Exam 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
body’s ability to perform physical work
A
Physical fitness
2
Q
persons maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
A
body’s capacity to use oxygen
3
Q
ability to work for prolonged periods of time
A
endurance
4
Q
use of large muscle groups to perform dynamic exercise
A
Cardiorepsiratory endurance / aerobic activity
5
Q
ability to do the same amount of work with less physiological demand
A
adaptation
6
Q
First 30 sec/ no oxygen, already used what’s in tissue
after 30 sec before 2 min- ATP produce lactic acid / more sore
dominant after 2 min
replenish- relax
passive rest- not doing anything
Active rest better
A
plyometrics - short activity
DOMS - lactic acid build up
7
Q
units of energy expenditure
A
MET
Kilocalorie
calorie
8
Q
Light work- ADLs 1-3 (2mph)
MOD work- 3-6 (2.5-3.5 mph)
HEAVY work 6-8 (5+ mph)
can faint because blood is not coming back to heart, overexeceed oxygen
EF- ejection fracture 60-80%
CHF-30%
A
9
Q
positive adaptation to aerobic exercise
regulation of BP
decrease fatty tissue
increase mitochondria
increase fuel utilization fats/ carbs - ATP GLYCOGEN / AEROBIC
A
10
Q
improve aerobic conditioning
frequency
intensity
time
A
11
Q
important to aerobic exercise
duration/ time
intensity
repetitions
least important- frequency (how often)
A
12
Q
MHR: highest rate you want it to go during activity
220 - Age x intensity level = THR (70-90%)
cardiovascular/ recondition should be 40-60% of max HR
A
13
Q
karovonen
intensity
rest HR
age
220 - age - resting HR = THR/ HR Reserve x intensity level + resting HR= HR
A
14
Q
age 6-17 : 60 min Mod/Hard a day (90% HR)
age 18-65: 30 min x5 week MOD or 20min x3 week HARD
^ chronic health same
A
15
Q
period of exercise followed by brief period of rest (passive)
A
Interval
16
Q
allows for active rest
A
Circuit
17
Q
avid runner and does not train for swimming would be
A
specificity
18
Q
adding / increasing intensity level than last time for change
A
Overload
19
Q
adaption- changes
A
5/5 no strength needed
20
Q
higher health - higher intensity
lower health- more changes made
A
21
Q
older - less time, frequency higher
higher intensity/ time= frequency lower
A
22
Q
“Any bodily movement produced by the
contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure”
A
Physical ability
23
Q
planned and structure physical activity designed to maintain/ improve fitness
A
exercise
24
Q
specificity is key principle when it comes to cardio respiratory endurance
A
Adaptation- adapt to the training overtime
* less physiology demand
Cardiovascular change- 10-12 weeks
25
need or demand of oxygen is determined by
HR
BP
afterload
myocardial contractility (70-80% increase in coronary blood flow)
26
demand of oxygen greater than supply
Myocardial ischemia occurs in form of Angina
27
PC and ATP are both stored within the muscle tissue as a readily available fuel source
• NO oxygen is required (anaerobic)
• During rest the PC and ATP are replenished in the muscle for the next bout of exercise
• This system is utilized during short, quick bursts of activity
• Dominant during the First 30 seconds of intense exercise
Phosphagen / ATP-PC system
28
Glucose is main source of fuel
no oxygen needed
• ATP is resynthesized in the muscle and lactic acid is the byproduct
• Dominant After the First 30 seconds and Before 2 min
anaerobic glycolytic system
29
• Glycogen, fats, and proteins are fuel sources in this system
• Oxygen is required to resynthesize ATP in the mitochondria of the muscle
• This is directly related to the number of mitochondria in the cell
• Dominant After 2 minutes of intense
aerobic system
30
ATP is supplied by the ATP-PC system
Burst on intense activity
31
ATP is supplied by the ATP-PC system and Anaerobic glycolytic system
intense activity 1-2 min
repeated after 4 min
32
ATP supplied by ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolytic, and aerobic system
large muscle activities 3-5 min
33
high percentage of aerobic system
sub max exercise for 20-30 min
34
