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Companion Animal > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Elbow dysplasia. what is it, what breeds affected? diagnoses?

A

front limb lameness
large to giant breed dogs
diagnosed through exam and radiographs

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2
Q

Brachycephalism. What is it, what breeds affected? how to treat?

A

neotenic trait
nostrils (nares) narrowed
difficulty breathing
small dog breeds- english bulldog, boston terrior
stenotic nares- narrowed nostril openings
elongated soft palate

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3
Q

allergies. what plays a role. signs. treatment.

A

genetic play a role
signs: pruritis (itching), hair loss, skin infection- bacterial and fungal, otitis externia- otits- ear infection externia- out ear canal
treatment: allergy testing and hyposensitive (decrease dogs response to allergies), diet change, steroids, medicated baths, non steroid anti itch med, apoquel, cytopoint

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4
Q

Intervertebral Disc Disease. what is it. what can it lead to?

A

weakened support in dogs back. discs move likely to push up into the spine and cause nerve damage.
can lead to paralysis (nerves are compressed and won’t allow signal to the back legs)

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5
Q

luxating patellas. what is it? what breeds affected? signs. treatments.

A

luxating- slips out of joint
patella- kneecap
small breed dogs
signs- lameness
treatment- surgery, weight management

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6
Q

dystocia. what is it. what breeds are affected? signs. treatment.

A

difficulty with labor and giving birth. large breed/ brachycephalic dogs- too big of head, not big enough pelvis.
first time pregnancies and deliveries
small number or single births- bigger puppy
signs- pushing with no production
treatment- c-section

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7
Q

GDV. what is it. what dogs are affected. signs. treatment.

A

gastric dilatation and volvulus(twisting of the colon)
stomach dilatates with air then rotates in a abnormal positions and cuts off blood supply (ischemia)
always an emergency
large breed dogs
often after eating
gastropexy- prevention

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8
Q

Entropion. what is it

A

the eyelid (usually lower) curls inward. eyelashes rub cornea.

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9
Q

PRA. what is it

A

progressive retina atrophy. slowly leads to blindness. retina is where light is absorbed in the eye.

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10
Q

PLL. what is it

A

primary lens luxation. lens of the eye moves forward or backward in the eye. affects sight and potentially fluid movement in the eye

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11
Q

deafness. what is concern. how is it diagnosed. what breeds are more affected.

A

concern over human and animal safety
BAER testing- Brainstem Auditory Evoked Reactivity which measures the brain wave activity that occurs in response to noise
coat color: diebald. merle. roan. white (esp white with blue eyes).

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12
Q

ear cropping. pro. con.

A

pro: historic (battle), decrease risk of ear infection
con: have to stent them, take away emotion indicator, long and painful surgery.
Optional appearance for all AKC breed standards.
legal is US and Canadian but western countries mostly illegal
cosmetic otoplasty- ear flap is called the pinna. under anesthesia the pinna is cut, and a portion is removed.

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13
Q

tail docking. pro. con.

A

pro: decrease risk of injury. historically decrease risk of rabies. conform to breed standards.
con: arthritis. long and painful surgery. miscommunication between dogs.
3-5 days old

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14
Q

dewclaw removal. pro. con

A

pro: dont get dewclaw stuck and torn off. decrease infection.
con: nail can regrow. ligament in foot can tear
removal at 3-5 days of age, simple local anesthsia.

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15
Q

what is the AVMA position on tail docking and ear cropping

A

opposes both when done for cosmetic purposes. do not think it should be considered necessary for breed standards. painful.

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16
Q

AAHA Position on tail docking and ear cropping

A

opposed when done for cosmetic purposes. Encourages elimination of procedures for breed standards.

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17
Q

AKC position on tail docking and ear cropping

A

acceptable for breed standards. labeling as cosmetic misrepresents history of dog breed. must be done by professional. not req for breed standards (only ear cropping is not req). Some breed standards req tail docking.

