Exam 2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
- Which of the following is NOT a risk factor presented in class for breast cancer?
A
Low Bone density
2
Q
____ can be used to ____ hormone receptors on HR+ cancer cells
A
D. SERMs, block
3
Q
- Obesity is expected to surpass tobacco as the leading cause of (potentially fatal) cancer.
A
True
4
Q
- The presence of hormone receptors and abundance of HER2 growth factor receptors can predict how aggressive a breast cancer may be and the best approach for treatment. For instance, the __________ subtype is the most common type and has the best prognosis.
A
D. HR+, HER2-
5
Q
- Which statement does NOT reflect what was presented in class about the standard treatment for DCIS types of breast cancer?
A
C. Standard treatment for DCIS significantly reduces cases of invasive breast cancer.
6
Q
- Radical mastectomies are still common today.
A
False
7
Q
- Most breast cancers are _______ .
A
A. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
8
Q
- p53isaproteinknownastheguardianangelofthegenome. Itcontrolspassagethroughthecell cycle. Many types of cancer cells have mutations in p53. This allows cancer cells to __________ .
A
D. all of the above
9
Q
- Some links between obesity and cancer have to do with the high percentage of body fat that occurs with obesity. Fat cells are associated with all of the following EXCEPT
A
D. inhibition of T cell production
10
Q
- How does Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), work?
A
B. Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors, preventing estrogen from binding to the receptors.
11
Q
- All of the following indicate hereditary cancer EXCEPT?
A
C. Cancer occurring sporadically in very distantly related individuals
12
Q
- The _______ protein is referred to as the ‘guardian of the genome,’ and its gene is a(n) _______ gene.
A
D. p53, tumor suppressor
13
Q
- Which of the following is a possible mode of action for some chemotherapy?
A
A. Prevent DNA synthesis in dividing cells.
14
Q
- Which of the following modality of therapy is given without curative intent, but to decrease pain and increase quality of life for a patient with terminal cancer?
A
C. Palliative
15
Q
- Why is radiation therapy given in fractionated doses, i.e. several low doses over time?
A
A. To maximize death of cancer cells and minimize death of healthy cells.
16
Q
- Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) has traditionally been treated with ____________ and radiation and this is now known to _______________ cases of invasive breast cancer.
A
D. surgery, not affect the number of
17
Q
- Many patients who start chemotherapy end up losing their hair and going through bouts of nausea and diarrhea. This is because _________________ .
A
C. most chemotherapeutic drugs affect any rapidly dividing cell in the body, including normal cells
which rapidly divide
18
Q
- In lung cancer, mutations in the k-ras _____________ causes the intracellular growth signaling molecule to be stuck in an __________ conformation (shape).
A
C. oncogene, on
19
Q
- Generally, within a tumor, and even among cancer cells within a tumor, the diversity of genetic mutations is very low.
A
False
20
Q
- Conjugated monoclonal antibodies are produced in the lab and engineered to deliver toxins that will destroy tumor cells.
A
True
21
Q
- A cure for all cancers may be possible, but which of the following is among some of the important goals to achieve, as well, when addressing funding for cancer research?
A
A. prevention C. access to health care B. supportive programs for cancer patients D. all of the above
22
Q
- The environment is responsible for 80-90% of cancers, True or False
A
True
23
Q
- DNA polymerase is active during which of the following phases of the cell cycle?
A
B. S2
24
Q
- Hereditary cancers refer to cases in which cancers are inherited.
A
False
25
26. Monoclonal antibodies are made by our B cells in response to antigens.
False
26
27. Engineered T cells that kill cancer cells continuously without dying are called....
D. CAR T cells
27
28. Epigenetics results in changes in DNA sequences.
False
28
29. In the Ames test, no differences in growth on control plates versus treatment plates suggests that the substance being tested is ____________.
D. none of the above
29
30. Oncolytic viruses are able to help fight cancer by killing cancer cells and activating the immune system to help fight the cancer.
True
30
31. No local lymph nodes or surrounding tissue appear to contain cancer cells in the patient for which Tumor B was found. The STAGE of this cancer is least likely to be....
IV
31
32. Of the following environmental factors, which one is related to the most cancer deaths?
D. Diet
32
Many micro-tumors exist in older people and these micro-tumors may not ever become significantly bigger unless the tumor cells acquire the trait of ___________.
C. inducing angiogenesis
33
Epigenetics involves changes to DNA sequences.
False
34
Inheriting a mutated tumor suppressor (TS) gene, can result in a cancer occurring at a much younger age because...
B. The inherited mutation occurs in every single cell in her body. This increases the probability that a mutation will affect the second TS gene in any dividing cell.