expresses the energy value of food, the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius
Kilocalorie
35
the oxygen consumed (mL) per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg)
MET
3.5 m/L per minute
36
overall workload to equal about 1000 cal/week to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease
Volume
37
usually increase time, frequency, intensity
progression
38
Detraining can occur as little as 2 weeks
Reversibility
39
must involve large muscle groups that are
activated in rhythmic and aerobic in nature
Type (Mode)
40
Metabolic - muscle hypertrophy, increase of mitochondria; muscle myoglobin increases-rate of O2 transport
• Other systems-decreased body fat; decreased cholesterol; increased bone density and tensile strength
Respiratory - increase lung volume, large diffusion
Cardiovascular- decrease in pulse rate/BP, increase blood volume
41
decrease pain, increase joint mobility
special assessment
mobilization
42
AROM/PROM gonio measure
osteokinematics
43
joint play need for normal ROM
motion occurs within a joint
arthrokinematics
44
one bone roll over another
slide glide
Roll
45
sliding across another , parallel
slide
46
one bone spinning on another
rotational
(GH flex/ext, Femur flex/ext. radial head sup/pro)
spin
47
closer together more congruent
congruence
48
close as possible (congruent)
closed pack
49
no joint play do not want doing mob
closed pack
50
want for joint mob
open pack
51
intracapsular space, optimal space
gh 50 abd 30
ulnohumersl 70 flex 10sup
knee 25 flex
hip 30 flex 30 abd w ER
open loose pack
52
resistance felt when passively moving joint through end ROM
consistent normal end feel
firm- capsular
soft- hamstring, hip flex
hard- bone to bone elbow ext
osteo Yes
arthro No
53
close pack knee extension
ulnohumeral ext
knee ext
hip ext IR
shoulder abd ER
54
firm- DF
hard- elbow ext
soft- elbow knee flex
Bad shoulder - ER , Abd,IR, flex
55
abnormal- short of normal end range
different end feel
somewhere that does not belong
empty - inflammation/ fracture/ bursitis
Pain
firm - increased tone , right joint capsule, ligament short
hard-fracture , osteoarthritis, osteophyte
soft- edema, synovitis, ligament
muscle spasm - pain w half movement
56
small motion dampens down receptor to decrease pain
smaller grades bring in fluid
bigger grades stretch
57
grade I: small rhythmic, beginning at range (pain , inflammation)
small & fast
58
grade II: large amplitude, rhythmic, witching range , not reaching limit
large & slow
pain inflammation
59
grade III: large amplitude , rhythmic, up to limit of available ROM, stretched into resistance (stretching)
slow
60
grade IV: small, limit of ROM past it
doing work at tissue limit and not coming back up
stretching
fast
61
grade V: not do high velocity thrust springing - realignment
62
ossification- motion
63
sustained joint play
traction
64
grade I: piccolo traction/ loosen
holding limb for patient so that everything is loose (acute)
hold for 10 sec & keep doing it
pain and inflammation
*not enough force to seperate joint surface neutralize pressure
65
grade II: gentle pull, take up slack on capsule tighten tissue by pulling
(acute) pain & inflammation
66
grade III: stretch of soft tissue- pull apart and hold
hold for 6 sec releases 4 sec
cyclic
67
pain muscle guard spasm
grade I, II
68
reversible joint hypomobile
grade III
69
positional faults/ subluxation
grade V
70
progressive limitation
grade III
71
functional immobility (grade I&II)- fracture indication
72
true contraindications for stretching (grade III and IV)
-hyper mobile
-pain, swelling, inflammation
-joint effusion- no stretch swollen joint
73
cancer, (malignancy) or bone disease, acute inflammatory / RA , CNS disorder (TBI, stroke)
pregnancy, joint hyper mobile , spondylitis (cracked fracture moves forward)
74
not doing subluxation / dislocate Grade V
muscle energy technique to see if bone moves
75
distraction- perpendicular away
glide- parallel to
grade II is where we access
grade II-III is 2-3 seconds
grade III-IV can cause soreness
76
muscles, tendons, contractile
strain
77
