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Anat & Phys 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Contractile cardiomyocyte

A

Contractive heart muscle cell
they exert pumping force, have many myofibrils, and have a high ability to contract

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2
Q

Conductive cardiomyocyte

A

conductive heart muscle cell
carries signals, few myofibrils and is autorhythmic

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3
Q

Myofibril

A

any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells

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4
Q

Autorhythmic

A

can generate its own rhythm
the heart produces its own pulses through electrochemical stimuli originating from a small group of cells in the wall of the right atrium, known as the sinoatrial node

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5
Q

Striated

A

Contractile filaments parallel & highly organized
thick filaments are all in a row in parallel when needs to pul in one direction

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored glucose, is in between myofibrils used when the heart needs more glucose to create energy

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7
Q

Myoglobin

A

store oxygen in muscle cells, a cell much like hemoglobin but only has 1 polypeptide, used to tie over the heart until blood supply catches up.

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8
Q

Anchoring junction

A

part of intercalated discs these junctions are going to hold together the cells. in a picture, they are the dark lines where the cells meet, lock together like velcro

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9
Q

Gap junction

A

Part of intercalated discs, they will transmit electrical contraction signals (responsible for electrical charging of cardiac muscle)
Na, K, Ca all can pass through the junctions

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10
Q

Conduction system

A

used to establish a heart beat
generate electrical signals & carry them throughout the heart
electrical signals cause contraction
innate rhythm adjusted by neural/endocrine signals

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11
Q

Depolarize

A

the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.

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12
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

or pacemaker

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13
Q

Pacemaker

A

Otherwise known as the sinoatrial node
is a patch of conductive cells in the superior, posterior right atrium

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14
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

normal rhythm of the heart where electrical stimuli are initiated in the SA node

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15
Q

Interatrial band

A

or the Bachmann’s bundle, is to the left of the atrium
spread across to both atria, more conductive cells faster pathway to get to left atrium to contract at same time.

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16
Q

Bachmann’s bundle

A

otherwise known as the interatrial band

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17
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

(AV) node
will receive a signal hold it, and then sends it to the interventricular septum
delays signal so atria finish before ventricles start

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18
Q

Internodal path

A

spread of sinus rhythm in three pathways to AV nodes

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19
Q

Atrioventricular septum

A

Wall that divides the atrium & ventricle

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20
Q

Bundle of His

A

Or AV bundle is on top of the interventricular septum
an elongated segment connecting the AV Node and the left and right bundle branches of the septal crest

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21
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

Or Bundle of his

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22
Q

Interventricular septum

A

the triangular wall of cardiac tissue that separates the left and right ventricles

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23
Q

Bundle branch

A

conduct impulses to right and left ventricle (have a R&L)
move down the interventricular septum

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24
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

apical ends of branches, up ventricle walls
in walls of ventricles, cause the action of squeezing/pump
gets close to as many contractile cells as possible

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25
Q

Action potential

A

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

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26
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

the basic ion channels for neuronal excitability, which are crucial for the resting potential and the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons.

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27
Q

sodium channel

A

transmit depolarizing impulses rapidly throughout cells and cell networks
conductive Na: have slow depolarization
contractile Na: have fast depolarization

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28
Q

Threshold potential

A

the value of the membrane potential which, if reached, leads to the all-or-nothing initiation of an action potential

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29
Q

Calcium channel

A

structural components of cardiac cells that provide a mechanism to modulate the force of contraction
Conductive Ca: Rapid depolarization
Contractile Ca: hold the plateau

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30
Q

Potassium channel

A

particularly important in determining the shape and duration of the action potential, controlling the membrane potential
Conductive K: Repolarization
Contractive K: polarization

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31
Q

Repolarize

A

the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential

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32
Q

Resting potential

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
when K+ channels close at -80mV
finish one cycle (causing contraction)

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33
Q

Refractory period

A

Prevents premature next contraction
resistant to open/close channels

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34
Q

Plateau period

A

where Ca2+ and K+ are being released at the same time one going in one going out. K is going slightly faster but Ca causes it to slow repolarization

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35
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

monitoring the electrical signals of the heart

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36
Q

P wave

A

atria depolarize, contracting immediately after

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37
Q

QRS wave

A

atria repolarize, ventricles depolarize

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38
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarize causing relaxation

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39
Q

compare the number of myofibrils of contractile cardiomyocytes to conductive cardiomyocytes

