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BIO 211 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal Development/Fertilization

A

Diploid zygote which is formed by haploid sperm and egg

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2
Q

Sperm-egg contact activates metablic reaction that _______ embryonic development

A

triggers

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3
Q

Fertilization in sea urchin includes the ____ reaction

A

acrosomal

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4
Q

Acrosome at tip of sperm discharges _____, allowing for elongation through jelly coat

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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5
Q

lock and key recognition ensures

A

fertilization by right species

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6
Q

Na+ ions flow into egg as result of fusion opening channels, the resulting ______ of egg prevents other sperm from fusing with egg, acting as a _____________

A

depolarization, fast block to polyspermy

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7
Q

Rise in Ca2+ ions stimulates cortical granules to release contents between pm and viteline layer, forming a _____, which is the ______

A

fertilization envelope, slow block to polyspermy

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8
Q

Fertilization in terrestrial animals:sperms migrate to the ______, the extracellular matrix of the egg

A

zona pellucida, slow block

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9
Q

Fertilization in terrestrial animals: sperms pass through ______ rather than jelly coat

A

folical cells

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10
Q

There is/is not fast block to polyspermy in humans

A

is not

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11
Q

Cell division that creates a blastula

A

cleavage

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12
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells w/ fluid filled cavity (blastocoel)

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13
Q

egg+zygote of many animals develop ______

A

polarity, defined by distr. of yolk (stored nutrients)

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14
Q

Yolk is more concentrated toward the ____ pole, rather than the ____ pole

A

vegetal, animal

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15
Q

Based on upper entry point of sperm, shift in animal pole occurs, this is called _____

A

cortical rotation

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16
Q

complete cleavage of eggs with small or moderate amounts of yolk is said to be

A

holoblastic

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17
Q

The large amount of yolk in the eggs of birds, reptiles, fishes, insects is a type of incomplete cleavage called

A

meroblastic

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18
Q

Cleavage planes are usually along ______

A

animal-vegetal poles

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19
Q

rearranges blastula cells into 3 layered embryo

A

Gastrulation

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20
Q

______: the development of body shape, occurs through gastrulation and organogenesis

A

morphogenesis

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21
Q

invagination of cells at vegetal poles forms the

A

archenteron

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22
Q

the archenteron later becomes the

A

digestive tube

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23
Q

the opening to the archenteron, the _____, later becomes the anus

A

blastopore

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24
Q

3 layers

A

ectoderm-outer layer
endoderm-lines digestive tract
mesoderm-party fills space b/t