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18
Q

what are designer dogs

A

subject of a trend or drift, they are high priced dogs

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19
Q

what are ex of designer dog

A

puggle: pug and beagle
goldendoodle: golden retriever and poodle
Pomsky: Pomeranian and husky

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20
Q

what is a supermutt in DNA testing

A

alot of mixed breeds reproducing

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21
Q

why is there a concern for designer dogs

A

inbreeding
lack of genetic testing
puppy mill increase
ppl making a lot of money

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22
Q

what challenges do puppies have

A

cant move
cant see/ hear
cant regulate temp
cant urinate or defecate on own (mother has to stimulate to urinate and defecate)

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23
Q

why are puppy born with no teeth

A

to suckle and nurse, easier on mothers nipple

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24
Q

what benefit do sharp deciduous teeth have for puppy

A

have to burst through gums 2-3 weeks of age
bite inhibition- mother is going to teach puppy manners, no biting
going to wean from mom and eat soft food

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25
how many deciduous teeth does average dog have
28
26
how many adult teeth does average dog have? what type of dogs often dont have molars?
42. brachycephalic and toy breeds often missing molars
27
when do deciduous teeth come in? when do adult teeth come in? when do deciduous teeth fall out? what can happen if deciduous teeth don't fall out?
deciduous teeth come in between 2-3 weeks adult teeth come in 3-4 months all deciduous teeth out between 6-8 months if deciduous teeth dont fall out it can cause- overcrowding (2 sets of teeth). can trap food which can cause dental disease. can cause redirection of adult teeth
28
when do puppies start to wean
4 weeks of age
29
how to wean a puppy
at 4 weeks start to feed gruel- dry food with water of canned food or formula. start adding less water until weaned at 6-8 weeks.
30
if you have a weak puppy why and what do you do
warm but not near mom or moving likely rejected from mom and not drinking enough hypoglycemia needs more calories and increase frequency immediately- kary syrup to gums
31
why would there be a hole in a chihuahua's puppy head
called open fontanelle soft spot (aka molera) where skull is not fully developed (bone of skull did not develop all the way). this happens because its easier for head to get out of birth canal
32
what is it called when only 1 testicle descended
cryptorchid
33
when do male puppies testicles descend?
most male puppies are born with both into the scrotum typically by 2-3 weeeks
34
if 1 or more testicle is not there what do we worry about
testicle cancer- due to increased temp male characteristics- have to remove both sterile- temp too hot for sperm
35
how to fix cryptorchid
surgery to find missing testicle in abdomen
36
explain dog belly button
have one but its neither a innie or an outie, its a little white dot
37
what is umbilical hernia
hernia- when abdomen is open where belly button is and organ are under skin
38
Pediatric heart murmur. what is it, what are the 3 types of murmur?
murmur is an abnormal sound cause by turbulence of the blood- many causes- narrowing of blood vessel, leaking valve, heart wall defect. murmurs graded 1-6 softest to loudest most common pediatric type murmurs- 1) PDA- patent ductus arteriosus- in utero blood doesn't go to lung 2) pulmonic stenosis- small blood vessels 3) innocent or physiologic (most common) which goes away with age
39
what are the 7 stages of development
pre-natal neonatal transitional socialization juvenile sexual maturity physical maturity
40
what should happen with learned behaviors
learned behaviors can and should be modified shaped and developed from birth throughout the dogs life
41
what is the pre-natal stage of development (time)
conception to birth
42
what is the neonatal stage of development (time)
0-13 days
43
what is the transitional stage of development (time)
14-21 days
44
what is the socialization stage of development (time)
3-12 week
45
what is the juvenile stage of development (time)
12 week to sexual maturity (around 4-6 months)
46
what is the sexual maturity stage of development (time)
4-6 months (breed and individual variation to physical maturity)
47
what is physical maturity stage of development (time)
12-18 months (breed and individual variation) small breed mature quickly
48
explain pre-natal phase
conception to birth gentle handling, low stress, proper nutrition dam has been shown to result in more docile puppies if mom is stressed she releases cortisol and this has an adverse effect on the puppies want dam to be feed proper nutrition which can be puppy food- high calories
