN LATER BE ABSORBED • IN SPECIES OTHER THAN FOREGUT FERMENTERS, THE NPN IS ABSORBED IN THE SMALL INTESTINES AS IS, AND LATER EXCRETED IN THE URINE

Answer 184

Excess – Skeletal Abnormalities (calcification around joint as example) – Hyperesthesia (very sensitive to touch and sensation) – Mucus membrane damage

Answer 185

Dental health- important as they consume very high fiber food • Pregnant or lactating jenny (female donkey) and growing donkeys require supplementation with higher energy and protein feeds • Alfalfa • Beet pulp • Rice bran • Supplementation feed should be given in small amounts and mixed with straw • Avoid concentrates in donkeys- high risk for laminitis and colic

Answer 186

- Products differ in labeling • Ash and fiber don’t provide calories • Animals eat primarily to meet energy req

Answer 187

- Collect litter in box/ creep area. - Roll skin over muscle, inject IM into neck muscle - Roll skin back and apply pressure to injection site. - Use 200 mg Iron dextran ( preferably in 1 ml) - Painful injection, expect response

Answer 188

- Mono-gastric species - Well developed cecum - Fermentation for soluble fiber is in the small intestine (ileum) or in the cecum. - Fermentation for insoluble fiber largely occurs in the colon

Answer 189

In cats – the amine groups removed are continuously metabolized to urea

Answer 190

- Usually small volumes each time - 2-3 drinks per bout - Higher demands horses will drink more times, but normally not more drinks - If frequency is restricted, may increase drinks, volume is constant.

Answer 191

* Able to feed on lignin-rich, low energy food- Slower GI transit allows increased fermentation * Evolved to survive in a semi-arid mountainous environment * Forager

Answer 192

• MORE LEAVES AND LESS STEMS, BRIGHTER GREEN COLOR= HIGHER QUALITY • ODOR: PLEASANT, NOT MOLDY • MOLDY BASEMENT SMELL: HAY WAS BALED TOO WET OR GOT WET IN STORAGE • WATER DAMAGE: DARKENED BROWN HAY, MOLD SPORES SEEN

Answer 193

- NRC Recommended allowance- the amount of a nutrient in a diet formulated to support a given physiological state, based on the minimal requirement and where applicable includes a bioavailability factor • NRC Safe Upper Limit - maximal amount of a nutrient that has not been associated with adverse effects

Answer 194

Likely that will be the last time she can be bred

Answer 195

Protein requirement tied to energy • Commercial diet protein digestibility 80-90%

Answer 196

High oxalate plants have potential to be posionous. Rumen can detoxify oxalates but is dependent on bacterial content and can be overwhelmed when large ammounts are ingested. - Forms insoluable salts that precipitate in the kidney causing kidney failure.

Answer 197

Slow steady weight loss After weight loss, previously obese horses will likely have lower energy requirements than their lean counterparts.  Exercise – moderate to allow gradual decrease in adiposity  Avoid overexcretion and rhabdomyolysis

Answer 198

- Elevated serum creatine kinase - Elevated serum AST - Elevated serum potassium - Myoglobinuria

Answer 199

 Mortality- high  Treat primary illness  If anorexic- feeding tube is indicated to reverse catabolic state  Insulin- can work with ponies – can stimulate peripheral lipoprotein lipases  Prevention is key!  Maintain an ideal BCS  Address disease and monitor intake  Provide high quality diet for mares during pregnancy and lactation

Answer 200

- Maximize intake during lactation to produce enough milk for the piglets - Gestation: develop progeny enough avoiding excessive BCS at farrowing (restricted) that makes farrowing difficult

Answer 201

◦ Stage 1: standing, apprehensive, hypersensitive, tremors. This is loss of dampening on sodium channels. ◦ Stage 2: Loss of Ca2+ influx at motor end plate of the axon causes less acetyl choline to be released per action potential. Decreased calcium ECF. Cows recumbent and too weak to stand, head may be turned to back if too heavy to lift. ◦ Stage 3: Comatose. Death can occur from cardiac/ respiratory failure/ can also cause rumen regurgitation and cause aspiration pneumonia.

Answer 202

VFA's absorbed across ruminal epitheleum to ruminal veins, portal vein and liver. Removal of VFA important to prevent rumen acidosis Acetic acid oxidized to generate ATP and used as source of acetyl COA for lipid synthesis Propionic acid -\> gluconeogenesis -Almost no glucose makes it to the small intestines for absorption. Butyric acid metabolized by rumen epithelium to ketone beta hydroxybutyric acid. Used for energy production.

Answer 203

- Terminus of neuron, calcium enters the cell in response to action potential. - Calcium ion promotes fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine with the membrane.