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25
organogenesis
germal layers develop into rudimentary organs
26
Notochord in frogs later replaced by
vertebral column
27
the neural plate curves inward, forming the neural tube, which later becomes the
central nerv system (brain+spinal cord)
28
Neural crest cells move to other areas and form
nerves, teeth, skull, bones
29
key elements of the dev process: cells change shape
reorganization of the cytoskeleton:pinching off of neural plate forms the neural tube
30
ECM
guides cells into positions
31
unequal division of cytoplasmic controls
Cytoplasm determination
32
mesenchyme cells from the _____ give rise to the vertebral column and ribs
somites
33
the slow block to polyspermy is a result of the of the formation of the
fertilization envelope
34
In a frog embryo, gastrulation proceeds by involution as cells roll over the
dorsal lip of the blastopore
35
primitive streak of mammals = ____ of frogs
dorsal lip
36
human embryo most closely resemble sea urchins because
neither has eggs with a large store of yolk and both have holoblastic cleavage
37
sensor-->sensory input-->integration-->motor output-->effector these are the
stages of information processing
38
sensory input detects
stimuli
39
PNS consists of neurons (bundles into nerves) which transmit info to and from the
CNS
40
integration:CNS includes
brain and nerve cord
41
motor output: carry info to
motor neurons, trigger muscle or gland activity
42
neurons/dendrites
highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons
43
neurons/axons
long extentions that transmit signals to other cell synapsis
44
synapse
Junction b/t axon and another cell, Neurotransmitter (NT) passes info across synapse
45
membrane potential
voltage difference across plasma membrane
46
At equil K+ is __ inside cell, Na+ cell ____ outside cell because Na-K pump
high, high
47
the inside of the cell is more ___ compared with the outside
negative
48
at resting potential most of the voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are
closed
49
Action potential only travel one direction toward
synaptic terminal
50
Speed of AP increases with:
myelin sheath
51
Ap occurs at
nodes
52
AP opens Ca2+ chanell causing vesicles to
bind w/ axon membrane and release NT
53
Types of NT: acetylcholine
shortage assoc w/ alzheimers
54
Types of NT: biogenic amines
norepeprehine, dopamine, seratonin. Antidepressants prevent breakdown of these. Ecstacy increases all 3 above.
55
LSD alters action of
seratonin
56
neuropeptides (short chains of amino acids)
endorphines effect pain and perception and influence emotion.
57
Types of NT:amino acids
glutamate:long term memory function
58
organization of nervous system examples
unspecialized-no brain or ganglia hydra-nerve net sea star-nerve ring Specialized-CNS:brain, ganglia
59
Role of sodim-potassium pump in establishing cells membrane potential
maintains steep gradients of higher K+ inside cell and higher Na+ outside
60
After the rapid depolarizatio of an action potential, the fall in membrane potential occurs due to the
opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the closing of Sodium inactivation gates
61
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps where Schwann cells abut and AP are generated
62
movement of AP in one direction along neuron is due to
refractory period, when sodium inactivation gates are still closed
63
signal transmission is faster in myelinated axons because
AP can jump from node to node along the insulating myelin sheath
64
main effect of NT GABA
increase pain
65
Brain:gray matter
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
66
Brain: white matter
bundles of myelinated axons
67
Spinal cord conveys info from
brain to PNS
68
Spinal cord produces _____ (ind of brain)
reflexes (auto response to stimuli)
69
cerebrospinal fluid provides
internal cushion for central canal and ventricles
70
PNS-afferent sensory neurons
hear, taste, touch
71
PNS-efferent do something
motor system:voluntary, autonomic-involuntary
72
PNS-efferent-autonomic
sympathetic-fight or flight parasympathetic-return to rest (rest and digest) these are antagonistic controls
73
enteric system
digestion
74
Brain:Brain stem | Mpm
mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata
75
brain:diencephalon
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
76
brain:cerebellum
coordinating movement, perceptual and cognitive functions
77
brain:cerebrum
largest and most complex part of brain, memory, attention, language
78
Brain:corpus callosum
communication b/t r and l cerebral corticles
79
Brain: L hemisphere
language, math, logic
80
Brain: R hemisphere
pattern recog, nonverbal thinking, emotional processing
81
Cerebral Cortex:outer portion of brain
4 lobes:frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
82
Neuron structure and synaptic connections are established
during embryonic development
83
snyaptic connections increase w
high activity
84
mechanoreceptors
sense physcial deformation: pressure, stretch, motion, sound
85
Parts in ear MIS
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
86
Transmit sound pressure waves to small bones MIS, which conduct waves to inner ear by
membrane called oval window
87
Most invertabrates use ____ for equil
statocysts
88
Electromagnetic receptors detect
light, electricity, magnetic
89
Eyes: rods and cones
rods: light intensity cones: color
90
Light alters retinal from cis to ___ isomer, change in shape opens Na+ channels
trans
91
amacrine and ganglian cells integrate signals from bipolar and horiz cells and send signal to
visual cortex
92
chemoreceptor
sense solute concentration: smell, taste
93
smell: odorants bind w chemoreceptor on membranes of
olfactory cilia
94
Taste sweet, sour,...
bitter, salty, umami
95
taste and smell are ind systems that interact
75% taste is from oderants traveling from mouth to nasal cavity
96
Thermoreceptors
responses to heat and cold
97
sensory perception is
the interpretation of a stimulus according to the region of the brain that receives the nerve impulse
98
electromagnetic receptors are/are not present in human skin?
are not
99
function of the 3 bones in the middle ear is to
transmit pressure waves to the oval window
100
fish can perceive pressure waves with
lateral line system containing mechanoreceptor units
101
lat line of fish, statocysts, and cochlea in your ear all use ___ as mechanoreceptors
hair cells
102
when you make a muscle you are
contracting a flexor
103
inductive reasoning
conclusions based on individual cases
104
strong induction
what everyone's seen (all crows black)
105
weak induction
what you've seen
106
deductive reasoning
if, then logic. general premise to make specific prediction
107
steps of scientific method have multiple starting points or
circular feedback
108
hypothesis:proposed answer to well framed question
testable, falsifiable
109
Theory is
broader in scope than hyp, general and can lead to new hyp, supported by large body of evidence
110
Darwins observations
organisms are not static, wel matched to env, vary traits, offspring inherit traits
111
Evolve by Natural Selection
ind w favorable traits survive and reproduce more often
112
pop is the smallest group that can
evolve over time
113
homology
similarity in characteristic traits from ancestry: Forelimb of cat, human, bat, whale
114
Leaf modifications
Pitcher (collect water) Trap (venus fly) coloration herbivore protection (spines-cactus)
115
speciation is the process where
1 splits into 2
116
microevolution
change in allele freq of pop
117
macroevolution
broad patter over time, adaptive change
118
bio species concept
pop w/ genetic exchange and genetically isolated. based on interfertility not physical similarity, based only on gene flow
119
morphological species concept
body shape, size, structure-relies on subjective criteria
120
ecological species concept
species defined by ecological niche: eg-resource use in bio community-dessication tolerance for similar looking frogs
121
phylogenetic species concept
smallest group that share a common ancestor and forms one branch on the tree of life
122
allopatric speciation
geographic barriers restricting gene flow
123
geog process splits pop by way of
mountains, glaciers, land bridges, grand canyon
124
geog barriers lead to speciation due to
diff mutations, genetic drift
125
polyploidy
duplication of chromosomes
126
chromosomal rearrangement
blocks of genes copied together
127
genetic drift
chance events that alter allele freq

BIO 211 (3 decks)

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