Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

What is an in-group?

Answer 1

Group people feel they belong

Answer 2

Group people feel they do not belong

Answer 3

People used as a standard for evaluating themselves Normative and comparison functions

Answer 4

Temporary or permanent group to accomplish a common goal

Answer 5

Groups for special purpose and designed for max efficiency

Answer 6

Rules and hierarchy ranking to achieve goals

Answer 7

1. Division of labor 2. Hierarchy of authority 3. Written rules and regulations 4. Impersonality 5. Employment based on technical qualifications

Answer 8

Specialized people perform specialized tasks Problems: * Alienation: estranged from others because doing a very specific task * Trained incapacity: so specialized they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

Answer 9

Long chain of command and authority Ex: Catholic church

Answer 10

Have certain clear rules to follow Leads to goal displacement - conformity to regulations of bureaucracy (Robert Merton) Problem: procedure vs efficiency

Answer 11

* Treat everyone the same * Does not treat people as individuals * Meant to produce equal treatment * Produces dissatisfaction with company

Answer 12

* Skills is what matters for employment * Written policies on how to get promoted * Removes favoritism and provides security * Peter Principle - every employee rises to their level of incompetence (creates dysfunction)

Answer 13

Behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group/society Violates a group's norms Deviant acts can change overtime * Groups with most power and status define what is acceptable

Answer 14

A label society uses to devalue members of a social group (Erving Goffman) 2 Symbols: * Prestige symbols - draw attention to positive aspects of identity * Stigma symbols - debase one's identity

Answer 15

Techniques or strategies for preventing deviant behavior in society Uses sanctions to enforce norms

Answer 16

Conformity - going along with peers Obedience - compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure Milgram's Experiment dealt with these topics

Answer 17

**Informal social control** * Carried out casually by ordinary people * Through smies, laughter, and ridicule **Formal social control** * Carried out by authorized agents * Police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers *Need both formal and informal social control to make a functional society*

Answer 18

Government social control

Answer 19

Connections to members of society leads us to conform to society's norms * Explains why people DON'T deviate * Created by Travis Hirschi Social bonds are the key * Ties to family, friends, spouse, and peers to create bonds * Stronger attachment to others = less deviance * Involvement in activities and commitment and belief to prosocial life Bonds give people a stake in conformity * People fear losing what they have by deviating

Answer 20

**Durkheim** - punishment by culture defines acceptable behavior and maintains stability **Anomie Theory of Deviance** - deviance occurs as adaptations to socially presribe **goals** or the **means** to achieve them * Developed by Robert Merton

Answer 21

1. Conformist * Socially acceptable goals * Socially acceptable means * Ex: every day people 2. Retreatist * Socially UNacceptable goals * Socially UNacceptable means * Ex: drug addicts 3. Innovator * Socially acceptable goals * Socially UNacceptable means * Ex: criminals 4. Ritualist * Socially UNacceptable goals * Socially acceptable means * Ex: bureaucrat 5. Rebel * Socially (un)acceptable goals * Socially (un)acceptable means * Ex: militia group

Answer 22

Argues that criminal behavior is learned from interactions with others * Learn techniques, motives, and rationalizations of crime

Answer 23

* The way in which people learn criminal behavior * Violations of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to deviance * Created by Edwin Sutherland * Youths become criminal by hanging out with deviant youths * Later become learning theory by Ronald Akers

Answer 24

Crime occurs due to a breakdown in communal relationships and social institutions * Developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay * Shaw and McKay mapped Chicago and found high crime in urban centers Lacked collective efficacy - bonds of communication and trust * Coined by Robert Sampson

Answer 25

Deviance occurs due to negative societal reactions to individuals * Process of actions-reactions (societal-reaction approach) * Based on work of Cooley and Mead Main thinkers: Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker, and William Chambliss Saints and Roughnecks - Chambliss

Answer 26

People with power protect their interests and define deviance to suit their needs * Developed by Richard Quinney Crime defined by rich * System of differential justice Theory explains why laws against victimless crimes exist

Answer 27

Suggests prior theories were developed to only explain deviance of men * Need to address how women have different experiences * Developed by Freda Alder and Meda Chesney-Lind

Answer 28

A violation of criminal law for which a government authority applies a formal penalty

Answer 29

Crime is wrong in very nature Immoral Ex: murder, rape, assault, etc.

Answer 30

Offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves Illegal Ex: marijuana use, gambling, etc.

Answer 31

**1. Felonies** * Serious crimes punishable by 1 year or more in prison * Go to state or federal prison **2. Misdemeanor** * Less serious offenses punishable by one year or less incarceration * Go to jail or probation **3. Infractions** * Minor violation of law punished by a citation and release * Pay a fine

Answer 32

I Celebrated cases II Serious felonies III Less serious felonies IV Misdemeanors

Answer 33

1. Visible crime * Violent crime * Property crime * Public order crime 2. Victimless crime 3. Professional crime 4. Organized crime 5. Hate crime 6. White-collar crime 7. Cybercrime

Answer 34

What public sees as criminal and majority of CJS resources used here (street/ordinary crime) 3 categories: * Violent crime - death or injury occurs to individuals * Property crime - acts that threaten property by individual or state * Public order crime - acts that threaten general well-being of society

Answer 35

Crimes that involve willing participants and exchange of illegal goods and services Violate moral code

Answer 36

Crimes committed as day-to-day work

Answer 37

Criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

Answer 38

Offenses committed because of bias against race, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation

Answer 39

Illegal acts committed during business activities "Crime in the suites"

