EXAM 3 Flashcards
religious(?) geography (130 cards)
1
Q
what is migration?
A
the process of changing residence from one location to another
2
Q
what is a migrant?
A
a person who changes residence
- requires change in social space
3
Q
what is an immigrant?
A
a person who moves into a country of which they are not native
4
Q
what is an IDP?
A
internally displaced person
- (def.)
5
Q
what is an example of migration in our day to day lives?
A
movement from one suburb to another, from a dorm to a house, etc
6
Q
what is emigration?
A
when a person who departs from one country to settle in another
7
Q
what is immigration?
A
when a person who moves into a country of which they are not native
8
Q
what is involuntary migration?
A
when people are forced to move without choice
9
Q
what are examples of involuntary migration?
A
refugees, those seeking asylum, Internally Displaced Persons, human trafficking
10
Q
what is a refugee?
A
someone who leaves their country and wants to go to the United States
11
Q
what is an asylee?
A
someone who comes to the United States and then wants to stay
12
Q
how has involuntary migration reshaped the labor supply and ethnic make-up of Americans?
A
through things like slavery, indentured servitude, and refugees from war-torn countries the make-up of the United States has become significantly more diverse
13
Q
what is human trafficking?
A
the illegal business/trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or a modern-day form of slavery
14
Q
how is human trafficking distinct from unauthorized migration?
A
it does not always require the movement/migration of people and it can happen on any scale (domestic or international)
15
Q
what are some reasons for someone to/not migrate?
A
job/education access, relationships, life-stages, amenities
16
Q
what are the big 3 factors that are important to balance when deciding to migrate?
A
- vocation (job/partner’s job)
- relationships (including other people?)
- location (what amenities want/need?)
17
Q
what are some things you need to consider to understand migration?
A
structural forces promoting im/emigration, goals and aspirations of migrants, and networks that arise when two areas are linked
18
Q
what are the two broad phases of international migration?
A
European expansion from 1500-1945 and “South to North” from 1980-present day
19
Q
what wave of migration occurred from 1790-1861?
A
small number of enslaved Africans
20
Q
what wave of migration occurred from 1790-1881?
A
the Open Door Era (for free white men)
21
Q
what wave of migration occurred in the 1800s?
A
The Europeanization of America
22
Q
what is an ethnic group?
A
a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural identity
23
Q
what are some characteristics that an ethnic group has in common?
A
language, religion, experience in society, interest in the “homeland”, food, conscious of belonging
24
Q
what is race?
A
a socially constructed category, based in part on particular biological differences, varies across space an time
25
what is important about the idea of race?
it is not biologically factual and it is based on the acceptance of different definitions and categories
26
what is the One-Drop rule?
during the Jim Crow era, said if there is any evidence of African Heritage then you are subject to Jim Crow Laws
27
what was the major wave of US immigration from 1840-1860?
German and Irish
28
where did Germans and the Irish settle?
Midwest and East Coast (respectively)
29
why did Germans and the Irish come to America in the 1800s?
The Great Famine
30
what was the wave of immigration like from 1880-1920?
South and Eastern Europeans heading for Midwestern and east coast cities-caused heavily by displacement
31
what is unique about the era of immigration from 1880-1920?
many migrants came to work in America with the plan to go back to their home country after procuring wealth
32
what is an ethnic neighborhood/enclave?
a small community where people with a similar origin reside (enclave is a slight step up from a neighborhood)
33
what is the 1924 National Origins Act?
Act where the US shut the door on immigration, made it virtually impossible to migrate to the US unless you were from Canada or Mexico
34
what is the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act?
policy framework that we are living with today, enacted the Family Unification Clause
35
what is the Family Unification Clause?
gives preference to people bringing family members and trying to unite them
36
what are the new immigrant destinations?
the Great Plains, The South, small to medium cities in the Midwest
37
what are the old immigrant destinations?