Answer 204

– Feeding for optimal growth – Avoid over feeding- obesity, orthopedic disease

Answer 205

Function • Clotting Cascade – Required for synthesis of: • prothrombin (Factor II) • Factor VII • Factor IX • Factor X

Answer 206

– Collagen/ elastin synthesis (dematuration) – Iron mobilization (deficiency-\> anemia) – Melatonin synthesis (reddening of black hair coat

Answer 207

Cats have higher protein requirements than dogs.

Answer 208

PTH released by chief cells of parathyroid in response to low ionized calcium. This acts to increase Ca2+ in ECF. - PTH promotes bone resorption to provide Ca2+. • Bones of younger animals (12-24 hours) responds more rapidly than older animals(24-48+ hours). • Reabsorption of calcium ion from the glomerular filtrate in the kidney. - Loss of phosphate ion in saliva and urine. - Transformation of inactive vitamin D to active vitamin D

Answer 209

• SOME STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PLANT CANNOT BE DIGESTED BY MAMMALS OR BY BACTERIA • LIGNIN IS A NON CARBOHYDRATE CARBON POLYMER • LIGNIN CONTENT INCREASES IN PLANTS AS THEY MATURE AND GROW • MORE LIGNIN= LOWER DIGESTIBILITY • LIGNIN MOLECULES ARE HIGH IN HYDROCARBONS- THIS IS WHAT MAKES DRY WOOD COMBUSTIBLE

Answer 210

* DISSIMILATION RELEASES ENERGY FOR MICROBIAL USE * GASSES (CO2, METHANE) ARE PRODUCED DURING FERMENTATION

Answer 211

* STEMS OF MATURE GRAIN PLANTS * THIS IS WHAT REMAINS WHEN THE GRAINS ARE REMOVED * EXAMPLES: OAT STRAW, WHEAT STRAW, BEAN STRAW • SINCE SEEDS ARE HARVESTED IN MATURITY (LARGEST SIZE), STEMS ARE THICK AND HIGH IN LIGNIN

Answer 212

Halter Competition/ Pleasure Horse: 5-6 (1.2 x (DER for Rest)) Race Competition (3 day events): 4-5 (1.9 x(DER for Rest))

Answer 213

• Function: Regulate Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism - Low Concentrations of 7- dehydrocholesterol in skin so they cannot receive the Vitamin D from the sun. - They must get it from their food.

Answer 214

• Essential fatty acids: linoleic acids and arachidonic acid • Horses can form these FA, so not necessary from the diet • Fats are 2-6% of the meal (DM) usually • Can be increased up to 10% (20% of the daily kcal) gradually with a palatable oil •Also add vitamin E • May be preferable to highly (Due to risk of oxidation) digestible carbohydrates when energy demands are high • Less risk of colic and laminitis

Answer 215

Saliva is used as a buffer Much of gas that fills rumen is methane

Answer 216

Cats low in liver glucokinase- needed to convert glucose to glucose-6- phosphate – This system typically responds to a high sugar load - Hexokinase has the same function but lower capacity (lower Vmax) to handle high glucose load • Cats lack liver fructokinase- unable to utilize fructose or sucrose

Answer 217

- Broken equipment - Poor quality, dirty, unpalatable water - Water with high particle count \> 6500 mg/L is not palatable.

Answer 218

• Interrelationship – Vitamin A • Vit E prevents oxidation of Vit A – Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) • Requirement for Vit E depends on the amount of PUFA’s in the diet . – Selenium • work together to prevent oxidation of cell membrane

Answer 219

Maintain BCS of 5-6 • More issues with under nutrition rather than over nutrition • No increase in food intake necessary until last trimester (week 16) of pregnancy

Answer 220

Clinical signs: - Illness ( poor doer) in last trimester - Poor appetite - Seperated from flock - Stargazing - Weakness Pathophysiology: Unrelenting glucose requirement from fetus, this can be fatal. Ketosis also usually occurs and ewes get ketoacidosis. Treatment: - Termination of pregnancy - Alternatively can try supportive care but likely wont work Supportive care : IV glucose, propylene glycol, transfaunation, highly digestible high carbohydrate food (even sugary cerals can be supplemental)

Answer 221

Exponential equation: (bodyweight in kg) 0.75 X 70 Linear equation for animals 5-95 pounds: 30 (bodyweight in kg) + 70

Answer 222

Important for normal cardiac function, acid base balance, renal function, neural function. Dependent on activity and physiologic/ Pathologic state.

