Exam 2

Question 1

Alfred Wallace

Answer 1

all species have a common ancestor and changes occur due to differential fitness of different varieties present in a population

Question 2

August Weismann

Answer 2

all life on earth is made up of cells and all cells come from the division of other cells

Question 3

Lamarck

Answer 3

all species have a separate independent origin and evolution occurs due to the inheritance of traits acquired during an organism life

Question 4

Norman Borlaug

Answer 4

dramatic changes in the way we manage and grow staple crops allow us to greatly increase the carrying capacity of the earth for a human population.

Question 5

Which of the following was the earliest form of classification of life on earth?

Answer 5

weismann and his work in gem plasm theory

Question 6

Which of the following individuals published works had a direct influence on Darwins ideas regarding the mechanisms of evolutionary change?

Answer 6

Thomas Malthus

Question 7

“The Origin of Species” was published about 20 years after Darwin began writing it, what was the catalyzing event for its publication?

Answer 7

independent discovery of the principle of natural selection by another biologist

Question 8

Artificial selection is faster than natural selection because it uses mechanisms that are unavailable in natural wild environments

Answer 8

false

Question 8

Artificial selection is faster than natural selection because it uses mechanisms that are unavailable in natural wild environments

Answer 8

false

Question 9

Artificial selection is faster than natural selection because it uses mechanisms that are unavailable in natural wild environments

Answer 9

false

Question 10

The chances that you are genetically identical to a full sibling (not monozygotic twin but same parents) is more than 70 trillion to one. Which of the following is the least important factor in explaining this?

Answer 10

chromosomal remodeling prior to an increase in transcriptional activity

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of the degeneracy of the genetic code?

Answer 11

the codon CCC codes for the amino acid proline. so do the codons CCA, CCU, and CCG

Question 12

Why did the traits that Mendel was studying segregate into such predictable genotype frequencies?

Answer 12

They were found on different chromosomes and so random assortment resulted in outcomes that followed the simple laws of probability

Question 13

The lower a species mutation rate is the more successful it will be

Answer 13

false

Question 14

Insertion/Deletion

Answer 14

a point mutation of this type in the coding sequence of a gene impacts every downstream codon in that gene, and is thus a type of frameshift mutation

Question 15

Nonsense

Answer 15

a substitution changes a codon for Tyrosine (UAC) into a stop codon (UAA)

Question 16

Silent

Answer 16

a point mutation that has no impact on phenotype occurs in the non-coding region of a chicken genome

Question 17

Duplication

Answer 17

unequal crossing over results in a gamete that has extra copies of four genes on the end of a chromosome

Question 18

Having enlarged canine teeth is an adaptation

Answer 18

impossible to tell without further information. adaptations are determined by the environment, so what might be an adaptation in one area could be detrimental in another

Question 19

Are the octopus eye and the human eye homologous?

Answer 19

yes, at least at the genetic level as their development are both activated by the same conserved gene

Question 20

Although environmental conditions might have an impact on overall mutation rate they do not cause specific mutations that are adaptive for that particular enviornment

Answer 20

true

Question 21

if all other factors are equal a recessive, deleterious allele takes longer to be removed from a population than dominant deleterious allele

Answer 21

true

Question 22

According to the Miles and Wayne Paper most traits are

Answer 22

are controlled by many genes each with a small effect

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the nature of point mutations?

Answer 23

they are essentially random and thus occur at equal rates in both coding and noncoding DNA and across all positions in the codons of genes

Question 24

Evidence from long running selection experiments in E.coli bacteria suggests that two independent, but idnetical evolutionary experiments would

Answer 24

have significantly different outcomes due to the unpredictability of mutations

Question 25

How big is the human genome

Answer 25

3.2 billion base pairs

Question 26

How many possible reading frames are there for DNA

Answer 26

6

Question 27

A single gene that has an influence on two or more traits is said to be

Answer 27

pleiotropic

Question 28

A single trait that is influenced by many different genes is said to be

Answer 28

polygenic

Question 29

Traits influenced in the manner described in the question above most often exhibit

Answer 29

a continuous range of phenotypes

Question 30

In class we talked about how owl eyes are both in the front of their head, but many other birds have eyes located on the side of their heads. What is the best explanation for the location and spacing of owl eyes?

Answer 30

Owls need good depth perception, this occurs when both eyes can see an object at the same time. The location of an owl’s eyes gives them good 3D vision, but is also a physical constraint that limits their field of vision.

Question 31

Which of the following structures is a clear example of an exaptation?

Answer 31

the human skull composed of different bones that are not completely fused together at birth

Question 32

Which of the following would violate H-W equilibirum, causing a population to evolve

Answer 32

non-random mating immigration of individuals with a particular genotype

Question 33

The total of all deleterious alleles in a population reaches a balance that depends on what two forces?

Answer 33

mutation rate force of natural selection on mutations

Question 34

which of the following populations would suffer the most from inbreeding depression?

Answer 34

a population of captive bred lizards that originated from 8 captured individuals

Question 35

If you assume that natural selection is acting on the population in the question above what is the most likely type of natural selection to cause the observed genotype distribution?

Answer 35

underdominance

Question 36

Although sexually reproducing populations such as humans do not go through complete selective sweeps, genetic linkage combined with strong natural selection for one allele can result in

Answer 36

a haplotype block

Question 37

which of the following is the best example of positive frequency dependent selection

Answer 37

aposematic coloration in poison dart frongs

Question 38

In class, we discussed a beetle population with sneaker males that take advantage of the larger males and can be successful as long as there are not too many sneaker males. This is a clear example of _________.

Answer 38

negative frequency dependent selection

Question 39

Clonal interference

Answer 39

occurs when two different beneficial alleles are found in different strains of the same species of bacteria

Question 40

If I wanted to know the chromosomal position of a target gene of known sequence in a newly discovered species, which of the following would be the least effective approach?

Answer 40

QTL analysis

Question 41

Which of the following is essential for a QTL analysis ?

Answer 41

many known genetic markers spread across the genome

Question 42

Your phenotype is determined by both your genotype and your

Answer 42

environment