EXAM 2 Flashcards
land-n-stuff geography idk (89 cards)
1
Q
what is a cultural landscape?
A
human imprint on the Earth that reflects a cultural groups’ needs, values, and attitudes toward the Earth
2
Q
what is the public land survey system?
A
system to map and survey land based on townships and ranges
3
Q
what’s an example of an American Rectangular Survey?
A
public land survey system
4
Q
what are three examples of European settling of Ohio?
A
- Virginia Military Reserve
- Connecticut Western Reserve
- Ohio Company Purchase
5
Q
how big is each township in the Public Land Survey System?
A
6 mi x 6 mi (36 sq mi)
6
Q
when did Virginia cede its land? when did it settle?
A
1784
1790s
7
Q
when did Connecticut cede its land? what did it aim to profit from?
A
1800
settlement plan
8
Q
what was the Ohio Company Purchase?
A
Boston Land Speculators who bought 1.5 million acres of land from Federal Gov.
9
Q
what townships were set aside for Ohio University?
A
townships 8 and 9
10
Q
when did the Ohio Company Purchase disband? why?
A
1796
it was a failure
11
Q
what was the Agricultural Revolution? when did it start?
A
- reliance on domesticated plants and animals
- started approximately 10,000 years before present
12
Q
what was the world’s population in 1900?
A
1.6 billion
13
Q
why did the world’s population grow so large in the 20th century?
A
death rates have fallen faster than birth rates
14
Q
what is the global rate of natural increase?
A
0.9%
15
Q
the world’s rate of natural increase is…?
(decreasing or increasing?)
A
decreasing
16
Q
where is the rate of annual population increasing the fastest?
A
Africa
(by far!)
17
Q
in 2020, Europe’s population was 744 million people – what’s the projected population for 2050?
A
731 million
18
Q
what will happen to China’s population?
A
will start decreasing in about 10 years
19
Q
what is the total fertility rate in the USA?
A
1.6
20
Q
how would you measure population change?
A
Census / American Community Survey
(every ten years)
21
Q
what are vital statistics?
A
data collected on “milestone” events
(always include births and deaths)
22
Q
what is a crude birth rate?
A
annual number births per 1000 people
23
Q
what is a crude death rate?
A
annual number deaths per 1000 people
24
Q
what is the rate of natural increase (RNI)?
A
CBR – CDR = RNI (%)
25
what is a cohort?
group of people who share a similar demographic experience
26
what is population projection?
number of people expected to be alive at a future date
27
RNI slow/no growth countries?
below 0.5% (can be negative)
28
RNI moderate growth countries?
0.5% to 2.0%
29
RNI fast growth countries?
above 2.0%
30
when did the death rates begin to decrease for the USA?
late 1700s
31
when did the US become a country?
1783 (signed document)
32
what was the Treaty of Tordesillas and how did it affect which group colonized the Americas?
- divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence
- ????
33
what is metes and bounds?
uses markers, stakes & monuments to organize land
34
where was the Public Land Survey System primarily used?
Majority of the United States except for the east coast, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Texas
35
where was the metes and bounds system used?
much of the 13 colonies, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Texas
36
what is the longlot system?
French design, created to allow farms equal amounts of soil and water access
37
what areas were settled under the long lot system?
French settlements, Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan
38
what is the Spanish Grid System?
created a grid pattern outside of a central plaza
39
what areas were settled under the Spanish Grid System?
parts of California and New Mexico
40
how does the Spanish Grid System work?
built around the Catholic Church, government buildings and stores would be immediately surrounding the church, 4x4 grid system outside of the plaza
41
what is important to note about the center of the city under the Spanish Grid System?
the closer to the center of the city, the wealthier you/your family was
42
what is the Northwest Ordinance?
the new land acquired would become new states, no slavery, must be surveyed prior to settlement through the Public Lands/American Rectangular Survey System
43
what is important to note about section 16 under the Public Land Survey System?
it's reserved for the schools
44
what is the Virginia Military District?
settled with Metes and Bounds, from the Scioto River to the Little Miami River
45
what did Virginia cede its land claims for?
land between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers was used to pay veterans of the Revolutionary War
46
what is the Connecticut Western Reserve?
from Sandusky, Ohio eastward
47
what did Connecticut cede its land in exchange for?
the federal government to assume war debts
the right to sell land to settlers
right to compensate victims of the revolutionary war
48
when was the era of decolonization? where?
post WWII (1957)
middle east, Africa, Asia, Pakistan
49
what is the firelands?
most of Erie and Huron countries, Sandusky area
50
when was the Conference of Berlin?
