Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Genetics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

qualitative trait

A

only a few distinct phenotpyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Quantitative trait

A

continously variable over some measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

environment

A

different genotypes perform differently based on their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

t/f some traits have a threshold that must be reached

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mean

A

provides information about the center of a distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

variance

A

indicates the variability of a group of measurements or how spread out the distribution is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

standard deviation

A

square root of variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

covariance

A

how two measurements vary together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

correlation

A

the strength of association between two measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

t/f correlation = causation

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regression

A

linear relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

V subscript a

A

additive, comprises the additive effects of genes on the phenotype, which can be summed to determine the overall effect on the phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

V subscript d

A

dominance, alleles at a locus are not additive rather the effect of an allele depends on the identity of the other allele at the locus; TT and Tt have the same phenotypic value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

V subscript i

A

interaction, epistatic effects where one locus “masks” the effect of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

V subscript E

A

environment, differences that result from environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

V subscript GE

A

gene by environment, effect of a gene depends on the specific environment in which it is found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

formula for V subscript p

A

Va + Vd + Vi+ Ve+ Vge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

formula for V subscript G

A

Va + Vd + Vi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Broad sense heritability

A

H^2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

formula for broad sense heritability

A

H^2 = Vg/Vp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does a heritability value of 0 indicates

A

that none of the phenotypic variance results from differences in genotype and all of the differences in phenotype result from environmental variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does a heritability value of 1 indicate

A

that all of the phenotypic variance results from differences in genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does a heritability value of between 0 and 1 indicate

A

that both genetic and environmental factors influence the phenotypic variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
narrow sense heriability
h^2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic variace "resemblance between parents and offspring"
26
narrow sense heritability formula
h^2 = Va/Vp
27
steps of calculating heritability
eliminating one or more variance components, comparing the resemblance of parents and offspring, comparing the phenotypc variances of individuals with different degrees of relatedeness, measuring the response to selection
28
parent offspring regression
when genetic differences are responsible for phenotypic variance, offspring should resemble their parents more than they resemble unrelated individuals
29
response to selection
the extent to which a characteristic subjected to selection changes in one generation
30
selection differential
the difference between the mean phenotype of the selected parents and the mean phenotype of the original population
31
mendelian population
which is a group of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals that have a common set of genes
32
what is the study of population genetics
the study of the variation in alleles within and between groups and the evolutionary forces
33
genotype frequency
the number of individuals with a certain genotype divided by the number of individuals
34
allele frequency
number of copies of the allele over the number of copies of all alleles at the locus
35
the hardy weinberg equilibrium
describes the effet of reproduction on genotypic and allelic frequencies
36
hardy weinberg assumptions
dipolid, sexual repro, non overlapping generations, bi allelic, equal allele, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, large population (no drift)
37
hardy weinberg predictions
allele frequencies do not change and genotype frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation with proportions
38
t/f a large population will have less random drift than a smaller population
true
39
random mating
the probability that 2 individuals will mate randomly
40
no mutation
very minor impact short term but is important long term
41
no migration
potentially a large short term impact by physically merging gene pools
42
why cant a population evolve if it meets the hardy weinberg assumptions
due to the lack of allelic change, reproduction alone wont cut it
43
how do single generations of random mating continue to produce the equilibrium frequencies
these are not free from natural selection, mutation, and migration that have not acted since the last time random mating took place
44
positive assortative mating
tendency for like individuals to mate
45
negative assortative mating
tendency for unlike individuals to mate
46
outcrossing
proferential mating between unrelated individuals
47
inbreeding
preferential mating between related individuals leading to increased homozygosity
48
does inbreeding change allelic frequencies
NO
49
inbreeding coefficient
designated F, which is a measure of the probability that two alleles are identical by descent ranging from 0-1, 0 indicates that mating is occuring randomly in a large population; a value of 1 indicates that all alleles are identical by descent
50
mutation
ultimate source of variation
51
what does migration do to two different population gene pools
migration causes the gene pools to become more similar while adding genetic variation to both populations
52
how is the difference allelic frequencies after migration found
the new allelic frequencies is determined by the difference in allele frequencies
53
genetic drift
a limited number of gametes unite to produce the individuals of the next generation
54
how is the amount of genetic drift estimated
the variance in allelic frequency
55
causes of genetic drift
all genetic drift arises from sampling error, reduced population size, founder effect, and bottleneck
56
founder effect
establishment of a population by a small number of individuals
57
bottleneck
when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size
58
effects of drift
produces change in allelic frequencies w/in a population, reduce genetic variation w/in populations, different populations diverge genetically from one another over time
59
fitness
the relative reproductive success of a genotype
60
selection coefficient
which is the relative intensity of selection against a genotype
61
what is the ultimate change in genetic variation over time
mutation
62
migration
blending of populations with different frequencies until equilibrium is reached
63
t/f evolution deals with individuals
false, it deals with populations and species
64
what is the raw material for genetic change
mutation
65
biological species concept
members of a population that actually or potentially interbreed in nature based on reproductive isolation
66
prezygotic
acts before a zygote has formed
67
postzygotic
acts after a zygote has formed
68
speciation
process by which new species arise, evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms
69
allopatric
speciation is initiated when a geographic barrier splits a population into two or more groups and prevents gene flow between those groups
70
sympatric speciation
speciation arises in the absence of any geographic barrier
71
reproductive isolation mechanism
a consequence of genetic differentiation

Genetics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions