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YEAR 4/4.5 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture Conflict Theory

A

-Thorsten Sellin
-argues that the groups to which each of us belong hold their own conduct norms; crime results from different conduct norms coming into conflict

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2
Q

Subcultures

A

subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, values, and beliefs

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3
Q

argot

A

words/terms developed by a subculture

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4
Q

Albert Cohen

A

-delinquent boys(1955)
-middle class measuring rod
-lower class children cannot get to middle class expectation

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5
Q

Corner Boys

A

hangs out on the street, eventually gets menial jobs and lives a reasonably conventional lifestyle

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6
Q

College Boys

A

lower class youth who continue to attempt to succeed via middle-class standards

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7
Q

Reaction Formation

A

mechanism that relives the anxiety of not being able to get what they want the most; flip the rules

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8
Q

Differential Opportunity Theory

A

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s view that differential access to illegitimate means helps determine the types of deviance in which poor people engage

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9
Q

Criminal Gangs

A

neighborhoods where the criminal activity is well-organized

-connection between gangs and shady lawyers, corrupt police officers

-old criminals serve as role models

-subcultural will revolve around yielding illegals sources of income

-ex: classic mafia

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10
Q

conflict gangs

A

unstable neighborhoods; little criminal organization

-gangs organize around proving toughness and securing turf, indivduals and group respect

-emerge in areas where neither conventional nor criminal role model exist

ex: blood and crips

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11
Q

retreatist groups

A

double-failure: people who have been unsuccessful in other types of gangs

-no organization

-focused on drug-use, sexual deviance, alcohol abuse

-subculture more than a gang

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12
Q

Subculture of Violence Theory

A

-marvin wolfgang and franco ferracuti

-argue that young, urban males developed a distinctive subculture

-the subculture condones and expects the use o violence to resolve disputes

-slight arguments/incidents will quickly escalate into violence

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13
Q

Critiques of Subculture of Violence Theory

A

little evidence of different values regarding violence by class or racial group

  • difficult to separate out “subcultural” factors from other factors faced by these groups- harsh economic conditions, poor informal social control, etc.
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14
Q

Miller’s Focal Concerns

A

Argued that, rather than resutling from conflict with the middle-class, delinqueucy was a result of the lower-class culture itself
Argued that lower-class culture holds values that promote deviant behavior

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15
Q

Focal Concerns and Delinquent Behavior

A

Since these are valued behaviors/beliefs, people gain status for acting in line with them

-acting according to these focal concerns is likely to bring one into conflict with law

-ex: the outsiders

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16
Q

Human Ecology

A

Poverty, density, and turnover

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17
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

breakdown of social institutions in an area

-ex: economy, family, education

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18
Q

Hirschi’s Social Control Theory

A

causes of delinquency

-theory of conformity

-assumes that people are naturally deviant

-source of conformity = social bond

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19
Q

social bond elements

A

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

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20
Q

attachment

A

extent to which an individual has strong bonds to others

-the stronger these bonds, the less likely someone is to deviate

21
Q

commitment

A

investment in conventional lines of action

-high aspirations = low deviance

-commitment to institutional means

22
Q

involvement

A

time spend in conforming/conventional

-ex: youth programs, church

23
Q

belief

A

belief/agreement with societal norms

-accept cultural goals and means

24
Q

techniques of neutralization

A

denial of responsibility

-denial of injury

-denial of the victim

-condemnation of the condemners

-appeal to higher loyalties

25
Q

Containment Theory

A

Walter Reckless, 1961

-argued that people are “protected” from engaging in deviance by two things - outer containment and inner containment

26
Q

outer containment

A

strucatual factors that compel a person to conform

-ex: rules and regulations, belonging to a cohesive group, chances to achieve status/rewards

27
Q

inner containment

A

personal controls that compels a person to conform

-ex: a positive self-concept, self-control, sense of responsibility, well-developed conscience

28
Q

pros with containment theory

A

explains why most people in bad situations do not commit crimes

29
Q

cons with containment theory

A

poorly defined terms; vague terminology

-does not provide any insight into why people commit particular types of crimes

little supportive evidence

30
Q

general theory of crime

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1985)

  • Claim that their theory explain all crimes, at all times and in all places
  • the cause of crime is low-self control or the inability to defer gratification
31
Q

labeling theory

A

the reactions of other people and the effects of those reactions create deviance

-once a person creates a ‘deviant’ act, he or she is labeled

-outsider status and segregated from society

32
Q

social interactionists

A

deviance is relative, therefore acts in themselves are not deviant

-deviance is socially constructed

-deviance involves a process of defining, then enforcing boundaries

33
Q

social junk

A

those with dependency issues, chronic unemployment

34
Q

social dynamite

A

high levels of anger and potential for violence

35
Q

rule creators

A

the ability to define right/wrong and to impose these definitions on others depends on power

36
Q

rule enforcers

A

Institutions backed by political organizations, generally those responsible for order in a given area

37
Q

shaming rituals

A

Shaming rituals are important for putting master status label on people examples included court material, conviction, excommunication, psychiatric commitment

  • help separate deviants from the group
38
Q

three applied situational theories

A

applied environmental criminology

  • rational choice theories

-applied routine activies theory

39
Q

applied environmental criminologists

A

begin with the assumption that some people are criminally motivated

-examine the location of a specific crime and the context in which it occurred in order to understand and explain crime patterns

40
Q

rational choice

A

based upon ideas from economics and utilitarianism; people make decisions based upon reward (pleasures) and costs (pains)

-assumes that offenders make “rational” choices about committing a particular crime at a particular place

41
Q

applied routine activites

A

argue that for a crime to occur, three conditions must be met; a motivated offender, a suitable target, and an absence of capable guardian

42
Q

motivated offender

A

A crime will not occur unless there is someone who wants to commit that crime; does not explain why, just assumes they exist

43
Q

suitable target

A

someone or something that has the desired reward that the motivated offender seeks

-something that the offender considers very valuable and easy to take would be an attractive target

44
Q

capable guardian

A

someone or something that has the capacity to stop the crime in progress

45
Q

theories of victimization

A

Lifestyle theory of Victimization

-Victim Precipitation

-Repeat victimization/hot spots

46
Q

lifestyle theory of victimization

A

examine how the chance of victimization is heavily influenced by a person’s lifestyle

47
Q

Lifestyle Theory of Victimization propositions

A

probability of personal victimization increases with time spent in public spaces

-likelihood of victimization depends upon demographic similarities to offenders

-likelihood of victimization varies depending upon the time spend amongst non-family members

48
Q

victim precipitation

A

coined by Martin Wolfgang

-refers to situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death

49
Q

Repeat Victimization/Hot Spots/Geography of Crime

A

Areas of criminology that focus upon the geographical distribution of crime

  • Typically find that crime is very concentrated - most crimes occur within specific areas and most victims have been victimized before

YEAR 4/4.5 (15 decks)

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