1884
51
what happened at the Conference of Berlin?
countries discussed dividing up Africa for colonization
52
fertility rates of Asia & Latin America have _____ substantially
gone down
53
how did Connecticut pursue surveying and selling their land?
Connecticut Land Company
(ultimately failed)
54
what is unique about the Connecticut Land Company's system of surveying land?
surveyed with 5 mile townships, rather than the typical 6
55
when did Connecticut officially give back all of the land to the government and why?
1800, after failing to profit from the settlement plan
56
who are notable surveyors in the Ohio Company?
Rufus Putnam
Benjamin Tupper
Manasseh Cutler
57
what was important to note about townships 8 and 9 under the Ohio Company Purchase?
they were considered the college lands, set aside for Ohio University
58
what is the Northwest Indian War?
armed conflict to control the Northwest Territory of the United States, fought between the US army and Native American Nations
59
what is the Treaty of Greenville?
peace treaty that essentially said the USA could occupy southern Ohio & not northern Ohio
60
what occurred after the Treaty of Greenville?
the Northwest Territory had been divided, Native Americans were removed from the land
61
what changes occurred during the Agricultural Revolution?
the change from a hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a farm-based/agriculture centered lifestyle
62
what changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
mechanization of tasks, a movement from artisan production to mass production, heavy increase in use of steam power and fossil fuels
63
when was the first wave of European expansion and colonialism?
15th-19th century
64
what is colonialism?
establishing control of a territory by a foreign empire or country, the social structure, government, and economy is largely controlled by the outside force
65
what countries participated in the first wave of colonialism?
Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, English, and French
66
when was the second wave of colonialism?
1870-1945
67
what portion of Africa fell under British control?
much of southern and eastern
68
what portion of Africa fell under French control?
much of northern and western
69
what is an age-specific fertility?
fertility rate based on cohorts
70
where did the Spanish colonize?
Caribbean, Central America, and South America
71
where did the Portuguese colonize?
Brazil
72
where did the Dutch colonize?
New York, Indonesia
73
where did the English settle?
East coast of North America
74
where did the French colonize?
Canada, the great lakes, Louisiana, Vietnam
75
when did Latin America gain independence?
1800s
76
how did Latin American countries gain independence?
revolutions closely following the French Revolution
77
what does the phrase "the sun never sets on the British Empire" mean?
at that point in time, Great Britain had control over land on every continent in the world
78
what is decolonization?
the process by which colonies become independent.
79
what is total fertility rate?
the average number of children that would be born to each woman if the current age-specific fertility rates remained constant
80
what is population projection?
the number of people expected to be alive at a future date
81
what is life expectancy?
the average duration of life beyond any given age
82
what is a census?
used to count population and measure change
83
what is the infant mortality rate?
number of children who will die before their first birthday (per 1,000 live births)
84
what demographic process is not included in Rate of Natural Increase?
immigration
85
what is the difference between the US census and the American Community Survey?
Census is every 10 years while the ACS is every year
86
where are the youngest and oldest populations in the world concentrated?
youngest - africa
oldest - asia
87
what is a demographic transition model?
historical population trends of two demographic characteristics (birth rate and death rate) to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically
88
what countries have NOT seen a dramatic decline in birth rates?
europe & africa as wholes, spain, china
89
what factors explain why birth rates have declined?
1) higher costs of raising children
2) rural to urban transition
3) transition away from extended family
4) improved access to contraception and abortion
5) cultural view of children
6) greater autonomy for women