Answer 223

``` BUD STAGE (PRE BLOOM): HIGHEST NUTRIENT CONTENT • BLOOM: MORE MATURE, HIGH YIELD (BIOMASS), DECREASED DIGESTIBILITY VS. BUD STAGE • SEED PRODUCTION STAGE (GONE TO SEED): AGED, LESS DIGESTIBLE AND LESS NUTRITIOUS • DORMANT: LEAST DIGESTIBLE AND LEAST NUTRITIOUS (SOMETIMES BURNT TO FERTILIZE THE SOIL WITH MINERALS RATHER THAN USED FOR GRAZE) ```

Answer 224

- dry coat - alopecia - impaired growth - decreased bone mineralization - Lethargy, inappetence. - Cold intolerance - Goiter (swelling of thyroid gland)

Answer 225

Lactase activity is highest in first few weeks but steadily declines. Amylase protease starts out low but increases quickly as time goes on

Answer 226

* Limited reserve muscle so it is not primary source of alternative energy. * Acetyl CoA is chemically unstable, so the body does not want excess of it since it can cause oxidative damage. - Glycogen reserves depleted quickly - Fat reserves are main source of energy. Oxaloacetate is limited and is depleted before all acetyl coa units are used up

Answer 227

• Resting Energy Requirements (RER) – Energy required at maintenance state, moderate activity • Daily Energy Requirements (DER) – Includes: work, gestation, lactation and growth – Normal, fed, at rest – Digestion – Metabolism • Metabolic Energy Requirements (MER)

Answer 228

Paradoxically, both excess and deficiency can cause clinical signs of hypothyroidism.

Answer 229

 Over time, horses may adapt to high glycemic index foods  This results in higher insulin secretion and decreased insulin response  This has chronic negative implications  Appropriate diet: reduce high energy concentrates, fats can be included in small amounts, increase fiber and roughage  Pasture access should be eliminated or severely restricted until body weight is in the desired range  A muzzle could be used to limit feeding  Sudden feed restriction should be avoided- risk of hyperlipidemia/ Hyper TG

Answer 230

– secondary hyperparathyroidism, stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone – Increased production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) – PTH + Calcitriol= bone resorption • Skeletal fractures

Answer 231

Low Mg2++ -\> less competition for Ca2++ at axon terminus so more acetylcholine is released, which allows for more vigorous, sustained muscle contracctions. Acetylcholine will not be broken down effectively since magnesium is needed as a cofactor for acetylcholinersterase. Sustained muscle contraction. Same occurs in cholinergic CNS so thats why you can see both tetany and seizures.

Answer 232

• Water soluble vitamins are rarely deficient or in excess • Can be synthesized endogenously or by colonic microbes • Excess is filtered in the urine and excreted from the body • Requirement can increase if water intake is high or high energy requirements

Answer 233

- Cardiac disease - Endocrinopathies - Renal disease - Neoplastic disease - Osteoarthritis - GI disease - Dental disease

Answer 234

Excess salt intake -\> drinking more water -\> more urine • Horses confined to the stall may eat salt out of boredom, may drink more and urinate more • Wet stall Salt toxicity - if water is not available or palatable. - colic - diarrhea - weakness - neuro signs

Answer 235

• Sources – Liver – Fish- Cod Liver Oil – Egg Yolk – (Sunlight) – Most Pet Foods Add Cholecalciferol

Answer 236

Causes: - Can be primary - low carb diet - Secondary- unable to feed due to another issue. • Common underlying reasons: orthopedic, LDA/RDA, mastitis - High concentrations of FFA, Hypoglycemia, increased blood ketones. • Usually in lactation which drives requirements. Clinical signs: - vitals normal unless influenced by another primary disease. Decreased rumen motility, dry feces, dehydration, behavioral changes, dullness, nervousness ( can be dangerous to the vet) Diagnostic Results: * Ketones can be detected in the breath. Acetone smell. * Reagents and tablets, can detect kin milk * Ketonuria can be diagnosed with urine dip stick

Answer 237

- No space exists between them, not everyone can fit into the feed line at the same time.

Answer 238

 Treatment:  Stop fermentation- mineral oil, laxatives  Walk/gentle exercise if not painful or too sick  Banamine  Toxin binding medications- antibiotic polymyxin B can be given IV before toxins cross to the blood; di-tri-octahedral (DTO) smectite (Bio-Sponge) under research  Prevention:  Avoid high sugar/water soluble carbohydrate feed  Soaking hay in water and then removing the water can help reduce the water-solublecarbohydrate that may contribute to dysbiosis

Answer 239

* Pig eats more feed: * Guide: 33g per day for every 1C below LCT * Growth rate is not affected at moderately low temperatures * Feed Conversion deteriorates • Lighter pigs are more sensitive to cold

Answer 240

