Exam 3

Question 1

Animal Development/Fertilization

Answer 1

Diploid zygote which is formed by haploid sperm and egg

Question 2

Sperm-egg contact activates metablic reaction that _______ embryonic development

Answer 2

triggers

Question 3

Fertilization in sea urchin includes the ____ reaction

Answer 3

acrosomal

Question 4

Acrosome at tip of sperm discharges _____, allowing for elongation through jelly coat

Answer 4

hydrolytic enzymes

Question 5

lock and key recognition ensures

Answer 5

fertilization by right species

Question 6

Na+ ions flow into egg as result of fusion opening channels, the resulting ______ of egg prevents other sperm from fusing with egg, acting as a _____________

Answer 6

depolarization, fast block to polyspermy

Question 7

Rise in Ca2+ ions stimulates cortical granules to release contents between pm and viteline layer, forming a _____, which is the ______

Answer 7

fertilization envelope, slow block to polyspermy

Question 8

Fertilization in terrestrial animals:sperms migrate to the ______, the extracellular matrix of the egg

Answer 8

zona pellucida, slow block

Question 9

Fertilization in terrestrial animals: sperms pass through ______ rather than jelly coat

Answer 9

folical cells

Question 10

There is/is not fast block to polyspermy in humans

Answer 10

is not

Question 11

Cell division that creates a blastula

Answer 11

cleavage

Question 12

blastula

Answer 12

hollow ball of cells w/ fluid filled cavity (blastocoel)

Question 13

egg+zygote of many animals develop ______

Answer 13

polarity, defined by distr. of yolk (stored nutrients)

Question 14

Yolk is more concentrated toward the ____ pole, rather than the ____ pole

Answer 14

vegetal, animal

Question 15

Based on upper entry point of sperm, shift in animal pole occurs, this is called _____

Answer 15

cortical rotation

Question 16

complete cleavage of eggs with small or moderate amounts of yolk is said to be

Answer 16

holoblastic

Question 17

The large amount of yolk in the eggs of birds, reptiles, fishes, insects is a type of incomplete cleavage called

Answer 17

meroblastic

Question 18

Cleavage planes are usually along ______

Answer 18

animal-vegetal poles

Question 19

rearranges blastula cells into 3 layered embryo

Answer 19

Gastrulation

Question 20

______: the development of body shape, occurs through gastrulation and organogenesis

Answer 20

morphogenesis

Question 21

invagination of cells at vegetal poles forms the

Answer 21

archenteron

Question 22

the archenteron later becomes the

Answer 22

digestive tube

Question 23

the opening to the archenteron, the _____, later becomes the anus

Answer 23

blastopore

Question 24

3 layers

Answer 24

ectoderm-outer layer
endoderm-lines digestive tract
mesoderm-party fills space b/t

Question 25

organogenesis

Answer 25

germal layers develop into rudimentary organs

Question 26

Notochord in frogs later replaced by

Answer 26

vertebral column

Question 27

the neural plate curves inward, forming the neural tube, which later becomes the

Answer 27

central nerv system (brain+spinal cord)

Question 28

Neural crest cells move to other areas and form

Answer 28

nerves, teeth, skull, bones

Question 29

key elements of the dev process: cells change shape

Answer 29

reorganization of the cytoskeleton:pinching off of neural plate forms the neural tube

Question 30

ECM

Answer 30

guides cells into positions

Question 31

unequal division of cytoplasmic controls

Answer 31

Cytoplasm determination

Question 32

mesenchyme cells from the _____ give rise to the vertebral column and ribs

Answer 32

somites

Question 33

the slow block to polyspermy is a result of the of the formation of the

Answer 33

fertilization envelope

Question 34

In a frog embryo, gastrulation proceeds by involution as cells roll over the

Answer 34

dorsal lip of the blastopore

Question 35

primitive streak of mammals = ____ of frogs

Answer 35

dorsal lip

Question 36

human embryo most closely resemble sea urchins because

Answer 36

neither has eggs with a large store of yolk and both have holoblastic cleavage

Question 37

sensor-->sensory input-->integration-->motor output-->effector these are the

Answer 37

stages of information processing

Question 38

sensory input detects

Answer 38

stimuli

Question 39

PNS consists of neurons (bundles into nerves) which transmit info to and from the