35
Consuming some substances, which may not be known to cause mutations, can be considered ____________ once they are ________by the liver
C. carcinogenic, metabolized
36
In the Emperor of All Maladies, you saw that STAMP was a high dose chemotherapy combined with bone marrow transplant to treat breast cancer. Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding STAMP? (We did NOT go over this via lecture – in the film, totally worth watching the associate clip.)
C. In the end STAMP was found as affective as standard chemotherapy, with few side effects.
37
39. Malnutrition ends up killing many people with cancer.
True
38
40. Increasing cellular division, increases the risk that mutations in DNA will occur.
True
39
41. A gene for a growth factor receptor could be considered a(n) _________ and once a mutation that alters growth receptors so that it is in a constant ‘on’ conformation the gene is considered a(n) _____________.
B. proto-oncogene, oncogene
40
42. In the AMES test, a substance’s carcinogenic potential can be estimated using bacteria
that need _____________ in order to grow in the test’s experimental conditions.
C. opportunity for mutations
41
3. A synergistic (multiplicative) effect on the risk of cancer occurs when you combine _______ and _______.
drinking, smoking
42
44. Which one of the following is FALSE?
D. In light of recent controversy, standard treatment for DCIS is effective at reducing cancer mortality in most cases.
43
45. Epigenetic effects alter whether genes are more readily expressed or not.
True
44
46. In the film clip about Barbara Bradfield, she participated in the first clinical trial of Herceptin. The_______________ is one of the first developed targeted therapies that targeted growth factor receptors on cancer cells.
A. monoclonal antibody
45
48. Breast density is a triple whammy by being associated with triple negative subtypes, increasing the risk for cancer, and obstructing mammograms (decreasing detection).
False
46
49. Hormones are chemical messengers, what is one message delivered to many breast cells by estrogen.
C. ‘grow and divide’
47
50. We can disrupt cancer cells’ inhibiting _________ by using ____________.
A. cytotoxic T cells, monoclonal antibodies
48
51. Mutations that occur before conception will generally be associated with oncogenes.
False
49
52. Why is a common practice to use a combination of therapies?
A. to prevent drug resistance
50
53. Oncolytic viruses are powerful because they....
C. lysed cancer cells expose cancer specific antigens
51
54. In lung cancer, mutations in the k-ras _____________ causes the intracellular growth signaling molecule to be stuck in an __________ conformation (shape).
B. oncogene, on
52
55. The most common type of breast cancer is ________.
IDC
53
56. We can prevent cancer cells from inhibiting the killing action of Cytotoxic T cells by using all of the following EXCEPT _______.
B. genetically modifying a patient’s cancer cells so PD-1L is not expressed.
54
57. Genetic instability allows a cancer cell to be a ‘CANcer’ cell and acquire traits that benefit the cancer. However, it also increases the odds that the cancer will express a protein the immune system recognizes as ______________.
C. non-self
55
58. Breast cancer subtypes are derived from inherited mutations.
False
56
59. Which one of the following is TRUE regarding heredity and cancer?
C. Inheriting a mutation is not a guarantee to get cancer because each cell continues to make a functional cell cycle regulatory protein.
57
63. A clinical trial for an immunotherapy involves extracting tumor cells, identifying a cancer specific protein not associated with the healthy body (e.g. antigen), and introducing a large concentration of that protein (antigen made in the lab) back into the body. This is an example of
B. a therapeutic cancer vaccine
58
60. Angiogenesis is necessary for ...
C. tumors to become large.
59
64. The effect of smoking and drinking together on your risk for oral and throat cancer is considered ______.
Synergistic
60
65. Which one of the following sub-types has the best prognosis (best outcome)?
D. HR-/HER2+
61
66. Tanning beds increase your risk for cancer ___________, by delivering a high dose of UV.
B. 75X
62
67. A patient starts a regimen on Chemotherapy A. For the entire duration of the treatment, the patient has awful diarrhea and eventually loses all their hair. After the cancer shows no response, the patient begins a regimen on Chemotherapy B; and after a while the patient no longer suffers from diarrhea and their hair grows back. Which one of the following could you say about Chemotherapy A
C. It kills actively dividing cells.
63
68. Which one of the following sub types likely can be treated with Tamoxifen but not Herceptin.
A. HR+/ HER2-
64
69. Which statement below best describes how naturally produced antibodies work in the immune system?
B. Antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces and marks the cell for attack by immune cells.
65
70. In the U.S. smoking rates among women have begun to decline. However, lung cancer mortalities are still increasing. Which one of the following could be used to help explain these trends?
B. a 20-year lag period between trends in cigarette smoking and trends in lung cancer mortality obscure the effects of declining smoking rates.
