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BIO 211 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

All animals face same challenges

A

nourish themselves
exchange gases (O2,CO2)
void metabolic waste, move
body plan-product of evolution

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2
Q

all animal cells must be bathed in ___ solution

A

aqeuous; maintains plasma membrane and cell integrity

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3
Q

Structure often belies

A

function

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4
Q

4 main tissue types-MENC

A

muscle
Epithial
nervous
connective

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5
Q

Epitheal tissue-sheets of…

A

sheets of tightly packed cells, covers body, lines organs and cavities

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6
Q

Simple epitheal has how many cell layers?

A

1

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7
Q

Stratified epitheal has how many cell layers?

A

2

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8
Q

Epitheal Cell Shapes

A

cuboidal
columnar-lines intenstine: for secretion, absorbtion
squamous-often @exposed surface, rapid diffusion, leaky

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9
Q

Connective tissue

FABBLC

A 
fibrous
Adipose
Blood
Bone
Loose connective
cartilage
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10
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

collagenous, elastic fibers, holds organs in position

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11
Q

cartilage connective tissue

A

collagenous fibers in flexible acellular matrix, strong, flexible (nose, ears)

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12
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

nonelastic, tendons, ligaments

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13
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

specialized loose connective, fat droplets 1 per cell, food storage, pad, insulation

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14
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

mineralized connective tissue, hard not brittle. Osteen-inside is central canal-includes blood vessels, nerves

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15
Q

Blood connective tissue

A

liquid, rapid transport. red blood cells-platelets

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16
Q

Muscle Tissue

SSCN

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac
nervous

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17
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

Sarccomer, muscle, fiber

A

most abundant. sarccomer-contractile unit
voluntary body movement
muscle-bundle of long cells (fibers)
fiber-bundle of myofibrils

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

contractible-wall of heart, striated

intercolated disk-passes signals cell, syncronize heartbeat

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19
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

lacks striations, found in gut wall, urinary bladder, arteries, other internal organs, involuntary movements-stomach

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20
Q

Nervous muscle tissue

A 
Nerve cell (neurons) fundamental unit of nervous system 
-dendrites
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21
Q

Physiological variables-managed at close limits

A

T6
pH
Salt concentration in face of env. Fluctuation

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22
Q

2 strategies for managing the internal environment

A

Regulation

Conformation

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23
Q

Regulation

A

Internal control mechanisms used to regulate internal change in a factor

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24
Q

Conformation

A

Animal is a conformer for an env. variable if it’s internal condition conforms to changes in the env. factor