ligamentous, capsule, fascia - noncontractile
sprains
78
hypomobility, can pop in/ out
subluxation
79
pops all the way out, manual put back in (tear)
dislocation
80
inflammation of tendon
tendonitis
81
wear down
tendonosis
82
tendons wrap in synovial sheath
inflamed , synovial membrane
tenosynovitis
83
thickening of tendon sheath
tenovaginitis
84
bleeding in joint
hemoarthrosis
85
inflammation of bursa (fluid filled pad to reduce friction)
bursitis
86
hit on soft tissue / bruise in fascia - deep
myositis bone spur w muscle
hematoma
87
spotted bruise, superficial
hematosis
88
stress = bone guards
RA bursitis- not suppose to be there (ganglion cyst)
89
grade 1- mild
grade 2- mod, partial tear
grade 3 complete tear, Occulsion, achilles no pain- fracture
Thomas - no PF
tensile strength: put it under stress
supportive treatment: RICE
90
inflammatory
Acute- max protect 4-6 days
Mod- subacute 10-17 days/ 14-20 days
mod protect controlled motion
Chronic- Min 21+ of injury
return to function
91
Max protect
pain/ swelling/ heat- muscle guard
RICE, pain free, PROM, ARROM, AROM NO PAIN
how impact aerobic
no stretch / resistance
massage joint mob mods
92
Mod tissue gets stronger more ROM wound close 6-8 weeks to move to Mod phase
kids- 4 weeks, Isolated strength training isometrics
allows us to start stretching
AROM/ sub max
joint mob 3 increase load/ ROM
93
Min- full ROM w/o pain, progress in strength, scar tissue- remodeling, strength train- functional activities
Plyometrics- Power speed agility
specificity- strength training
eccentric - pain / inflammation then concentric of tissue
chronic inflammation- cross friction / soft tissue mob
94
delayed union- takes longer
non union- does not connect
mal union/ mal alignment
bone healing - 6 to 8 weeks
95
fracture clean up pieces that are broken (reduct) then fixate (ORIF)
90% type I collagen
96
build bone cells
osteoblast
97
osteocytes once we stop growing
bone plate stop growing
98
reabsorb bone
osteoclast
99
too much osteoblast as we age
osteocreosis
100
put stress so bone can respond to changes
wolffs law
101
need stress for bone healing
osteoblast
102
osteoclast are faster than
osteoblast
103
OREF
hall
decrease reaction to mobilization
above / below ROM
external
104
mid shaft break in bone (epiphesal plate)
fracture
105
not through
incomplete
106
through
complete
107
not penetrate skin
closed
108
through skin, you can see it
open/ compound
109
cut across
transverse
110
length of shaft
longitudinal
111
diagonal angle
oblique
112
circle rotation around bone
spiral
113
broken apart in little pieces
combinatory
114
2 forces jammed together
impacted
115
incomplete break bones flexible (kids)
greenstick
116
epiphesal growth plate - make sure fracture didn’t interrupt
^tumors mimic
117
metastatic moved in bone
post menopause women- osteoporosis - WB exercise
calcium does not absorb
callus- bandage once bone is reabsorbed
osteoblast proliferative
cast / joint replacement
18 month tensile load
118
max protect
- PROM, AROM Pain free
-massage/ STM
- isometrics (sub max)
- modalities (decrease pain/inflammation)
-grade I and II joint mobs
-P.E. / HEP
- Balance
- cardiovascular exercise
-rice
-strengthen except injuried tissue
119
move to mod when
pain/ inflammation reduced
6 to 8 weeks
120
MOD protect
-PROM AAROM AROM- goal
-joint mob 3 and 4
- soft tissue stretching
-resistance training- isolated
-modalities - traction/ e stem
- PE and hep
121
move to MIN when
full rom w/o pain and progressive strength
122
MIN protect
- functional activities
-stretching
-strengthening / Closed chain
-PE HEP once discarded : maintance program
- plyometrics - speed power agility
123
acute tissue healing is
max protect
124
osteoarthritis DJD is overuse joint/ immobilization
- cartilage no longer to sustain stress in WB joints
-gets thin/ splits no more cartilage - uneven bone
- bone remodels and overgrow at joint (spurring)- bone spur / osteophytes
replacement- increase pain/ lack of function
125
activity is good for OA
too much activity will increase pain
Crepitutus- popping
nodules are overgrowth of bone *more gurth in fingers