Answer 40

Illegal activities conducted through use of computers

Answer 41

Official statistics - kept by criminal justice agencies like the FBI * Uniform Crime Report (UCR) * National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Surveys - ask individuals about past offending and victimization * Self-report * National Crime Victimization Survery (NCVS)

Answer 42

Violent: * Murder * Rape * Robbery * Aggravated Assault Property: * Burglary * Larceny-theft * Auto Theft * Arson

Answer 43

* Collected yearly by police * Has large coverage * Best measure of homicide

Answer 44

* Dark figure of crime - unreported crime to police * Hierarchy rule - only counts most serious crimes * Lose victimless crimes * Voluntarily submit

Answer 45

* More crimes covered * No hierarchy rule

Answer 46

Finding unreported victimization

Answer 47

* Understand the dark figure of crime * More info on victims than UCR * Info on cost of crime and CJS contact

Answer 48

* Lies and forgetfulness * Telescoping - traumatic events seem sooner than it may have been

Answer 49

The massive reduction in crime that was experienced from the early 1990s to 2020

Answer 50

A reason for the decline in crime - aging population (baby boomers aging out of crime)

Answer 51

Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society Breeds social inequality - members of society having differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power

Answer 52

**Slavery** - system of enforced servitude where people are owned **Castes** - hereditary rank that tends to be fixed and immobile **Class system** - social ranking based on economic position

Answer 53

1. Upper - passed down through generations 2. Upper-middle - doctors, lawyers, etc. 3. Lower-middle - teachers, nurses, small business owners 4. Working - blue-collar jobs 5. Low - disproportionately blacks and hispanics, single mothers, and people who can find stable work

Answer 54

Identified by Max Weber 1. Class - group of people with similar level of wealth and income 2. Status * Status groups - people who have the same prestige or lifestyle 3. Power - ability to exercise one's will over others

Answer 55

Created by Weber Opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life

Answer 56

Measures social class based on criteria of job, education, income, and place of residence

Answer 57

Prestige - respect and admiration that an occupation holds Esteem - reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation

Answer 58

A measure of social class based on income, education, occupation and many more

Answer 59

Purpose of strat: facilitates filing of social positions with appropriate skills Attitude towards inequality: necessary to some extent to motivate to fill important positions Analysis of wealthy: talented and skilled, creating opportunities for others

Answer 60

Purpose of strat: facilitates exploitation Attitude towards inequality: excessive and growing Analysis of wealthy: use the dominant ideology to further their own interests

Answer 61

Purpose of strat: influences people's lifestyles Attitude towards inequality: influences intergroup relations Analysis of wealthy: exhibits conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure

Answer 62

Live under poverty line

Answer 63

Floating standard of deprivation by which people are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with nation as a whole

Answer 64

Trend that women constitute an increasing proportion of poor people Contributed by increase in single mother households

Answer 65

The long-term poor who lack training and skills Coined by William Julius Wilson

Answer 66

Used functionalism to explain poverty Argued that society benefits from poverty Poverty's functions: * Presence of poor means dirty work is performed * Poverty creates jobs to serve the poor * Punishing poor upholds conventional social norms * The poor guarantees the higher status of the rich

Answer 67

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in society's stratification system to another

Answer 68

Open system * Position of each individual is influenced by his/her achieved status Closed system * There is little to no possibility of individual social mobility

Answer 69

Horizontal mobility * Movement of person from one social position to another in the same rank Vertical mobility * Movement of person from one social position to another of different rank

Answer 70

Intergenerational mobility * Changes in social position of children relative to parent Intragenerational mobility * Changes in social position within a person's adult life Occupational mobility * Relatively minor - generally only 1 or 2 levels higher than parents

Answer 71

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) * Total value of goods purchased and services provided in 1 year in a country 2. Standard of Living * Degree of wealth and comfort available to people 3. Level of Industrialization 4. Technological infrastructure * Amount of power, transportation, mobility, internet/cybersecurity

Answer 72

A system that provides opportunites and bars others Poorest of poor don't know of opportunities Inequality is determinate of behavior

Answer 73

The move from agricultural to industry

Answer 74

Colonialism Multinational corporations Modernization

Answer 75

Foreign powers maintain economic, political, social, and cultural dominance over a people for a long period of time

Answer 76

Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign country

Answer 77

Global economy is interdependent and rests on unequal economic and political relationships Conflict perspective Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein Core nations have exploitative relationship with noncore nations 3 types of nations: * Core * Semiperiphery * Periphery

Answer 78

Contends that industrialized/developed nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain Conflict perspective on a global scale

Answer 79

Worldwide integration of government policies, culture, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas World Bank and International Monetary Fund became big plays because of this

Answer 80

A commercial organization that is head-quartered in one country but does business throughout the world

Answer 81

Functionalist: Corporation = good * Bring jobs * Promote rapid development * Cheap products Conflict: Corporation = evil * Exploit workers to maximize profit * Promote moving factors out of US * Move to nations with repressive antilabor laws to restrict unions

Answer 82

Process of periphery nations moving from traditional less-developed institutions to those characteristics of developed societies

Answer 83

Proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations

Answer 84

Developed: * Intergenerational * Mobility opportunities shaped by structural factors - shaped by labor market * Immigration shapes intergenerational mobility Developing: * Substantial wage difference between urban and rural * Migration to urban areas where jobs are limited * Biggest mobility is out of poverty

Answer 85

* Women are exploited * From birth - fed less, denied education, and not hospitalized unless critically ill * Women often 1st laid off from work * Female infanticide - female babies are often killed in China and India because they are no as desirable as males

Exam 2 Flashcards

(109 cards)