 Supportive care- fluids, adjust electrolytes, antioxidants?  Corticosteroids (if in shock)  Nutritional support:  Feed 1-2.5% BW/day  Limit starch to 10%  Limiting starch not only modifies fuel energy use in the muscle, but it also decreases excitability and nervousness  Increase fats (20-25% DE in fat)  Vegetable oils  Associated with decreased HR “calmness”  High fiber  A commercially prepared high-fiber, high-fat, low-starch diet should be offered on a regular basis  These diets are palatable, nutritionally balanced, and designed to maintain a horse’s weight - Reduce stress/ confinement - Allow regular exercise

Answer 241

• More activity -\> more sweat-\> more electrolyte loss * Electrolytes of concern: Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca * Legume hay provides Ca, Mg, K but low in Na * Grains- do not provide much electrolytes * Salt blocks * Added salt if sweating for over an hour 1-2 oz per hour

Answer 242

Fiber is essential to regulate GI motility and provides substrate for the GI microbiota. Soluble fiber • acts as substrate for the microbiota • Usually results in increased stool water content • Pectin, gums •Insoluble fiber • Lower digestibility • Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin • Produces volatile fatty acids that are absorbed (70% compared to ruminants)

Answer 243

- Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K - Generally present in adequate amounts in feed • Although can be reduced if stored for long periods - Greater risk for toxicity especially for vitamins A and D due to slow rates of excretion - Fat soluble vitamins share the same absorption mechanisms and can compete with each other

Answer 244

Uneaten feed can be given to older pigs, but not sows (especially if medicated)

Answer 245

* Physically assessing feed: appearance, smell * Feeds should be in sealed container * Appropriate temperature and moisture * Oil- sealed, protected from light and high temp * Hay- protected from rain/moisture * Alfalfa – inspect for toxic blister beetles (sometimes present) * Hay – leaf to stem ratio * First cut is less digestible, and leaves are smaller (less nutritious, more legnin) • Second and third cut- richer and more digestible, longer leaves * Hay quality – color (bright green is best; dark brown not good); mold (take core sample and send for testing to get representative sample) * Weigh the feed (not volume) (volume can be misleading) * Estimate pasture/grass intake * Can send a sample to lab analysis

Answer 246

• Atwater Factors Protein= 4 kcal/g Fat= 9 kcal/g Carbohydrate= 4 kcal/g • Modified Atwater Factors Protein= 3.5 kcal/g Fat=8.5 kcal/g Carbohydrate= 3.5 kcal/g ( use if dog on commercial dog food)

Answer 247

Normally weaning would take \>10 weeks but in commercial conditions it is done at 3-4 weeks and the gut is immature. - Sows milk peaks at 3 weeks and then slowly declines.

Answer 248

During last trimester increase 12-20% in intake • For Quarterhorse/ Thoroughbred mares an expected increase of 150-200 lbs. in bodyweight during pregnancy

Answer 249

- 150 kg - Weaning \> 10 weeks - Growth rate is variable - Gestation 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

Answer 250

• Start to feed from 16 days old • Feed fresh (feed 2x a day and remove uneaten food) in small amounts • Use a small tray feeder • Give creep when sow is feeding - Locate feeder away from heated creep area, the sow’s head, rear of sow

Answer 251

Copper is important as a cofactor for Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD). Copper promotes oxidation on its own. Copper excess can cause liver and renal damage.

Answer 252

– Appropriate energy and nutrients – Screen for organ system function

Answer 253

- Formulate to minimize cost maximizing growth. Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most swine diets - Feed is single most important cost to farm - Energy represents major part of cost formula

Answer 254

Birth weight: Heavier piglets more competitive and extract more from teats • Birth order: Earlier born piglets can get enough and compete less with later born • Litter size: Reduced intake per piglet as number increases

Answer 255

• Hypercalcemia causes increased production of calcitonin (important for bone deposition) and reduced PTH-\> slowed bone resorption • Although plasma Ca++ returns to normal, calcitonin will remain high • Paradoxically, this may result in hypocalcemia (due to increased bone deposition) -\> increase in PTH -\> increased bone resorption

Answer 256

Dogs will have vomiting in the morning, and were fed in the afternoon/ evening and then are fasted until the morning. There is an increase secretion of bile acids and that irritates their GI tract and can cause the vomiting.

Answer 257

Training increases stamina: – Ability to perform high intensity exercise – May not affect energy requirement • Training increases heart size and stroke volume -\> the HR is reduced during exercise • Training increases maximal oxygen utilization • Reduced lactic acid production • Hence fat supplementation as a source of energy is less helpful for untrained dogs

Answer 258

• Magnesium is important to have in diet at adequate amounts since it is an important cofactor for PTH.

Answer 259