A
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40
Q

compare the strength of contractile cardiomyocytes to conductive cardiomyocytes

A
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41
Q

compare autorhythmicity of contractile cardiomyocytes to conductive cardiomyocytes

A
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42
Q

How are cardiomyocytes specialized to contract all your life with only short relaxation periods with regard to type of respiration

A
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43
Q

How are cardiomyocytes specialized to contract all your life with only short relaxation periods with regard to number of mitochondria

A
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44
Q

How are cardiomyocytes specialized to contract all your life with only short relaxation periods with regard to oxygen storage

A
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45
Q

How are cardiomyocytes specialized to contract all your life with only short relaxation periods with regard to glucose storage

A
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46
Q

What makes striations in cardiac and skeletal muscles

A
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47
Q

size of cardiac compared to skeletal muscles

A
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48
Q

compare the shape of cardiac vs skeletal muscle

A
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49
Q

compare how many nuclei are in each cell for cardiac and skeletal

A
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50
Q

What are the functions of intercalated disk

A
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51
Q

Why do intercalated discs fold back and forth

A
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52
Q

what is the role of anchoring junctions

A
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53
Q

What are gap junctions for

A
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54
Q

What is the relationship between depolarization and contraction

A
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55
Q

Why is it important to delay the heart depolarization at the AV node

A
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56
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located

A
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57
Q

How dose the sinus rhythm override spontaneous depolarization of the other conductive cells

A
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58
Q

What influences can increase or decrease the sinus rhythm

A
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59
Q

how does the sinus rhythm depolarization reach the other atrium

A
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60
Q

how does the sinus rhythm reach the AV node

A
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61
Q

How does the AV node alter the rhythm

A
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62
Q

Trace the path of a heart electric stimulus form its origin to its final destinations both in the walls of the atria and in the wall of the ventricles (look at conductive tissues along the way)

A
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63
Q

Why is it essential that Purkinje fivers start ventricular depolarization at the apex of the heart

A
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64
Q

How do Na+ and Ca2+ together account for rhythmic depolarization of a conductive cardiomyocyte, such as those in the SA node

A
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65
Q

How does Na+ channels role differ in contractile myocytes, as compared to conductive myocytes

A
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66
Q

How does Ca2+ channels role differ in contractile myocytes, as compared to conductive myocytes

A
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67
Q

What brings each type of cardiomyocyte up to threshold potential

A
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68
Q

How are gap junctions involved in depolarizing contractile cells

A
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69
Q

what is the refractory period especially important for contractile cardiomyocytes

A
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70
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

events from start to end of one heartbeat

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71
Q

Systole

A

cambers contract

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72
Q

Diastole

A

Chambers relax

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73
Q

Passive ventricular filling

A

heart itself is not doing any work, the atrium allowing blood into ventricles bc AV are open, SL closed (in diastole)
between T & P wave
gets 70-80% into heart
pressure in veins is higher than that in the heart

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74
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction triggered by P wave
AV open, semilunar closed
forces more atrial blood into ventricles

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75
Q

Ventricular systole

A

the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing two separated blood supplies from the heart

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76
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

no change in volume, this builds pressure so when the valve opens it can make it all over
events triggered by QRS wave

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77
Q

S1

A

the first sound Lub
the closing of the AV valves results in turbulence in the blood

78
Q

Lub

A

this is S1
This is the sound that happens when the ventricles contract the back pressure closes the AV valve.
with all valves shut increase ventricular tension & pressure

79
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

ventricles still contracting, atria still relaxed
the increased ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves to open

80
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

part of ventricular diastole
instead of building pressure, we are decreasing pressure which closes Semilunar valves to prevent back flow
ventricular diastole triggered by T wave
Relaxation of chambers

81
Q

S2

A

Closing of the valves & turbulence creates the second heart sound

82
Q

Dub

A

second sound

83
Q

What forces cause atrioventricular valves to open

A
84
Q

What forces atrioventricular valves to close

A
85
Q

What forces the semilunar valves to open

A
86
Q

what forces the semilunar valves to close

A
87
Q

what are the names of the heart sounds

A
88
Q

What causes each heart sound

A
89
Q

What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle

A
90
Q

Cardiac output

A

Blood/min= HR * SV (4-8 L/min)

91
Q

Stroke volume

A

blood from ventricle/ beat, 55-100 mL
(tennis swing)

92
Q

Heart rate

A

Beats/min 60-100 bpm
can be affected by nerves, hormones

93
Q

Echocardiogram

A

ultrasound for the heart

94
Q

Ejection fraction

A

is the fraction pumped out by the ventricle
calculated by SV/ total volume (EDV) x 100