California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois
38
what are the short term effects of immigration?
costs can be considerable for state/local governments but not significant for the federal government
39
what are long-terms effects of immigration?
benefits exceed the costs, immigrants tend to work hard/get education/pay taxes etc., much more expensive to not have immigrants
40
who do migrants tend to compete with when searching for jobs?
other migrants and high school drop outs
41
what are the 5 major religions that we learned about?
Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism
42
what is religion?
systems of formal and informal worship and faith in the sacred or divine and usually with a code of ethics
43
what is the purpose of most religions?
to help us understand why we are here, what will happen to us, and why things are the way they are
44
what are the two types of religious categories?
Universalizing (proselytic) and Ethnic (ethnoreligious)
45
what are proselytic religions like?
they actively seek converts, not one ethnic group is associated with the religion itself
46
what religions did we learn about that are proselytic?
Christianity and Islam
47
what is montheism?
the belief in one god
48
what is polytheism?
the belief in more than one god
49
what is orthodoxy?
remaining close to the scripture or accepted beliefs
50
what is animism?
the belief that spirits exist outside of human life (rivers, trees, animals, winds, etc.)
51
what is an example of a religion that believes in animism?
Paganism
52
what is atheistic?
believing that there is no god
53
what is agnostic?
neither believes or disbelieves that there is a god
54
what is secularism?
organizations/countries not having a set religion
55
what is fundamentalism?
a movement to return to the core beliefs of the faith
56
what are the three Abrahamic Religions?
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
57
what is Judaism?
the first of the Abrahamic faiths
58
what kind of group is Judaism?
ethno-religious (many put a higher emphasis on the ethnic part rather than the religious part)
59
is Judaism monotheistic or polytheistic?
Monotheistic
60
what are the sacred texts of Judaism?
the Torah (5 books of Moses, the old testament) and the Talmud (Rabbinical writings)
61
what is the difference between the Torah and the Talmud?
the Torah is writings directly from god and the Talmud is rabbi's interpretations of this writing
62
what is the god of Judaism?
Yahweh, omnipotent and merciful
63
what does Judaism emphasize?
ethical behavior, doing the right thing in the world you're living in/following the books, does not make the afterlife the main goal
64
where did Judaism originate?
modern-day Israel 5th Century BCE
65
what are the branches of Christianity?
Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant
66
where can Roman Catholic be found?
southern Europe
Latin America
67
where can Orthodoxy be found?
eastern and southern Europe
68
where can Protestant be found?
Northern Europe and North America
69
what are Marian apparitions?
mystical eventS where Mary, the Mother of Jesus, appears here on the earth
70
where were the Jewish pushed out of in 1492?
The Iberian Peninsula
71
when did emigration of Jewish peoples from Europe to America begin?
mid-1800s
72
approximately how many Jewish people are there in the world?
14 million
73
what is a synagogue?
Jewish house of worship (has many styles)
74
what are the Jewish holy sites?
the Temple Mount and Western Wall in Jerusalem
75
what is Christianity?
universalizing belief, a revision of the Jewish belief system
76
who is regarded as the founder of Christianity?
Jesus, a Jewish preacher
77
what is significant about the difference between Judaism and Christianity?
Christians believed that Jesus was the incarnation of God, he preached that the world was ending and needed saved
78
what is the sacred text of Christianity?
the Bible
79
what are the three main branches of Christianity?
Roman Catholic, Orthodox (Eastern), and Protestant
80
approximately how many Christian followers are there?
2.3 billion
81
where did Christianity originate?
Israel
82
explain the relationship between the Roman Empire and Christianity
Christianity was originally not recognized until 313 CE when Emperor Constantine converted
83
how did European conversion of Christianity occur?
through colonialism, missionary activities, and international migration
84
what is the Great Schism?
the break of the communion between the Roman Catholic Church (Western) and the Orthodox Christian Church (Eastern)
85
when did the Great Schism occur?
