Final

Question 1

Overlapping populations where gene flow is reduced by chromosomal changes and non-random mating

Answer 1

Sympiatric Speciation

Question 2

Mutations can only mate with self or other polyploids

Answer 2

polyploidy (ex grey tree frog)

Question 3

Plant polyploidy is common

Answer 3

80% species, goats beard

Question 4

Individuals use resources that are not used by parents

Answer 4

habit differentiation (maggot fly apple tree instead of hawthorn)

Question 5

Cichlids choose mates based on colors, this is example of

Answer 5

sexual selection

Question 6

Biological barrier that prevents individuals of 2 species from producing viable offspring

Answer 6

reproductive isolation-prevents mixing of gene pool, keeps species distinct

Question 7

Prezygote, post zygote are examples of

Answer 7

reproductive barriers

Question 8

prezygote barriers block

Answer 8

fertilization b/t species

Question 9

habitat isolation, behavorial, temporal, gametic, and mechanical are all examples of

Answer 9

prezygote barriers

Question 10

zygote cannot develop into fertile, reproductive adult

Answer 10

post zygote barriers

Question 11

Post zygote barriers lead to reduced hybrid viability,

Answer 11

reduced hybrid fertility (mules), hybrid breakdowns-first generation fertile, but not next (rice)

Question 12

change in activity in response to stimulus

Answer 12

kinesis

Question 13

movement toward or away from stimulus

Answer 13

taxis

Question 14

long distance change in location

Answer 14

migration

Question 15

Communications:fruit fly mating

Answer 15

visual, chemical, tactile, auditory

Question 16

honey bees dance

Answer 16

indicates direction and distance to food source

Question 17

pheremones:chemical signals example

Answer 17

moths can attract mate from several km away

Question 18

example of imprinting

Answer 18

geese

Question 19

spatial learning:wasps

Answer 19

memory based on spatial structure of environment

Question 20

associate learning: skunks and

Answer 20

monarchs

Question 21

minimize cost (energy/survival), maximize benefit (food/mates)

Answer 21

optimal foraging

Question 22

Near equator, temp 25-29c yr around, constant high rainfall, highest plant animal diversity

Answer 22

tropical forests

Question 23

near 30 degrees N/S latitude, low precip, temp varies seasonally and variably

Answer 23

deserts

Question 24

equatorial, precip is seasonal, warm yr round, vegetation is grassland, fire maintains, large herbivourous

Answer 24

savanna

Question 25

precip 30-50 cm/yr, shrubs and small trees, plants and animals adapted to fire and drought

Answer 25

chaparral

Question 26

droughty periods, occasional fires, deep fertile soils, large grazers and burrowing animals, most converted to farmland

Answer 26

cheyenne temperate grasslands

Question 27

cold winters, hot summers, precip > 50 cm/yr, distinct vertical layers, broad leaf trees

Answer 27

temperate broadleaf forests

Question 28

long cold winters and short wet summers

Answer 28

coniferous forest

Question 29

mostly herbaceous veg, mountain tops, permafrost

Answer 29

tundra

Question 30

_____ dictates biome type

Answer 30

climate

Question 31

more heat/light per unit area reaches tropics than

Answer 31

high latitudes

Question 32

temp and precip patterns due to

Answer 32

global air circulation

Question 33

rain shadow occurs on

Answer 33

leeward side of mountains

Question 34

______ ____ explains the distribution and abundance of organisms

Answer 34

pop ecology

Question 35

pop ecol

Answer 35

study of pop in relation to envir

Question 36

group on indiv of 1 species living in same area and interacting (sharing resources/mating)

Answer 36

pop.

Question 37

of indiv per unit area/volume

Answer 37

pop density

Question 38

Dispersion patterns of space among indiv: CUR

Answer 38

Clumped Uniform Random

Question 39

Even or ____ distribution infers territorial behavior

Answer 39

uniform

Question 40

Unpredictable events with many processes leads to ____ dispersion

Answer 40

random

Question 41

Patch resources, behavior, and seed dispersals lead to _____ dispersion

Answer 41

clumped

Question 42

Pop density dependent on forces that ______

Answer 42

add or subtract

Question 43

_____ and _____ add individuals to the pop, while _____ and _____ remove indiv from the pop

Answer 43

births and immigr, deaths and emigr

Question 44

The _____ method is used to measure dynamic process to sample pop size

Answer 44

mark-recapture

Question 45

pop est=initial trappedxsecond recap/?

Answer 45

recaptured

Question 46

3 types of survivorship curves

Answer 46

type 1: low death early, increases for older type 2: fairly constant type 3: high early, slows

Question 47

Life table:

Answer 47

specific summary of survival

Question 48

In Ginseng, reproduction _____ with age

Answer 48

increases

Question 49

Agave grows for many years and reproduces...