95
Q

End diastolic volume

A

volume after heart was resting

96
Q

End systolic volume

A

volume after ventricular systole, amount after contraction

97
Q

Bradycardia

A

low heart rate

98
Q

Tachycardia

A

High heart rate

99
Q

Target heart rate

A

To hold the maximum Cardiac output it is 50-80% of the max heart rate

100
Q

cardiac reserve

A

is the maximum cardiac output - resting cardiac output

101
Q

Proprioceptor

A

are receptors in joints, tendons & muscles
they will sense our position (close eyes and touch nose)
ex. working out need to increase CO

102
Q

Baroreceptor

A

measures blood pressure
pressure receptors are sinuses
measures arterial pressure, systemic circulation pressure, and pressure in the aorta

103
Q

Aortic sinus

A

The baroreceptor is in the aortic sinus
one of the anatomic dilatations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve

104
Q

Carotid sinus

A

a dilation at the base of the internal carotid artery

105
Q

Cental Chemoreceptor

A

measures CO2, pH in the blood, located in the medulla oblongata

106
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptor

A

measures CO2, pH, and O2 in aortic and carotid bodies

107
Q

Aortic body

A

a collection of nonchromaffin paraganglion cells
next to barorecepters

108
Q

Carotid body

A

a small mass of receptors in the carotid artery sensitive to chemical change in the blood

109
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Used to slow down cardiac output
rest and relax

110
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

placed in the medulla oblongata is going to inhibit cardiac output
(slows cardiac function by decreasing heart rate and stroke volume)

111
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

the bottom-most part of your brain. Its location means it’s where your brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for nerve signals

112
Q

Vagus nerve (Cranial nerve X)

A

Path for efferent signal in the parasympathetic pathway, to the cardiac plexus

113
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

A bunch of nerves at the base of the heart formed by cardiac branches from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

114
Q

Acetylcholine

A

hyperpolarizes the myocardium
the neurotransmitter in parasympathetic system

115
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

send signals

116
Q

Sympathetic system

A

fight or flight, one of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
activates when heart rate is too low

117
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

going to send the signal to speed up the heart rate and cardiac output
located in the medulla oblongata

118
Q

Chain ganglia

A

is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS beside the spinal cord going in a chain down the spinal cord

119
Q

Cardiac nerve

A

goes from the chain ganglia to the cardiac nerve that will run from the spinal cord to the heart

120
Q

Norepinephrine

A

is a neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system
is used to reduce repolarization of myocardium

121
Q

Atrial (Brainbridge) reflex

A

also called atrial reflex
stretch indicates venous return tighter than cardiac output
increase the heart rate to increase cardiac output to catch up to venous return

122
Q

Preload

A

pressure in ventricles from end-diastolic volume

123
Q

Contractility

A

Fore of the contraction fo the heart muscle
more pressure in the ventricles going to push harder

124
Q

Starling’s law

A

higher pressure –> greater contractility

125
Q

Afterload

A

pushing harder to get blood out
resistance in arteries to ventricular ejection decreases SV
Back pressure on semilunar reduces stroke volume

126
Q

Stenosis

A

“narrowing”, stiffening
stenosis will increase afterload and reduce SV

127
Q

Vasular resistance

A

the amount of force exerted on the blood by the vessels

128
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

another word for vascular constriction
will increase afterload

129
Q

Tunica intima

A

the luminal surface
endothelium layer made up of a simple squamous epithelium
Basement membrane
areolar tissue
internal elastic membrane

130
Q

Another name for Tunica intima is…

A

tunica interna

131
Q

Epithelial membrane

A

the innermost part of the luminal structure

132
Q

Endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

133
Q

Basement membrane

A

binds to the epithelial layer and binds underlying C.T

134
Q

Areolar tissue

A

loose fibrous connective tissue
has a fenestrated internal elastic membrane

135
Q

Internal elastic membrane

A

used to help stretch when the ventricles pump, is zigzag ish in structre

136
Q

Fenestration

A

small holes that will allow for O2 & CO2 to pass through

137
Q

Tunica media

A

muscular layer, like the myocardium in heart
smooth muscle for vasoconstriction

138
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

will constrict the blood vessels to increase pressure and decrease flow

139
Q

Vasodilatation

A

when the smooth muscle relaxes, will increase flow and decrease BP

140
Q

Myofiber

A

muscle fibers, in between them is collagen & elastic fibers

141
Q

vasa vasorum

A

embedded vessels for superficial layers
blood vessels of blood vessels
in tunica media

142
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

sympathetic nerves control the smooth muscle
in the tunica media

143
Q

External elastic membrane

A

fenestrated to allow for gas exchange same as internal

144
Q

Tunica externa

A

areolar connective tissues anchor vessels in place
has nervi vasorum & vasa vasorum

145
Q

What is another name for tunica externa?

