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EXAM 4 Flashcards

agricultural geography (67 cards)

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1
Q

what is meant by domestication and agriculture?

A

agriculture is the practice of cultivating DOMESTICATED plants and animals

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2
Q

how are agricultural systems classified?

A

labor, location, and economy

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3
Q

agriculture is the single ___ land use and single ___ occupation

A

largest
greatest

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4
Q

what proportion of workers in the world are in agriculture?

A

one in three

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5
Q

what percentage of people in the world are workers in agriculture? how many exactly?

A

40%
over one billion

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6
Q

what was the Neolithic Revolution?

A
  • domesticated plants and animals, not simply “invented”
  • became increasingly important for societies
  • greater dependence led to agricultural success
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7
Q

what was the Colombian Exchange?

A

the exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, disease, technology, and ideas between the “Old World” and “New World” following 1492

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8
Q

what was the Industrialization of Agriculture (including the GREEN REVOLUTION)?

A

applying industrial practices to agriculture to make food production more efficient, standardized, & mass produced

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9
Q

what was the Genetic Engineering in Agriculture? (1990s-Present)

A

transferring individual genes between organisms or modifying the genes in an organism to remove or add a desired trait or characteristic

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10
Q

what crops and animals were brought from the old to the new world and had the biggest impact?

A

I) animals… horses, sheep, pigs, cattle
II) plants… wheat, barley, sugar, later many others
III) microorganisms… measles, smallpox, influenza, black death, TB, etc.

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11
Q

what is cassava? where is it grown?

A

I) a woody shrub/root vegetable “tropical potato”
II) native to Nigeria / West Africa

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12
Q

when did agriculture begin?

A

12,000 years ago

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13
Q

what was domesticated in the near east (from Israel to Iran (11,000-12,000 BP)?

A

emmer wheat, barley

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14
Q

what was domesticated in Mesoamerica?

A

maize, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao, avocado, squash, cotton

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15
Q

what was domesticated in Asia?

A

pigs, chickens, soybean, rice, bananas, sugarcane

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16
Q

what was domesticated in the Andes/Peru?

A

potatoes, beans, alpacas, peanuts

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17
Q

what did agricultural societies bring about?

A

I) surplus of food
II) population growth
III) division of labor
IV) specialization of labor & cities

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18
Q

what is domestication?

A

the gradual process of changing plants and animals to be more useful for humans

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19
Q

what is subsistence farming?

A

growing food for you/your family to eat

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20
Q

what is market farming?

A

growing food with the goal to sell it

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21
Q

today, is market or subsistence farming more common?

A

market farming

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22
Q

how much of the work force is a farmer?

A

less than 2%

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23
Q

when was the Neolithic Revolution?

A

5-12,000 years before present (BP)

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24
Q

what is considered the “Old World”?