66
71. Bacteria cells exposed to a pro-mutagen experience a high rate of mutations.
B. False
67
72. Interactions between the immune system and a developing tumor selects for tumor cells which acquired the trait to produce immune system signaling proteins that deactivate Helper T cells. This is an example of....
A. immunoediting
68
73. Some cancer vaccines act like infectious disease vaccines by exposing the body to _________ and then activates the _______ immune system.
B. antigens, adaptive
69
74. A traditional Ames test is used to test a substance’s carcinogenic potential. In the end, the treatment plate with cells exposed the test substance had the same number of colonies as the control plate. The substance is _____________.
D. none of the above
70
75. Oncolytic viruses cause cancer by integrating their DNA into host cells.
False
71
76. Antibody production is one of the jobs of the adaptive immune system.
True
72
77. Which one of the following sub-types has the worst prognosis (worst outcome)?
C. HR-/HER2-
73
78. A surgeon will identify a sentinel lymph node by injecting ___________ into the __________.
D. blue dye, primary tumor
74
79. My friend, Marina, is keeping her HER+ cancer from growing by using Herceptin that is attached to a cytotoxic, antineoplastic drug. Thus, where Herceptin alone was not working, she is now successfully using Herceptin ______________.
A. in a conjugated monoclonal antibody form.
75
80. After an analysis of a woman’s pedigree, her genetic counselor advises she gets tested for mutations in BCRA1/2 genes. Which of the following is NOT what the genetic counselor would identify as a risk for an inherited mutation.
C. Her maternal and paternal grandfathers were diagnosed with lung cancer at 75 and 69 respectively, a maternal cousin was diagnosed with skin cancer at 55, and her paternal aunt was diagnosed with cervical cancer at 49.
76
81. Inheriting a risk for cancer means all of the following EXCEPT _________.
D. a person will definitely get cancer at a younger age.
77
82. A friend is talking about their aunt, who is receiving treatment for cancer, they tell you that because radiation is a treatment that does not distinguish between cancer cells and healthy cells, it is causing their aunt to lose her hair. You ....
B. ask if their aunt is also on chemotherapy
78
83. Which one of the following is NOT a mode of action associated with Herceptin?
A. flags cancer cells for phagocytosis by cells of the immune system
B. blocks production of growth factors that would tell cancer cells to grow
C. prevent growth factor receptors from activating each other
D. neutralizes (inhibits) growth factor receptors so they cannot ‘receive’ messages from
growth factors.
ALL
79
84. Two identical twin sisters, age 40, recently had their mammograms. A breast cancer lesion (tumor) was identified in sister A, but not sister B. Which one below might explain why cancer appeared in sister A?
B. just had her first child at 40
80
85. I manufacture cigarettes and am worried that people may quit smoking, what can I do to my cigarettes to make it harder for people to quit smoking?
C. Increase nicotine concentrations
81
86. A doctor on a patient’s oncology team suggests radiation of a surgical site post surgery. In this case, radiation is most likely being used as a(n) _______.
C. adjuvant treatment
82
87. One of the first drugs used to treat HIV was AZT, a nucleotide [thymine (T)] analog. AZT was first developed within the context of treating cancer. What aspect of cell growth was AZT, in particular, expected to inhibit?
A. DNA polymerase
83
88. A man living in Japan has a greater lifetime risk for stomach cancer than colon cancer. However, his Japanese American grandson who was born in the U.S. has a greater lifetime risk for colon cancer than stomach cancer. What explains these differences in risk?
environment
84
99. Similar to Kelly’s case study, after surgery Valery was first treated with a combination of traditional chemotherapy plus Herceptin and then 10 years of Tamoxifen. What does this tell us about her cancer cells?
A. They are HR+ C. They have a high mitotic index. E. A, B, and C B. They are HER+ D. A and B
A. They are HR+ C
| B. They are HER+
85
100. What two factors can we use (when present) to differentially kill triple negative cancer cells?
C. inherited BRCA mutation platin chemotherapy
86
101 The triple negative breast cancer sub-type is associated with
A. fewer treatment options
87
102. Oncolytic viruses cause cancer by integrating their DNA into host cells.
False
88
103. DNA sequences of a gene that codes for a growth factor is the SAME in both healthy cells and a tumor’s cancer cells. However, the cancer cells are associated with over production of the growth factor. This could be the result of ______________.
epigenetic changes
89
Angeline Jolene had a double mastectomy because she inherited cancer.
B. False
90
Jess has been diagnosed with cancer at the age of 42. Further testing reveals that their healthy cells have
C. an inherited mutation in a tumor suppressor gene (TSG)
91
Frankie began puberty at an earlier than average age, waited until 38 to have their one daughter, and then became menopausal later than expected. Compared to the average population, these factors likely ___________ the amount of estrogen exposure and _______their risk for cancer.