– Arginine is required in the urea cycle – The enzymes the synthesize arginine have low activity in cats

Answer 260

Pig that has not had babies or been bred

Answer 261

* Avoid overfeeding during gestation * Keep house cool (20◦C) – once youngest piglets are over 2 days old * Water freely available – esp in first day /two * Keep feed fresh – no stale feed in troughs * Feed lactating sow diet * Feed at least twice, and ideally, 3 times daily * Provide 16 hours light (200 lux)

Answer 262

Antioxidant – Prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by donating electrons to the free radicals - Oxidation of Fat = Rancid Fat and Decreased Nutritional Value

Answer 263

Completed 75-80% of life expectancy - Small dog 11.5 yr; medium 10 yr; large 9 yr; giant 7.5 yr Based on Goldstone and Allen and Roudebusch. This is controversial !!

Answer 264

Low feeding intake can lead to -\> lack of maternal nutrition -\> impairment of mucosal function. Impairment of mucosal function-\> uptake of antigens, toxins, translocation of bacteria, and maldigestion/ absorption. This overall can lead to poor performance, diarrhea and infections. Impairment of mucosal fxn can also lead to decreased brush border enzyme activity and absorption ability which also can lead to poor performance and diarrhea. IN SHORT: Low Feed intake -\> impairment of mucosal fxn -\> Bacterial proliferation/ decreased absorption -\> poor performance, diarrhea, and infection

Answer 265

- The horses can get refeeding syndrome, this risk is high in emaciated horses. Clinical signs are diarrhea, neurological signs. Prevention: - During refeeding use small portions of high quality forage offered at frequent intervals ( Q 4 hours) to stabilize insulin. - Use energy intake to promote weight gain, DER. - Diet suggestion: Combo of molasesses- free alfalfa product, good qyality soft leafy hay (early cut), good vitaminh and mineral supplement.

Answer 266

• Source – Bacterial Synthesis in the Large Intestine – Green Leafy Plants – Liver – Fish Meal

Answer 267

• Selenium and vitamin E can be given prophylactically by muscular injection to foals at birth * Supplement in creep feed (feed Offered to nursing foals) * Supplement the mare’s feed • Vitamin E excess is uncommon (could reduce absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins Toxicity is potential issue -\> 5-10x requirement is toxic (narrow safety range)

Answer 268

Some horses remain physically active and healthy well into their twenties and others become “geriatric” by mid-teens  Older horses may lose weight and muscle mass although obesity is not uncommon  17% of owners reported weight loss in their elderly horse within the last 12 months  If the horse does not have an underlying metabolic disorder, there may be a benefit to a high caloric density and increased protein diet  Consider the use of more digestible forage (less mature grass hay)  Consider including highly digestible fiber sources such as beet pulp/soy hulls as means to increase the energy intake  Soaking and throwing away the water to reduce as far as possible the water-soluble carbohydrate intake as these may contribute to risks for colic and laminitis

Answer 269

• Species that are commonly found in human probiotics or yoghurt include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus are only 1% of the normal equine GI flora • Firmicutes are most abundant, but not used in most commercial probiotics • Most equine GI disease affect the large intestines so if bacteria does not survive it won’t be useful • Probiotics may not be safe in very young horses (\<2 mo) • Most evidence suggest that some probiotic Lactobacillus strains may survive the GI tract, but do not colonize it • Little evidence of probiotics in horses at present (especially in healthy horses)

Answer 270

FALSE Cats are unable to utilize carotenoids for the synthesis of vitamin A • They do not posses the enzyme which cleaves beta carotene (ᵝᵝ Caortene 15,15’ Dioxygenase)

Answer 271

- High in leafy greens. * Usually sufficient in fresh pasture * Storage can cause degradation/oxidation * Heat processing can cause degradation * Diets with high fat/oil- increased vitamin E requirement to prevent oxidation.

Answer 272

• Being overweight is a disadvantage in long distance physical activity. - Can increase dehydration risk.

Answer 273

Labrador- orthopedic disease, copper storage disease

Answer 274

Slow ingestion of saline free water? If too rapid, cellular edema can occur - Neuro signs

Answer 275

Hyperlipidemia is common in overweight ponies and in mares  Horses may be thin whereas ponies are often overweight  Many times secondary to stress, disease, pregnancy, lactation or poor feed intake  Clinical signs:  Inappetence  Dullness  Depression  Poor feed intake  Colic  Can cause liver failure

Answer 276

Do not feed more grain than forage.

Answer 277