Answer 39

CNS

Question 40

integration:CNS includes

Answer 40

brain and nerve cord

Question 41

motor output: carry info to

Answer 41

motor neurons, trigger muscle or gland activity

Question 42

neurons/dendrites

Answer 42

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

Question 43

neurons/axons

Answer 43

long extentions that transmit signals to other cell synapsis

Question 44

synapse

Answer 44

Junction b/t axon and another cell, Neurotransmitter (NT) passes info across synapse

Question 45

membrane potential

Answer 45

voltage difference across plasma membrane

Question 46

At equil K+ is __ inside cell, Na+ cell ____ outside cell because Na-K pump

Answer 46

high, high

Question 47

the inside of the cell is more ___ compared with the outside

Answer 47

negative

Question 48

at resting potential most of the voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are

Answer 48

closed

Question 49

Action potential only travel one direction toward

Answer 49

synaptic terminal

Question 50

Speed of AP increases with:

Answer 50

myelin sheath

Question 51

Ap occurs at

Answer 51

nodes

Question 52

AP opens Ca2+ chanell causing vesicles to

Answer 52

bind w/ axon membrane and release NT

Question 53

Types of NT: acetylcholine

Answer 53

shortage assoc w/ alzheimers

Question 54

Types of NT: biogenic amines

Answer 54

norepeprehine, dopamine, seratonin. Antidepressants prevent breakdown of these. Ecstacy increases all 3 above.

Question 55

LSD alters action of

Answer 55

seratonin

Question 56

neuropeptides (short chains of amino acids)

Answer 56

endorphines effect pain and perception and influence emotion.

Question 57

Types of NT:amino acids

Answer 57

glutamate:long term memory function

Question 58

organization of nervous system examples

Answer 58

unspecialized-no brain or ganglia hydra-nerve net sea star-nerve ring Specialized-CNS:brain, ganglia

Question 59

Role of sodim-potassium pump in establishing cells membrane potential

Answer 59

maintains steep gradients of higher K+ inside cell and higher Na+ outside

Question 60

After the rapid depolarizatio of an action potential, the fall in membrane potential occurs due to the

Answer 60

opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the closing of Sodium inactivation gates

Question 61

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 61

gaps where Schwann cells abut and AP are generated

Question 62

movement of AP in one direction along neuron is due to

Answer 62

refractory period, when sodium inactivation gates are still closed

Question 63

signal transmission is faster in myelinated axons because

Answer 63

AP can jump from node to node along the insulating myelin sheath

Question 64

main effect of NT GABA

Answer 64

increase pain

Question 65

Brain:gray matter

Answer 65

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

Question 66

Brain: white matter

Answer 66

bundles of myelinated axons

Question 67

Spinal cord conveys info from

Answer 67

brain to PNS

Question 68

Spinal cord produces _____ (ind of brain)

Answer 68

reflexes (auto response to stimuli)

Question 69

cerebrospinal fluid provides

Answer 69

internal cushion for central canal and ventricles

Question 70

PNS-afferent sensory neurons

Answer 70

hear, taste, touch

Question 71

PNS-efferent do something

Answer 71

motor system:voluntary, autonomic-involuntary

Question 72

PNS-efferent-autonomic

Answer 72

sympathetic-fight or flight parasympathetic-return to rest (rest and digest) these are antagonistic controls

Question 73

enteric system

Answer 73

digestion

Question 74

Brain:Brain stem | Mpm

Answer 74

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 75

brain:diencephalon

Answer 75

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 76

brain:cerebellum

Answer 76

coordinating movement, perceptual and cognitive functions

Question 77

brain:cerebrum

Answer 77

largest and most complex part of brain, memory, attention, language

Question 78

Brain:corpus callosum

Answer 78

communication b/t r and l cerebral corticles

Question 79

Brain: L hemisphere

Answer 79

language, math, logic

Question 80

Brain: R hemisphere

Answer 80

pattern recog, nonverbal thinking, emotional processing

Question 81

Cerebral Cortex:outer portion of brain

Answer 81

4 lobes:frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

Question 82

Neuron structure and synaptic connections are established

Answer 82

during embryonic development

Question 83

snyaptic connections increase w

Answer 83

high activity

Question 84

mechanoreceptors

Answer 84

sense physcial deformation: pressure, stretch, motion, sound

Question 85

Parts in ear MIS

Answer 85

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Question 86

Transmit sound pressure waves to small bones MIS, which conduct waves to inner ear by