B. increased, increased
92
As discussed in class, CAR T cells are engineered to do all the below EXCEPT
D. activate T helper cells
93
Cancer subtypes are determined by heredity.
False
94
Tamoxifen binds to growth factor receptors and intercepts the signals telling a cancer cell to grow.
B. False
95
Many immunotherapy treatments allow the immune system to develop a ‘memory’ of the cancer to produce lasting cancer-fighting effects even after the treatment is finished.
A. True
96
The protein p53 is an example of a tumor suppressor protein. Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding p53?
A. The loss of function allows a cell to grow and divide continuously.
97
Which one of the following statements best explains why a radical mastectomy may not cure cancer?
C. Cancer spreads systemically throughout the body as cancer cells enter the blood and the lymph
systems.
98
Which of the following is a risk factor presented in class for breast cancer?
D. Low bone density
99
Inheriting a high risk for cancer is often due to inheriting a mutated tumor suppressor gene. Consequently, a nonfunctional tumor suppressor gene is found in all cells of the body. The probability of a random mutation occurring in any cell of the body, which makes the second copy of that tumor suppressor gene (allele) non-functional, is _______________ the probability of random
mutations occurring and disrupting both tumor suppressor alleles when the mutation is NOT inherited. (hint: probability of 1 versus 2 important mutation events)
C. greater than
100
Many patients who start chemotherapy end up losing their hair and going through bouts of nausea and diarrhea. This is because
C. most chemotherapeutic drugs affect any rapidly dividing cell in the body, including normal cells
101
118. ___________cancer vaccines boost the immune system to attack existing cancers; and, ____________ cancer vaccines boost the immune system to attack viruses that may cause cancer.
D. Treatment, preventative
102
119. Which subtype of breast cancer will most likely be treated using SERMS?
D. HR+, HER2-
103
Standard treatment for ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) significantly reduces cases of invasive breast cancer.
False
104
. Which one of these is NOT considered a breast conserving surgery?
A. Mastectomy
105
Most breast cancers are _____.
A. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
106
In class, we talked about three different cancers that are considered some of the ‘deadliest but most preventable’ diseases. Which of the following is NOT one of these three cancers?
C. Prostate Cancer
107
Colorectal cancer has a morphological progression that usually starts as .
B. benign polyps
108
In class we reviewed some guidelines for cancer prevention. Which of the following was NOT on our list?
D. Avoid common sense.
109
Effective protocols for screening colorectal cancer exist. This is important because early detection of precancerous polyps can be dealt with relatively easily by surgery. Which of the below is NOT an associated screening technique?
A. Polyp Antigen Screen
110
128. Colon cancer Is often initiated by a mutation (or deletion) in what specific gene?
D. APC
111
129. Obesity is expected to surpass tobacco as the leading cause of (potentially fatal) cancer.
A. True
112
Phytochemicals are derived from many types of ____________________ and have health related effects but are not _________________ .
C. plants, essential nutrients
113
131. Some links between obesity and cancer have to do with the high percentage of body fat that occurs with obesity. Fat cells are associated with all of the following EXCEPT
D. inhibition of T cell production
114
132. The World Health Organization declared process meats as a known carcinogen with a high risk for cancer.
B. False
115
In class I presented information showing how in colon cancer a stepwise progression occurs from precancerous polyps to invasive cancer, which often coincides with mutations of a specific set of genes. Which of the following is NOT one of these genes?
APC, KRAS, P53 are common mutations APC andP53 and TSP and will have to have two hits to lose function.
116
134. Obesity is associated with increased insulin. Apparently, insulin can act as a growth factor for various tumor types. This highlights the link between ____________ and ________________.
C. diet, cancer
117
135. Colonoscopies are the gold standard for detecting colon cancer (often in early stages). However, other screening techniques discussed in class include which of the following?
C. Fecal Occult Blood testing
118
136. Unstable atoms that attack other molecules and steal electrons are called __________
B. free radicals.
119
137. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding antioxidants?
D. hahaaa! all of the above statements are TRUE
120
138. In class we reviewed some guidelines for cancer prevention. Which of the following was NOT on our list?
D. Get plenty of mid-day sunlight.
121
139. Obesity causes an increase in hormones and proteins that promote cell division, which suggests mechanisms for how obesity is linked to cancer.
True
122
140. In terms of cancer related mortality, many believe, soon (if not now), if _________, more lives would be saved than if everyone quit smoking.
A. everyone became a heathy weight
123
141. All of the following relates to why colon cancer is preventable EXCEPT.
C. inherited APC mutations