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25
Homeostasis
Steady state of a physiological factor: blood, pH, plasma (glucose)
26
Body temp within tolerable range
Thermoregulation
27
Biochemical and physiological processes in animals are temp sensitive
For every 10C decrease in body temp (Tb) enzyme mediated reactions decrease 2-3 fold
28
Endotherm-homeotherm
Maintains Tb about close limits-birds, mammals, most endotherms
29
Ectotherm-poikilotherm
About cold limits-amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates
30
4 specific modes of thermoregulation
1) adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env. 2) evaporative heat loss 3) behavioral thermoregulation 4) increase in metabolic heat production
31
adj rate of heat exchange b/t animal and env.
Plumage-(feathers) mobile, fluff to trap heat Pelage-(fur) less mobile Polar guard-endotherms only
32
Essential amino acids Animals need ___ to make proteins Humans need to ingest ___ >1 absent=_____
20 8 Protein deficiency
33
Essential amino acids from vegetarian diet
Corn and beans
34
Herbivores
``` Eat autotrophs (plants) Eg: deer, cattle, geese ```
35
Carnivores
Eat other animals | Eg:lion, flycatcher, spider
36
Omnivores
Eats anything | Eg: bear, raccoon, human
37
Suspension feeders
Many aquatic like clams, oysters (incurrent siphon)
38
Substrate feeders
Live in food, eat through it like insects ( leaf miners, carthworms)
39
Fluid feeders
Ticks, mosquitoes, leeches,aphids
40
Most animals bulk feeders
Take bites-shark | Swallow whole-snake
41
Flamingo is a _____ feeder
Filter
42
Lizards eat _____ only
Insects
43
4 stages of food processing
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination
44
Ingestion
Act of eating
45
Digestion
Breaking down large molecules into small ones. | Small molecules=monomers that are absorbable by body
46
Proteins--> Polysaccharides--> Nucleic acids--> Fat-->
Amino acids Monomers Nucleotides Glycerol+fatty acids
47
1st step of digestion
Chewing-many organisms | Birds-gizzard
48
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Addition of water to break down amino acid bonds
49
Absorption
Monomers move from digestive tract -->bloodstream
50
Elimination
Voiding of I digested material
51
Small intestine-first 25 cm=___ | Absorption____
Duedem (breakdown) | Jejunum, ilium
52
Mammalian digestive systems
``` Oral cavity Stomach Small int. Pancreas Large int. ```
53
Oral cavity-begins...
Begins physical and chemical digestion Amylase-glycoprotein Saliva-includes mucin Tongue-forms bolus, initiates swallowing
54
Trachea--> | Esophagus-->
Lungs | Stomach
55
Stomach
``` Stores food, initiates major digestion Lined by granular epithelium Churns 2-4x/min Breaks up plant/animal tissue Begins enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins ```
56
HCl+pepsinogen-->pepsin
Breaks up peptide bonds
57
Small int.
6 m long, surface area of tennis court Site of most enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption 80% of food goes for nutrients
58
Pancreas
Exocrine, digest-bicarbonate | Endocrine
59
Large int.
Cecum-pouch @LI-SI junction Appendix-finger like projection from cecum. Main function water absorption Ecoli-bacteria in LI
60
Invertebrates-gastrovascular cavity or ____
Open circulatory
61
Vertebrates-cardiovascular system
Heart-1 or 2 atria Pump: atrium -receive blood returning to heart, thin walled 1 or 2 ventricles pump blood away from heart Arteries-take blood away from heart Veins
62
Cardiac cycle
Pumps blood, when relaxed-fills w blood Contraction phase-systole Relaxation-diastole
63
Sinoatrial node
Self excitable, specialized muscle cells, pacemaker tissue
64
Atrioventricular rods
Relay center
65
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic (-) Parasympathetic (+) -SA node
66
endocrine control
adrenal gland-synthesizes and releases epinephrne (+) heart rate
67
structural differences-arteries and veins
arteries-thick walled, elasticity maintains presure when heart relaxes vein-have valves that allow blood to flow only toward heart
68
blood pressure
blood as a fluid, under pressure
69
blood pressure upon contraction/relaxation
systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
70
Healthy resting human heart rate
120mmHg/70mmHg
71
Blood returns to the heart via 3 mechanisms
1-smooth muscle peristasis 2-skeletal muscle contraction 3-change in pressure in thoracic cavity assoc. w/ breathing
72
Gas exchange-occurs in respiratory medium
air or water
73
gas exchange occurs over respiratory surface of
gill, lung, trachea | in unicelullar and small organisms-skin
74
Air is __% O2, Water is <1%
21
75
gill as respiratory structures
aquatic organisms, ventilate RM over RS
76
Osmoregulation-water balance and waste disposal
management of body water + solute connected process-waste disposal -esp nitrogenous wastes
77
Ammonia Urea Uric Acid toxic to less toxic
Ammonia-->urea-->uric acid
78
Osmoconformer
body solute=surrounding medium | marine hagfish, invertabrates
79
Osmoregulator
body solute diff. from surrounding medium | live in hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic env.
80
Osmolarity indicates ___ in solution
solute concentration
81
Only arthopods and vertebrates have colonized __
land
82
Adaptations for minimizing water loss on land
waxy insect exoskeleton snail shells nocturnal behavior
83
Vertebrate kidney
complex organ that produces urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids
84
1100-2000L of blood pass through kidneys each day.
almost all sugars, vitamins, other nutrients reabsorbed. 1.5L urine each day
85
Pancreas (dual organ) not under control of
hypothalamus/pituitary. 1-2% cells by weight are endocrine (secrete hormones), remainder are exocrine.
86
islets of Langerians-(endocrine cells)
contain alpha cell-synth/secrete glucagon | beta cells-synt/release insulin
87
diabetes mellitos-glucose homeostasis inbalanced
2 causes-type I-inadequate insulin production type II-loss of insulin response by target tissues either way-high blood sugar
88
Childhood onset-type I diabetes
autoimmune disorder-immune system attacks beta cells-inadequate insulin production
89
Adult onset Type II diabetes
loss of receptor sensitivity in cell membrane of target cells. risk factor-inactivity (obesity)
90
Gonadal Sex hormones
effect growth/development (gender specific) regulate reproductive cycles, sexual behavior Testes, ovaries
91
Gonads synt/secrete 3 types of steroids
androgens estrogens progestins
92
Testes main androgen
testosterone-1st role-determine sex | 2nd-@puberty, conc. increased, develop secondary sex characteristics
93
Ovaries-main estrogen
Estradiol
94
Ovary-main progestin
Progesterone
95
Modes of asexual reproduction
Fission Gemmules Fragmentation
96
Asexual - fission
Separation of 1 individual into 2 complete offspring (equal size). May separate or remain attached. Eg: corals
97
Gemmules
Sponges-responsible for asexual reproduction
98
Asexual-Fragmentation-
adult breaks into pieces, all pieces become complete organisms. Eg: annelids
99
Modes of sexual reproduction
Internal External-eggs shed into env.

BIO 211 (3 decks)

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