* Could be the result of accelerated growth * Genetic trait * Common conformational abnormalities: * Toe in * Straight fetlock * Nutritional factors: excess and/or deficiency * Vitamin A * Vitamin D * Calcium * Phosphorous * Mg * Copper * Zinc * Other Causes * Energy excess: Above 120% the requirement according to the NRC * Protein excess? No evidence in foals (or dogs) * Carbohydrate excess? • Increased insulin secretion * Affects growth plate structure

Answer 278

If body condition score is very low.

Answer 279

• Dogs and cats have unique nutritional requirements that reflect their natural diets • Dogs’ and cats’ diets should be adjusted as needed for age, body condition, and lifestyle

Answer 280

* Lying Behaviour * Comfortable: Lie apart on side and barely touching * Cold: Lie on sternum * Very Cold: Huddling and lie on top of one another * Drafts: aggressive behavior and tail-biting

Answer 281

- Higher lactation (or lactation in general), more milk produced. More lactose more volume of milk. Glucose + galactose = lactose

Answer 282

This will decrease performance

Answer 283

- Separate feeding and exercise • Provide highly absorbable carbohydrates during prolonged exercise

Answer 284

Spares protien, - Can lead to hyperlipidemia - Increased risk in overweight horses/ ponies - Can occur in illness, during lactation

Answer 285

* Carbohydrates are calculated and not measured * Crude fiber analysis- provides an indication for insoluble fiber * No information on soluble fiber * Total dietary fiber- soluble and insoluble fiber

Answer 286

Hay that is heated or gets wet decreases in protien digestibility. Maillard reaction is a reaction between priotiens and sugars. This will change color and taste but decrease digestibility.

Answer 287

* Combination of carbohydrate sources: * Legume grass, green grass, and grains [high energy] * VFA * Oils [10% dry matter] 20% of all energy intake Protein: • Protein requirements are increased in performance horses • Protein is thermogenic • Can negatively affect performance in warm weather • $$$ • High protein feed: alfalfa (legume hay), grass hay, oat hay, grain

Answer 288

• Who formulates the diet? • Can you provide a complete analysis? • What quality control is done? • What is the caloric content? • What research was done to develop this product?

Answer 289

- Horses with EMS respond to high carbohydrate meals with an exaggerated increase in insulin and higher than normal blood glucose that tapers slowly  Associated signs include infertility, altered ovarian activity, and increased appetite  Can also cause hypertriglyceridemia, increased serum concentrations of leptin, and arterial hypertension  While the cause of this syndrome is not entirely known or understood, obesity appears to be an important risk factor

Answer 290

Protien is often analyzed as nitrogen x 6.25 ( nitrogen is 16% of protien) - Protien requirement is really essential amino acids + nitrogen requirement that is used as building block to synthesize non essential amino acids. - Mature horse, relies on colonic conversion of Nitrogen to synthesize essentil if there is enough dietary N. - Foals, reproductive mqares, and other physiogical demanding life stages rely on combination of essential AA from diet and colonic production.

Answer 291

 Experimentally, high blood insulin levels lead to laminitis due to vasoregulatory actions  Insulin resistance can decrease nitric oxide production and promote vasoconstriction  EMS may be a predisposing factor for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID; equine Cushing’s disease)  Diagnosis: oral sugar test (OST) or oral glucose test (OGT) (fasted for 3-12 hours, then given corn syrup and blood drawn at 60 mins, and 90 mins)

Answer 292

* Water should be available in all times when possible * While donkeys are quite resilient and resist dehydration, this is not recommended DON'T DEHYDRATE DONKEY DDD

Answer 293

Deficiency Clinical signs: – Rickets (vit D deficiency) – Osteomalacia (decrease bone mineralization, low absorption of calcium) (non fusion of growth plates- need vitamin D for fusion) – Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Ca deficiency) ( fusion of growthplates) • Excess (young and old animals) Vitamin D has narrow safety margin. – Hypercalcemia – Bone Resorption – Soft Tissue Calcification

Answer 294

• THE PROCESS OF SILAGE AND HAYLAGE PRODUCTION IS CALLED ENSILING • THE CROPS ARE CUT CHOPPED AND THEN REMOVED FROM THE FIELD • THE MATERIAL IS THEN SEALED IN A SILO OR EVEN A BAG AND LEFT TO FERMENT UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS • ACID ACTS AS A PRESERVATIVE AND INHIBITS GROWTH OF MOLD AND BACTERIA • AFTER BEING CHOPPED, THE SILAGE IS PACKED DOWN (SOMETIMES WITH A VEHICLE) • A THICK TARP AND OLD TIRES ARE PLACED OVER THE SILAGE TO PREVENT OXYGEN FROM PENETRATING • THE COVER IS VITAL TO PREVENT OXYGEN AND EXCESS MOISTURE PENETRATION • THE MICROBES THAT THRIVE IN THESE CONDITIONS CREATE ORGANIC ACIDS (MOST OF THESE VFA) • LOW PH PREVENTS GROWTH OF MOLD AND BACTERIA

Answer 295

Prevention: * Maintain an ideal BCS (4/9) * Ideal growth rate estimates: * Suckling foals \<1.1 kg per day * Weanling foals \<0.75 kg per day * Prevent rapid growth * Early intervention as needed