A

Tunica adventitia

146
Q

Elastic artery

A

conduct blood to different parts of the body
nearest to the heart, stretch to absorb hart force during systole, then rebounds to maintain flow in diastole

147
Q

What is another name for the elastic artery?

A

Conducting artery

148
Q

Muscular artery

A

slight change
branch from elastic, more muscles, less elastic fibers, muscle allows for vasoconstriction & BP management

149
Q

What is another name for the muscular artery?

A

Distributing artery

150
Q

Arteriole

A

can control blood flow (major role in BP)
less tunica media, large numbers & length reduces blood pressure, critical in control of local blood distribution

151
Q

Another way to describe the arteriole is….

A

resistance vessel

152
Q

Capillary

A

Tunica intima only, site of gas exchange
three different types (continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids)

153
Q

Continuous capillary

A

common, clefts only between endothelial cells

154
Q

Fenestrated capillary

A

clefts, pores in kidneys, intestines, glands, and choroid (cerebral spinal fluid maker)

155
Q

Sinusoid

A

fenestration, gaps
located in the marrow, liver, spleen & endocrine glands

156
Q

Venule

A

collect blood from capillary beds
thin tunica external & tunica media

157
Q

Venoconstriction

A

constricting of the veins
used to adjust blood reservoir function

158
Q

Blood pressure

A

(BP)

159
Q

Blood flow

A

(Q)

160
Q

Vascular resistance

A

(R)

161
Q

Systolic pressure

A

peak arterial pressure at systole

162
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimum arterial pressure at diasole

163
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic pressure
0 with distance

164
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

the diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

165
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff
air cuff pressure occludes the artery

166
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

sounds made by the squirting of blood through partially occulted artery

167
Q

Viscosity

A

how thick the blood is
increase in viscosity, increase R
harder to push through blood vessels (polycythemia increase v, liver damage decrease v)

168
Q

Compliance

A

(C)
how easily does it stretch
more compliance decreases resistance, increases flow & decreases pressure

169
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

reduces compliance and increases BP
it is the stiffening of the arteries, which can cause a build-up of blood that can cause a thrombosis/embolus

170
Q

Cross-selection area

A

(A)
how big around something is
more cross-section decreases resistance, pressure, velocity & BP, it will increase flow

171
Q

Blood velocity

A

the distance at which the blood moves

172
Q

Hypervolemia

A

too much blood volume
by water and salt retention
ex kidney disease

173
Q

Hypovolemia

A

by dehydration, bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea

174
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

veins b/w skeletal muscles or b/w muscle & bones, when contracted will squeeze blood toward the heart, have one-way valves to prevent backflow

175
Q

Respiratory pump

A

when inhaled decreases the pressure in the thoracic, causing the blood to move from the abdomen to the chest (high to low), then exhale it increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity pushing the blood into the atrium where there is less pressure

176
Q

Direct diffusion

A

movement from high to low [ ]
molecules that are uncharged or non-polar, also ones that are hydrophobic
oxygen, carbon dioxide

177
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

lipids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins

178
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

small molecusles that are charged (polar), and hydrophilic
go through a transport protein

179
Q

transport protien

A

hydrophilic on the inside, hydrophobic on the outside
can open and close like a window

180
Q

vesicular transport

A

larger particles (proteins)
can store stuff in the membrane, a bubble inside the cell

181
Q

endocytosis

A

process inside the cell (getting inside the cell)

182
Q

exocytosis

A

process on the other side of cell to leave/ release

183
Q

transcytosis

A

the whole process of endo & exo across the cell is transcytosis
getting a protein from liver cells to the blood vessels

184
Q

bulk flow

A

movements of liquids (water, solutes, colloids) b/w gaps in epithelium

185
Q

filtration

A
186
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A
187
Q

Reabsorption

A
188
Q

Colloid

A
189
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A
190
Q

Net filtraiton pressure

A
191
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Anat & Phys 2 (5 decks)

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