Answer 86

membrane called oval window

Question 87

Most invertabrates use ____ for equil

Answer 87

statocysts

Question 88

Electromagnetic receptors detect

Answer 88

light, electricity, magnetic

Question 89

Eyes: rods and cones

Answer 89

rods: light intensity cones: color

Question 90

Light alters retinal from cis to ___ isomer, change in shape opens Na+ channels

Answer 90

trans

Question 91

amacrine and ganglian cells integrate signals from bipolar and horiz cells and send signal to

Answer 91

visual cortex

Question 92

chemoreceptor

Answer 92

sense solute concentration: smell, taste

Question 93

smell: odorants bind w chemoreceptor on membranes of

Answer 93

olfactory cilia

Question 94

Taste sweet, sour,...

Answer 94

bitter, salty, umami

Question 95

taste and smell are ind systems that interact

Answer 95

75% taste is from oderants traveling from mouth to nasal cavity

Question 96

Thermoreceptors

Answer 96

responses to heat and cold

Question 97

sensory perception is

Answer 97

the interpretation of a stimulus according to the region of the brain that receives the nerve impulse

Question 98

electromagnetic receptors are/are not present in human skin?

Answer 98

are not

Question 99

function of the 3 bones in the middle ear is to

Answer 99

transmit pressure waves to the oval window

Question 100

fish can perceive pressure waves with

Answer 100

lateral line system containing mechanoreceptor units

Question 101

lat line of fish, statocysts, and cochlea in your ear all use ___ as mechanoreceptors

Answer 101

hair cells

Question 102

when you make a muscle you are

Answer 102

contracting a flexor

Question 103

inductive reasoning

Answer 103

conclusions based on individual cases

Question 104

strong induction

Answer 104

what everyone's seen (all crows black)

Question 105

weak induction

Answer 105

what you've seen

Question 106

deductive reasoning

Answer 106

if, then logic. general premise to make specific prediction

Question 107

steps of scientific method have multiple starting points or

Answer 107

circular feedback

Question 108

hypothesis:proposed answer to well framed question

Answer 108

testable, falsifiable

Question 109

Theory is

Answer 109

broader in scope than hyp, general and can lead to new hyp, supported by large body of evidence

Question 110

Darwins observations

Answer 110

organisms are not static, wel matched to env, vary traits, offspring inherit traits

Question 111

Evolve by Natural Selection

Answer 111

ind w favorable traits survive and reproduce more often

Question 112

pop is the smallest group that can

Answer 112

evolve over time

Question 113

homology

Answer 113

similarity in characteristic traits from ancestry: Forelimb of cat, human, bat, whale

Question 114

Leaf modifications

Answer 114

Pitcher (collect water) Trap (venus fly) coloration herbivore protection (spines-cactus)

Question 115

speciation is the process where

Answer 115

1 splits into 2

Question 116

microevolution

Answer 116

change in allele freq of pop

Question 117

macroevolution

Answer 117

broad patter over time, adaptive change

Question 118

bio species concept

Answer 118

pop w/ genetic exchange and genetically isolated. based on interfertility not physical similarity, based only on gene flow

Question 119

morphological species concept

Answer 119

body shape, size, structure-relies on subjective criteria

Question 120

ecological species concept

Answer 120

species defined by ecological niche: eg-resource use in bio community-dessication tolerance for similar looking frogs

Question 121

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 121

smallest group that share a common ancestor and forms one branch on the tree of life

Question 122

allopatric speciation

Answer 122

geographic barriers restricting gene flow

Question 123

geog process splits pop by way of

Answer 123

mountains, glaciers, land bridges, grand canyon

Question 124

geog barriers lead to speciation due to

Answer 124

diff mutations, genetic drift

Question 125

polyploidy

Answer 125

duplication of chromosomes

Question 126

chromosomal rearrangement

Answer 126

blocks of genes copied together

Question 127

genetic drift

Answer 127

chance events that alter allele freq