Answer 49

once in wet year, favored in unpredictable envir

Question 50

seed size vs seed number example

Answer 50

dandelion vs coconut

Question 51

trade off b/t # of offspring and provisioning example

Answer 51

kestrels: the larger the brood size the lower the % of parent survival

Question 52

logistic growth builds on exponential growth model by adding

Answer 52

carrying capacity

Question 53

pop size that resources can support

Answer 53

carrying capacity

Question 54

logistic growth yields an __ shaped curve

Answer 54

s

Question 55

____ factors stop a pop from growing indefinitely

Answer 55

environmental: competition for resources, pathogens, predation

Question 56

Wolves and Moose on isle royal and lynx and hare are examples of

Answer 56

ups and down in pop of predators and prey

Question 57

groups of pop linked by immigr and emigr

Answer 57

metropop.

Question 58

an assemblage of species that potentially interact

Answer 58

community

Question 59

combination of species richness and abundance

Answer 59

diversity

Question 60

species richness

Answer 60

of species

Question 61

species abundance

Answer 61

of or biomass of each species

Question 62

diversity changes w/ ____ conditions

Answer 62

environmental

Question 63

species interactions influence species ____&___

Answer 63

abundance and richness

Question 64

2 species competing for same limiting resources cannot coexist, this is known as

Answer 64

competitive exclusion

Question 65

species may exist if they use diff resources or ____ a single resource

Answer 65

partition, niche as with lizards in different areas

Question 66

range of resources that species can use w/o competitors present

Answer 66

fundamental niche

Question 67

range of resources use w/ competitors present

Answer 67

realized niche (barnacles)

Question 68

impacts of competition: ___ diversity

Answer 68

reduce

Question 69

herbivory can ___ abund of plant species

Answer 69

reduce

Question 70

predation can reduce abund of animal pop, prey have adaptations to reduce predation such as:

Answer 70

flee, camoflouge, defense, mimicry

Question 71

2 species living in direct contant

Answer 71

symbiosis

Question 72

1 organism derives nourishment from the other

Answer 72

parasitism: ecto live outside (lice, ticks), endo live inside (tapeworms, protozoans)

Question 73

mutualism: both species benefit example

Answer 73

ant/acacia

Question 74

mycorrhizae fungus has mutualism with plant by:

Answer 74

ingesting carbon, increasing plants soil nutrients

Question 75

1 species benefits and other not effected

Answer 75

commensalism: water buffalo and egret

Question 76

Food chain

Answer 76

Quaternary (carnivore)-->Tertiary (carnivore)-->secondary cons (carnivore)-->primary cons (herbivore)-->primary producers (plant/plankton)

Question 77

The most abundant or highest biomass species is considered the

Answer 77

dominant species

Question 78

The species that exerts strong control on commun by ecological role

Answer 78

keystone

Question 79

species that cause physical changes in environment that effect commun structure

Answer 79

ecosystem engineers (beavers)

Question 80

____ have positive effect on survival and reproduction of other species

Answer 80

facilitators (juncus plant)

Question 81

community change over time is product of __&___

Answer 81

disturbance and succession

Question 82

changes in abiotic and biotic conditions induced by the vegetation

Answer 82

succession

Question 83

no soil exists when succession begins

Answer 83

primary: glacier bay

Question 84

____ succession begins where soil is present

Answer 84

secondary

Question 85

A disturbance that moves organisms from a community, fire, wind, pests are examples of

Answer 85

secondary succession

Question 86

Diversity ___ with distance from source pop

Answer 86

increases

Question 87

diversity patterns ___ with area

Answer 87

increase

Question 88

s^ is balance b/t immigr and ___ rates

Answer 88

extinction

Question 89

near islands had ___ extinction rates and ____ immigr rates

Answer 89

reduced, higher

Question 90

Larger islands have ___ colonization

Answer 90

higher

Question 91

ecosystem is all organisms in a community including:

Answer 91

all abiotic factors (water, substrate, nutrients)

Question 92

_____ derive their energy from nonliving matter

Answer 92

detritoveras: prokaryotes and fungi

Question 93

energy conversions are ___ efficient

Answer 93

not

Question 94

higher carrying capacity if

Answer 94

autotrophic

Question 95

heavy metals are biologically magnified

Answer 95

pcb 500x greater in herring gull eggs

Question 96

Van Hemholdt experiment, one of 1st science exp.

Answer 96

willow gained mass while soil stayed the same, comes from air

Question 97

fossil fuels, soils, solutes, biomass of plants/animals. atmosphere are all

Answer 97

carbon reservoirs

Question 98

Component of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids

Answer 98

Nitrogen

Question 99

main reservoir of N is in atmosphere as

Answer 99

N2

Question 100

N2 is fixed by ___ and incorporated into plant biomass

Answer 100

bacteria

Question 101

Dead plant and animal organic matter converted to

Answer 101

ammonium (NH4) by bacteria

Question 102

Reservoirs of water

Answer 102

97% ocean, 2% glaciers, 1% lakes,rivers

Question 103

Water Movement

Answer 103

evaporation-->transportation->condensation-->precipitation