A

Europe, Africa, and Asia

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25
what is considered the "New World"?
the Americas
26
explain industrialization in agriculture
the development of mechanization and chemical use in agriculture, sought out the create agriculture more efficient, standardized, and mass produced
27
what was agriculture like before WWII?
- farmers were generalists - limited chemical use - farmers use their own seeds - most work was done through human or animal labor
28
what was agriculture like post WWII?
- farmers became specialists - heavy chemical use - seeds bought from those with patents - heavy use of machines and/or fossil fuels - many farmers on contract with corporations
29
how did the Green Revolution combat the Red Scare?
tried to develop countries and prevent them from reaching out to the Soviet Union or China to help during the Cold War
30
what were the important crops involved in the Columbian Exchange?
potatoes, corn, beans, squash, cassava
31
why was developing agriculture so significant in human history?
- allowed for a shift from hunter-gatherer to farm-based living - created societies based around farming
32
what were the target areas of the Industrialization of Agriculture (including the Green Revolution)?
SE Asia (rice) S Asia & N Africa (wheat)
33
what were the results of the Industrialization of Agriculture (incl. the Green Revolution)?
75% of Asia rice sown with GR seeds
34
what is cargill an example of?
a supplier
35
what is cargill the merchant?
one of the largest purchasers of dozens of commodities including soy, corn, cotton, cocoa, and others
36
what is cargill the processor?
second largest beef packer fourth largest pork packer third largest turkey producer
37
why are companies like Cargill, ADM, ConAgra, and General Miss important?
I) sell fertilizer, feed for animals II) process a ton of food for people
38
what is “precision agriculture”?
using technology with location specific info (GPS, sensors, mechanical harvesters) to manage moisture, irrigation, fertilization, etc.
39
how do GPS and GIS technologies allow for micromanagement of agricultural fields?
I) use drones for aerial views II) create farm maps with precise acreage for field areas
40
what is distinct about GMOs and what traits have been introduced to plants?
- gmos are genetically modified organisms - traits such as genes that make the crops resistance to insects, viruses and herbicides
41
what are the most common gmo crops?
soy, corn, cotton
42
where are the most common gmo crops grown?
USA has the most with Brazil following
43
what is CRISPR technology?
- stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - target specific stretches of genetic code to edit DNA at precise locations
44
why might CRISPR be important for agriculture and the food we eat?
- herbicide tolerance - insect resistance
45
where is Paddy Rice practiced?
south & east Asia: tropical-subtropical
46
why is Paddy Rice important?
- substantial labor, minimal mechanization - causes 90% of the world's rice to be grown and consumed in Asia
47
where is Plantation Agriculture practiced?
mostly tropics, subtropics, and Global South
48
why is Plantation Agriculture important?
- mono-cropping specialty crops on large sections of land - uses lots of cheap labor
49
where is Truck Farming practiced?
many states in the US: Cali, Florida, Texas, etc.
50
why is Truck Farming important?
- relies on cheap labor, especially for harvest - chemical intensive
51
where is Commercial Grain/Livestock Farming practiced?
** Western Europe mid-latitude, former grasslands
52
why is Commercial Grain/Livestock Farming important?
growing cereal crops (corn, beans, wheat) using industrial practices to feed animals and as inputs into other products
53
what is meant by contract farming?
useful tool to mitigate prevalent market failures and to reduce the risks facing smallholder farmers
54
what is contract farming?
a preharvest agreement between farmers and buyers
55
what is a CAFO or factory farming?
- CAFO: Confirmed Animal Feeding Operation - large numbers of animals in crowded buildings designed to produce as many products as possible
56
why is CAFO or factory farming criticized?
animal ethics food safety (bacteria & antibiotics) environmental pollution
57
where are factory farms located?
grower states like North Carolina, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Kansas
58
how and where are cattle slaughtered in the USA?
very midwest (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, northern Texas, Iowa, Arkansas)
59
what are some of the most important criticisms of Industrial Agriculture?
- environment: pesticides, GMOs?, fossil fuels, water pollution, greenhouse gases - health & safety: heavily processed, sanitary conditions, is the food safe? - equity and labor issues: money concentration, depend upon low-wage/immigrant labor
60
what is meant by alternative agricultures and what do they seek to address?
they are production systems that do not use conventional methods. they seek to address the current issues (health/safety, morals, etc) of agriculture now
61
what is a "food desert"?
areas lacking ready access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods (largely due to a lack of grocery stores, farmers’ markets, and healthy food providers)
62
what is a "food swamp"?
areas dominated by fast food rather than healthy choices
63
why should people buy local?
strengthen local economy, reduce climate change impacts, support community groups, unique community, create more quality jobs, and more
64
what are some critiques of buying local?
practicality, xenophobic?, reflect white & middle-class folks?, inclusion?
65
in what economies are there few people engaged in agriculture?
Global North, wealthiest economies, places with a lot of mechanized agriculture
66
when did the Green Revolution take place?
1966-1974
67
what was the Green Revolution?
a large-scale institutional and technological effort to grow more food (wheat and rice) (especially in Asia)

GEOG 1200 (4 decks)

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