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Exam 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of the scientific process

A

Hypothesis, Experimental design, collect data, analyze data, interpret data, new hypothesis

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2
Q

a priori

A

from the earlier

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3
Q

a posteriori

A

from the later

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4
Q

Gene

A

discrete factor of inheritance

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5
Q

Allele

A

alternative forms of a gene

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6
Q

Locus

A

specific location on a chromosome

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7
Q

Genotype

A

combination of alleles

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8
Q

homozygote

A

two identical alleles at a locus

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9
Q

heterozygote

A

two different alleles at a locus

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10
Q

phenotype

A

manifestation or appearance of a characteristic

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11
Q

dominant

A

Phen1 is dominant to Phen2 if the F1 heterozygotes have Phen1

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12
Q

recessive

A

Phen1 is recessive to phen2 if the F1 heterozygotes have phen2

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13
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two lines that breed true for one trait

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14
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between two lines that breed true for two traits

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15
Q

parental generation

A

generation that begins an experimental cross

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16
Q

F1

A

first filial generation

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17
Q

F2

A

second filial generation

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18
Q

backcross

A

Cross between an F1 individual and one of the parental (P) genotypes.

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19
Q

reciprocal backcross

A

cross between F1 and both parental genotypes

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20
Q

Mendal’s Law of Segregation

A

2 alleles encoding a trait (diploid), alleles separate when gametes are formed, they separate in equal proportions

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21
Q

Mendal’s law of independent assortment

A

alleles at different loci separate independently

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22
Q

multiplication rule

A

the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event

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23
Q

addition rule

A

the probability of any two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding the probabilities of each event

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24
Q

testcross

A

cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype

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25
wild type (+)
trait or allele that is most commonly found in wild populations
26
superscripts & subscripts (genetic symbol)
used to distinguish between genes
27
slash (/)
distinguishes tow alleles present in an individuals genotypes
28
underscore (_) in a genotype
indicates that any allele is possible
29
Chi-square goodness of fit test
sum of (observed-expected) squared over expected
30
types of sex determination
chromosomal and environmental
31
sex refers to
sexual phenotype
32
sex determination
mechanism by which sex is established
33
hermaphrotite
both sexes present in the same organism
34
monoecious
individual has both male and female gametes
35
Dioecious
individuals are either male or female
36
XX-XO
simple system, females have two XX, males have single X ex.grass hoppers
37
heterogametic
sex chromosomes are of different types (XY)
38
homogametic
sex chromosomes are of one type (XX)
39
XX-XY
XX- female XY- male
40
X and Y pair in the
psuedoautosomal region (PAR)
41
ZZ-ZW
male is homogametic, female is heterogametic (common in birds)
42
turner syndrome
XO, usually sterile
43
Poly X
XXX, XXXX
44
Kleinfelter Syndrome
XXY, usually sterile
45
Sex determining region Y (SRY)
encodes a transcription factor that promotes differentiation of the testes
46
Hemizygous
males for genes on the X chromosome
47
dosage compensation
Mechanism in which X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females.
48
Lyon hypothesis
the proposal that dosage compensation in mammalian females is accomplished by partially and randomly inactivating one of the two X chromosomes
49
complete dominance
type of dominance in which the same phenotype is expressed in homozygotes(AA) and heterozygotes (Aa)
50
with complete dominance only the phenotype of what allele is expressed in a heterozygote
dominant allele
51
incomplete dominance
the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotype of the two homozygotes
52
codominance
allelic interaction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes
53
the important thing to remember about dominance is that it
affects the way genes are expressed, but not the way they are inherited
54
the nature of dominance is relative to
the level at which the phenotype is examined
55
penetrance
percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
56
incomplete penetrance
some individuals possess the genotype for a trait but do not express the expected phenotype
57
expressivity
degree to which a trait is expressed
58
multiple alleles
presence of more than 2 alleles at a locus in a group of diploid individuals. Each individual has only 2 of the possible alleles
59
number of genotypes possible
[n(n+1)/2]
60
lethal allele
allele that causes death, often in early development
61
compound heterozygote
an individual who carries two different alleles at a locus that results in a recessive phenotype
62
gene interaction
interaction between genes at different loci that affect the same characteristic
63
epistasis
type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus
64
epistatic gene
the gene that suppresses the effect of a gene at a different locus
65
hypostatic gene
gene that is masked by action of gene at different locus
66
recessive epistasis
recessive genotype at one locus masks phenotype at a second locus
67
dominant epistasis
a single copy of an allele at one locus masks phenotype at second locus
68
duplicate recessive epistasis
two recessive alleles at either of two loci are capable of suppressing a phenotype
69
complementation test
designed to determine whether two different mutation are at the same locus or at different loci
70
sex-influenced
characteristic encoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex
71
sex-limited
characteristic encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only one sex
72
cytoplasmic inheritance
Inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in the cytoplasm. Because the cytoplasm is usually contributed entirely by only one parent, most cytoplasmically inherited characteristics are inherited from a single parent.
73
genetic maternal effect
maternal effect determination of the phenotype of an offspring not by its own genotype but by the nuclear genotype of it's mother
74
genomic imprinting
differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene

Genetics (6 decks)

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