49
explain neonatal phase
0-13 days vision (born blind) hearing (born deaf) poor thermoregulation (cant shiver or pant) squirm not walk perineal stimulation is req to release bowel and bladder (cannot poop or pee by themselves) developed sense of smell and touch
50
explain transitional phase
14-21 days vision (eyelids open, vision is not fully developed) hearing (ear canal open) deciduous teeth come in less squirm more walk perineal stimulation no longer needed for urination and defecation puppies ready to explore fearlessly- socialization begins
51
explain socialization phase
3-12 weeks most important stage for puppies social development the hallmark of the early socialization phase is the pups willingness to explore and lack of fear the most influenceable time of a puppies life observation learning is important fear window will start opening between 8-12 weeks want to expose them to the rule of 7 by 7 weeks long window of opportunity relative to other species
52
explain juvenile phase
12 week to 4-6 months sexual maturation achieved at end of this phase rapid growth (proper nutrition is important) seeking independence adult teeth begin to emerge (chewing alot) sexual interest begins
53
explain sexual maturation phase
4-6 months sexually mature before physically mature important to spay and neuter at right time varies by breed and individual
54
explain physical maturation phase
12-18 months large breed experience more skeletal growth than smaller breeds but their growth is slower need proper nutrition
55
define a socialized dog
a socialized dog relates to the external world in a confident clam manner that is largely devoid of fear and fear based behavior understand canine body language and may with effective humane exposure also understand body language of humans
56
true/ false a dog may be well socialized and still experience a thunderstorm phobia
true
57
true/ false a dog may be regarded well socialized yet still chase and kill feral cats
true
58
why is socialization important
one can spend many years with a dog one can spend a career trying to fix or manage what they shouldn't do or what is undesirable behavior
59
explain what it means by behaviors are both innate and learned
innate- genetic prey drive, sense of smell, herding learned- environmental human trained
60
true/ false most fearful dogs have not been abused just simply not socialized
true
61
why is a fearful dog a concern
a lack of effective and humane socialization during 3-12 week period may result in cultivation of fearful behavior that may persist into adulthood and throughout life
62
explain the 3 fear continuum
1) feel the fear 2) avoid 3) defensive aggression
63
how are dogs effectively and humanly socialized explain the natural opportunities
between 3-12 weeks pup posses an innate willingness to explore with lack of fear which is when socialization should be done pups should not be taken from their litter until they are at least 8 weeks old (ideally 10-12 weeks) because mother will teach right from wrong with there mother and littermates they learn: acceptance of discipline, bite inhibition, canine body language, tolerance of touch, play and presence of another
64
how are dogs effectively and humanly socialized explain rule of 7
by the time the puppy is 7 weeks they should be exposed safely and humanly to these 7 things 1) surfaces (concrete, carpet, vinyl) 2) object/ toy (balls, squeaky) 3) location (basement, vet, groomer) 4) new types of people (children) 5) challenges (climbing, doors, stairs) 6) food containers (metal, plastic, pan) 7) location for eating (crate, living room, yard)
65
what is flooding during socialization
overwhelming the puppy with too many new things, it needs to be done slowly and consistently
66
what else should the puppy be exposed to before the fear period?
sound vibration odor texture being touched on there toes, nails, mouth, eyes, back prepping for exam by vet and nail trim
67
when does fear period start in puppies
8 to 10/12 weeks
68
how are dogs effectively and humanely socialized explain owner awareness
avoid forced exposure min fearful and dangerous situations dont flood removed them from fearful situations protect your dog from harm
69
what is the most important thing when working with a fearful dog
time and space
70
true/ false fearful dogs often lack confidence
true
71
how to help a fearful dog (9 tips)
1) create a safe structued environment for fearful dogs. implement leadership training 2) stick with structure- have a steady routine at home, be calm about leaving the house, have a standard greeting when coming home 3) give dog safe space- kennel 4) reward based training 5) min stressful situation 6) identify fear triggers- avoid or modify 7) gradual challenges with high value reward 8) find a placid pal 9) training classes- talk to your vet

Companion Animal (4 decks)

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