1504
86
what is the Protestant Reformation?
religious reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups
87
what is different about Protestantism vs the Orthodox and Catholic churches?
does not recognize figureheads (Pope and Bishops) but still uses the bible in teachings
88
what are cultural landscapes of Christianity?
churches/cathedrals, graveyards, pilgrimage sites, protestant mega-churches
89
what is unique about Christianity?
the way that they believe that Jesus was god on earth
90
what is Islam?
religion of submission to god (Allah)
91
what are Islam followers called?
Muslims
92
what kind of religion is Islam?
monotheistic and universalizing (does not seek converts but is not an ethnic religion)
93
approximately how many Muslims are there?
1.8 billion (24% of the world)
94
where is Islam concentrated?
N. Africa, SW Asia, S. Central Asia, Indonesia, and Malaysia
95
what do Muslims believe?
Muhammed (prophet) believed to have the last word of God in Mecca 610 CE
96
what is the sacred text of Islam?
the Koran (Qu'ran)
97
what are the five pillars of Islam?
Faith
Prayer
Alms/Charity
Fast
Pilgrimage
98
what are the two main branches of Islam?
Sunni and Shi'ah
99
what is the difference between the Sunni and Shi'ah?
Shi'ah believe that Muhammed's son-in-law was his successor while the Sunni do not
100
where did Islam originate?
Mecca, Saudi Arabia 610 CE
101
describe the diffusion of Islam
rapid throughout Arabia, parts of Asia, and North Africa via conquests, trading networks and missionary activities
102
what is the caliphate?
form of Islamic government led by a caliph (political and religious leader) sometimes viewed as a successor of Muhammed
103
what are the cultural landscapes of Islam?
Mosques, pilgrimage sites (Mecca and Medina), Symbols (crescent moon and star)
104
what are the key features of a mosque?
Minaret (pray tower), distinctive archway, dome, no imagery of god
105
what is Hinduism?
religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India
106
what kind of religion is Hinduism?
ethnic, polytheistic
107
approximately how many Hindu followers are there?
1 billion, mostly in India but also Nepal and Bangladesh
108
what is the sacred text of Hinduism?
the Vedic (guidebook/storybook telling what's right and wrong and how to live your life)
109
what is the Hindu belief about the soul and the afterlife?
the soul is immortal, you will come back as something else after you die
110
what is Karma?
the sum of one's actions and the force that determines one's next reincarnation
111
what is the goal of Hinduism?
break the cycle of death and rebirth
112
what is ahimsa?
Hindu belief in nonviolence, often leads to vegetarianism
113
what are the three major Hindu gods?
Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
114
what are the cultural landscapes of Hinduism?
temples, icons of gods or the powers of the universe, pilgrimage sites (Ganges river)
115
what is the holiest city in Hindusim?
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
116
what is important about Varanasi in Hinduism?
the site where Brahma and Shiva fought, Shiva won and Brahma's "death?" caused the formation of Varanasi
117
what is Buddhism?
a branch off of Hinduism, a more modern revision
118
describe the beliefs of Buddhism
a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, largely based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
119
what is Buddha?
awakened one, awoke to the realities of the world/universe, someone who saw the light and the secrets of the universe
120
what is unique about Buddhism compared to the other religions?
they don't believe in God at all
121
how many Buddhists followers are there?
approximately 500 million
122
where are Buddhists located?
East and South East Asia
123
what are the Buddhist beliefs?
more of a moral philosophy, believes in Karma and Rebirth, 6 realms of existence
124
what is the goal in Buddhism?
reach nirvana, escape the cycle of suffering and rebirth, achieve "perfect enlightenment"
125
what are the four noble truths?
1) to exist is to suffer
2) we suffer because we desire
3) suffering will cease when desire is eliminated
4) follow eightfold path
126
where did Buddhism originate?
Northeast India, diffusion to China, East and Southeast Asia by monks and missionaries
127
what are the two main branches of Buddhism?
Theravada (school of elders) and Mahayana (great vehicle)
128
what is unique about the belief of Theravada Buddhism?
they believe that there are 29 Buddhists
129
what are the cultural landscapes of Buddhism?
shrines and temples, holy sites where Buddha taught
130
what is chain migration?
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