Answer 296

hypoklemia can cause: Inappetence, fatigue, weakness, lethargy. Can occur with excess sweating (increased aldasterone secretion, increased Na+ retention, increased potassium excretion), diuretics, diarrhea.

Answer 297

* FEEDSTUFF= COMPONENTS OF THE DIET * RATION/ DAILY RATION= ALL FEEDSTUFF OFFERED DURING A 24 HOUR PERIOD

Answer 298

• Measure NEFA is blood at various intervals pre and post partum at random to make sure they are receiving essential nutrition. - If more than 40% of cows in group are above normal values this indicates a problem. How to improve: increase energy density, review BCS in mid lactation and dry cows, ensure sufficient space per cow, make sure feed is always available.

Answer 299

Selenocysteine

Answer 300

• Magnesium SO4 via rectum as well as Calcium/ magnesium salt solution. Wear boots and get ready to run ( Salts can cause diarrhea and the cows can wake up aggressive) IV magnesium slowly Prevention: - one gram elemental magnesium absorbed per head per day.

Answer 301

* Breaks down particles to smaller size. Smaller more dense material is pushed to the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice into the omasum. * For first month of life, ruminant is functionally a mono-gastric animal. If milk goes to rumen it rots. Closure of gastric groove directs milk from esophagus to the omasum. Stomach milk is curdled by rennin and eventually digested.

Answer 302

- ZnO is empirically used to prevent diarrhea at x10 times nutritional levels • Reduce protein • Use only extruded soy, use milk products (whey, lactose) and fish meal or other high quality protein sources • Use feed additives like acidifiers, pre and probiotics, enzymes… • Start he first week with electrolyte solutions and porridge like presentations

Answer 303

• THE HINDGUT IN THE HORSE, RABBIT AND RODENT • THE FORESTOMACH IN CAMELIDS AND RUMINANTS • FERMENTATION IS AN ANAEROBIC PROCESS WHERE THE SUBSTRATE IS BROKEN DOWN TO SIMPLER COMPOUNDS BY MICROBIAL ENZYMES SUCH AS CELLULASE. • ORGANIC ACIDS (VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS; VFA) ARE AVAILABLE FOR USE BY THE HOST

Answer 304

Carbohydrates - Starch and sugar are easily digested in the small intestines • Amylase breaks down starch and carbohydrates are absorbed in the brush border * Excessive carbohydrate intake can lead to GI dysbiosis * Colic * Laminitis * Diarrhea

Answer 305

- Crude fiber is analysis of a portion of the insoluble fiber • Does not represent all the fiber in the food

Answer 306

Maintenance requirement: 40g CP/Mcal In case of poor feed intake amino acids may be oxidized for energy.

Answer 307

* Lower Critical Temperature (LCT): Temperature below which pigs uses extra feed to maintain body temperature * Thermoneutral Zone: Range within which temperature does not affect pig performance

Answer 308

Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in chocolate and coffee. Initial clinical signs: polydipsia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention, restlessness Progressive signs: Hyperactivity, polyuria, ataxia, rigidity, tremors, and seizures. Tachycardia, VPC's, tachypnea, cyanosis, hypertension, hyperthermia, bradycardia, hypotension, or coma. Treatment: Symptomatic supportive care, anti seizure medication, activated charcoal when stable. Extra info: NOT NEEDED FOR EXAM \*\* Can increase intracellular calcium levels. Theobromine and caffeine competitively inhibit cellular adenosine receptors, which stimulate CNS stimulation, diuresis, and tachycardia. Reported to have severe signs at 100-200 mg/kg but can cause severe signs/ death at lower doses.\*\*\*

Answer 309

Calcium Excess – Developmental skeletal abnormalities (puppies)

Answer 310

THERE ARE THOSE WHO USE SILAGE INOCULANTS (A SEED OF BACTERIA FROM ANOTHER SILAGE) • THESE CAN EXPEDITE FERMENTATION, LIMIT MOLD AND SPOILAGE

Answer 311

Can occur with cows with normal BCS, and is a result of prolonged negative energy balance in the immediate period before and after calving. - Result of decreased appetite and high energy needs during lactation. - Happens quicker in obease animals. High access of FFA, the ketone synthesis pathways become saturated. Clinical signs: - Usually after calving - Depression - Anorexia - Weight loss - Decreased GI/ rumen motility - Weakness Treatment: - Same as ketosis, but more severe so requires more intensive care - No propylene glycol -\> cannot metabolize it - Cows with high BCS should be encouraged to lose weight. Treatment is costly and long. - Put pedometers on cow, and move feed/ water on opposite sides of pen to make them increase exercise.

Answer 312

* Frequency * Timing * Location * Method

Answer 313

decrease in immunity, decrease enzyme activity, increased vulnerability.

Answer 314