treatment - decrease pain, decrease stiffness, increase ROM, joint mob 3/4
126
no high impact activity / Use open chain! max resist
- swim or cycle
No splinting - instead strengthen muscles around weak joint
look at gait so it decreases pain
back off if pain/ edema
127
One sided - Unilateral
LE overuse - wb joint
OA
128
RA is connective tissue disease with period of exacerbation/ worse and remission/ better
-inflammatory changes- adhesion, fibrosis ,ossific ankylosis (hardening fusing bone)
causes deformity and disability (can occur in tendon sheath)
will produce OA and ligament laxity
-muscle atrophy, cardio effect, fibrosis
129
only grade I and II stay in max protect with
RA
130
change activity when having exercbation
-joints will fuse / Drift
RA
131
SYSTEMIC DISEASE
bilateral UE
hands / fingers / shoulders
*more they move ,more injury
RA
132
immobilization - synovial fluid does not move
133
bands of scar-like tissue that form between two surfaces inside the body and cause them to stick together
adhesion
134
thickening or scarring of the tissue.
fibrosis
135
- differences between OA vs RA
- how OA should be treated
*replacement
* crepitutus
* bone spurs
* decrease pain/stiff, increase ROM
*no high impact activity - use open chain
-how RA should be treatment
*take advantage of remission
*more they move, more injury
*joint aren’t aligned , no stability
*excerbation- joints drift
136
when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone
avulsion
137
A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive stress or force, often from overuse.
stress fracture
138
broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone
pathological fracture
139
condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.
contracture
140
state when muscles are held in a partial state of readiness to act
muscle guarding
141
superficial bleeding resulting in visible discoloration of the skin (ecchymosis)
Contusion / hematosis
142
deep bleeding in muscles or fascial planes, may result in delayed ecchymosis or myositis ossifican
hematoma
143
ballooning of the wall of a joint capsule or
tendon sheath following trauma or rheumatoid arthritis
ganglion
144
repeated submaximal overload or frictional wear to a muscle or tendon
resulting in inflammation.
cumulative trama disorder
145
contraction to circulatory, neurologic or metabolic changes that occur in
response to trauma. The condition becomes self-perpetuating
regardless of whether the primary lesion is resolved or not.
intrinsic muscle spasm
146
abnormal adherence of collagen fibers to surrounding structures from trauma, immobilization, or scar tissue that restricts the normal elasticity of the structures involved
adhesion
147
loss of normal function of a tissue or region, due to any condition
that results in loss of normal mobility
dysfunction
148
poor absorption of calcium
osteomalacia
149
4 T’s of palpation
tone
tenderness
texture
temperature
150
cross friction massage- technique applied transversely to ligaments, tendons, or muscles to increase circulation, improve mobility, and decrease the formation of scar tissue
151
which mob increases motion?
Grades III & IV
152
reduce pain and stiffness joint mobs
grade I and II
153
purpose of warm up / cool down-
This helps prevent muscle cramps and dizziness while gradually slowing your breathing and heart rate.
A warmup gradually revs up your cardiovascular system by raising your body temperature and increasing blood flow to your muscles.
Warming up may also help reduce muscle soreness and lessen your risk of injury. Cooling down after your workout allows for a gradual recovery of preexercise heart rate and blood pressure.
154
too much bone
myositis ossificans
155
A break in the bone that goes through the growth plate is called a growth plate fracture. Growth plate fractures vary from mild to serious injuries. They are usually diagnosed by physical examination and an x-ray. Growth plates are soft areas of developing cartilage at the ends of a child's bones.
156
ossific ankylosis-
hardening fusing bone