- Equine colic may be considered medical when it can resolve without surgery, or surgical when there is an impaction that does not respond to medical care  Medical treatment is appropriate if the horse is mildly painful and the cardiovascular system is functioning normally  If evidence of intestinal obstruction with dry ingesta is found on rectal examination, a primary aim of treatment is to rehydrate and evacuate the intestinal contents  If the horse is very painful- pain must be addressed as pain can negatively affect GI motility  Address hydration and electrolyte abnormalities if present  A nasogastric tube may be passed to relive gas

Answer 315

STRAW CAN BE CHOPPED TO SMALL PIECES WHICH INCREASES ITS SURFACE AREA AND INCREASES DIGESTIBILITY • CHOPPED STRAW CAN BE ADDED TO THE RATION OF LIVESTOCK AS A SOURCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTIBLE FIBER

Answer 316

• Initially- ATP (first 10 sec) • Aerobic metabolism – primarily carbohydrates and fat. • Anaerobic metabolism- primarily carbohydrates – Anaerobic metabolism is rapid, but only produces 2 ATP from each Glucose – Lactic acid production

Answer 317

• Loss of fat cover over each parity • Result is sows with very poor back-fats at weaning • Poor reproductive performance = higher culling rates • Back fat at weaning is also influenced by feeding in pregnancy and lactation STARTING HER BREEDING AT IDEAL BCS WILL GIVE YOU MORE LITTERS BEFORE SHE IS TOO THIN

Answer 318

Chemical bonds from Fat, Carbohydrates, and proteins

Answer 319

* Grain mixtures are usually fortified with vitamins * High energy-\> be careful with over-supplementation (can be Expensive) * Additional vitamin supplements could be beneficial if: * Hay/ feed quality is poor or stored for long * Colic/GI disease -\> dysbiosis (less bacterial microflora so less synthesis of vitamins so supplements are important.) * Antibiotics -\> dysbiosis (destruction of gut microflora)

Answer 320

– Loss of taurine in the bile - Cat foods cooked in cans which could make some proteins less digestible. • Recovery of taurine from the bile depends on protein digestibility – High levels of indigestible protein promotes gut flora which degrades taurine – Therefore taurine requirement depends on the diet and the processing – canned diets require double the amount of taurine!

Answer 321

Can cause paralysis of limbs, grass tetany is example. Treatment: Magnesium and Calcium supplementation. More susceptible: Lactating Mares, Fasted animals in transport, animals exposed to young pastures or K+ enriched pastures.

Answer 322

* NSC ARE THE CARBOHYDRATES THAT DO NOT SUPPORT THE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS OF THE PLANT * AS SUCH THEY ARE USUALLY MORE DIGESTIBLE • WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE (WSC) ARE A FRACTION OF THE NSC * THESE ARE REDUCED WHEN HAY IS SOAKED IN WATER • BEET PULP IS ENERGY DENSE (MORE THAN GRASS HAY) AND HAS A LOW NSC CONTENT * IN CONTRAST, RICE BRAN IS AN ENERGY DENSE FEED BUT HAS A HIGHER NSC CONTENT

Answer 323

• Horse has an appetite for salt and will consume adequate amounts if it is available

Answer 324

• Carbohydrates provide energy – Maltodextrin provide a source of energy with high glycemic index -\> high uptake – Replenishing muscle glycogen stores, less muscle breakdown – Can lead to diarrhea in high amounts

Answer 325

- Protein should be highly digestible and with a good amino acid profile – Excess indigestible protein will ferment in the large colon and may lead to diarrhea

Answer 326

* More common in young animals. Camelids * More likely occurs in dark finer llamas due to UV not penetrating their darker skin as well. This is problem in pacific northwest and occurs primarily in the winter. Without Vitamin D, inadequate Ca and Phos absorption from gut to mineralize bones. Results in microfractures, wich cause lameness and angular deformities of the long bones. Clinical signs: - Reluctant to play, lethargic, Diagnostic indications: - Widened growth plates and flared metaphyses are hallmark signs - Typically normal serum calcium, low serum phosphorus

Answer 327

• Dog muscle does not contain the anaerobic, easily fatigued type IIb fast twitch fibers which are adapted to sprinting – Type IIa fast twitch fibers rely more on anaerobic than aerobic metabolism – Type I slow twitch fibers rely more on aerobic than anaerobic metabolism • As a result lactic acid production in exercising dogs is low, unless they perform supramaximal exercise

Answer 328

- Sheep are most susceptible * Livestock should be adapted to oxalate plants over 4 days incrementally increasing time allowed to graze these plants. * Becomes more resistant to these plants over time.

Answer 329

• Iron deficiency is uncommon • Supplementation: given to race-horses and foals • Can be harmful in foals and is unnecessary (can cause liver failure in foals)

Answer 330

It will decrease

Answer 331

- Fermentation of carbohydrates to VFA's (alot) - Propionate (VFA) is metabolized to glucose via hepatic gluconeogenesis. • Butyrate and acetate cannot be converted to glucose. • Provides \> 70 % energy supply

Exam # 2 Flashcards

Includes: Equine Nutrition, Ruminant Nutrition, Swine Nutrition, Food and Feedstuffs, Pet food Labels, Dog and Cat Nutrition (359 cards)