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Anat & Phys 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Heavy Chain

A

Part of the antibody structure, has more amino acids and held my covalent bonds

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2
Q

Light chain

A

part of the antibody structure, smaller/less amino acids, held by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Constant region

A

Part of the antibody structure that remains the same, determines the antibody class

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4
Q

Variable region

A

The region that is different on the antibody that determines the specificity

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5
Q

Antibody specificity

A

what specific epitope is there that will allow the one antigen to bind to the antibody

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6
Q

Immunological tolerance

A

destroy the ones that could cause autoimmunity, random variable regions may make anti-self antibodies
use tolerance, deletion, anergy, and peripheral tolerance
only B-cells binding non-self survive & function
if B-cells can tolerate their own cells

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7
Q

Clonal deletion

A

B-cells bind before antigens present –> apoptosis
Is getting rid of everything that is not tolerant

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8
Q

Clonal anergy

A

B-cells bind before antigen present lose function
risk that it could become active again and give autoimmune
may stimulate but lose ability to respond

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9
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

B-cells binds without T-helper cells –> apoptosis
if it doesn’t receive the second signal it will die (shut down)

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10
Q

Fc

A

Constant region on protein

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11
Q

IgD

A

only found on B-lymphocytes
Monomeric B-cell antigen receptor
held in a plasma membrane with a pointy side out, change shape will activate the cell
they are never secreted, when it binds to matching antigen it will activate cell, they will then divide to give memory & plasma cell clones

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12
Q

IgM

A

deals with blood type (ABO)
monomer in the B-cell membrane acts as an antigen receptor
like IgD when antigen binds it activates B-cell
IgM is secreted as a pentamer, 1st antibody in primary response, includes anti-ABO antibodies, can’t cross placenta (too big), does not give passive immunity

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13
Q

IgG

A

main blood antibody 80% of antibodies
whorks by neutrilizing toxins & opsonization
major antibody of late primary & secondary responses
monomer that includes anti-Rh antibodies
cross placenta to provide fetus/newborn immunity

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14
Q

IgA

A

13% of antibodies
dimer, secreted in mucus, milk, tears, saliva

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15
Q

IgE

A

0.002%
antibody of allergy & antiparasitic activity
monomer, signals basophils & mast cells to stimulate inflammation

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16
Q

Activation

A

Antigen binds B-cell membrane IgM or IgD recptor
the B-cell phagocytoses surface antibody w/ its antigen
then it will display and digest fragments on surface MHC-II

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17
Q

Memory cell

A

plasma cells that turn into memory cells for later

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18
Q

Neutralize

A

cover toxins & virus binding sites
keeps virus form getting into cell, blocking from moving forward

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19
Q

Complement

A
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20
Q

Precipitate

A

bind over and over by cross linking with antibodies they will get bigger until they fall out of solution

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21
Q

Primary response

A

slow, since few responsive cells ready

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22
Q

Secondary response

A

rapid since menay memory cells

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23
Q

Active immunity

A

you own cells responding & secreting antibody

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24
Q

Passive immunity

A

others antibodies from breast feeding milk, covalescent plasma, RhoGam

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25
Q

Natural immunity

A

w/out medical intervention

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26
Q

Artificial immunity

A

intentionally introduced in medical context

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27
Q

Convalescent plasma

A

plasma that comes from people who have recovered from an infection

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28
Q

Conducting zone

A

transports air in & out of lungs
nostrals, mouth, throat

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29
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

for gas exchange deep in the lungs

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30
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium at lumen & arelar tissue
humidifies inhaled air, captures dust & microbes w/ mucus

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31
Q

Lamina propria

A

areolar connective tissue underneath

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32
Q

Goblet cell

A

unicellular mucus glands in epithelum

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33
Q

Submucosa

A

dense irrebular fibrous C.T deep to laminal propria

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34
Q

Mucus gland

A

multicellular with ducts to lumen

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35
Q

Serous gland

A

bactericidal, dissolve odorant (chemical you can smell), humidify air

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36
Q

Odorant

A

chemical you can smell

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37
Q

Concha

A

superior, middle & inferior (turbinates)
causes tubulence, forcing air across mucosa
improves warming & moistening air & trapping microbes

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38
Q

Paranasal sinus

A
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39
Q

Frontal sinus

A
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40
Q

Maxillary sinus

A
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41
Q

Sphenoid sinus

A
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42
Q

Ethmoid air cell

A
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43
Q

Pharynx

A
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44
Q

Nasopharynx

A
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45
Q

Eustachian (Auditory) tube

A
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46
Q

Oropharynx

A
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47
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
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48
Q

Larynx

A
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49
Q

Glottis

A
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50
Q

Vocal cord

A
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51
Q

Epiglottis

A
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52
Q

Trachea

A
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53
Q

Tracheal cartilage

A
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54
Q

Trachealis

A

muscle that is going to close the posterior side by the esophagus

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55
Q

Primary bronchus

A
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56
Q

secondary (lobar) bronchus

A
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57
Q

Lobe

A
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58
Q

Tertiary bronchus

A
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59
Q

Segment

A
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60
Q

Bronchiole

A

after tertiary bronchus
to lobules, less and less cartilage until none is left and only muscles to control constiction

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61
Q

Terminal bronchiole

A
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62
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

start of gas exhange beause of simple squamous epithelium

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63
Q

Alveolar duct

A

After the respiratory brochioles continuation of gas exchange

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64
Q

Alveolar sac

A

last part in the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs

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65
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

type 1 cells + capillary endothelium
makes it easy to exchange gas

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66
Q

Surfactant

A

secreated by type II cells and is used to keep the alveoli from colapsing by reducing surface tension

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67
Q

Type I alveolar cell

A

part of the respiratory membrane
are squamous & have an epithilum to prevent bubbles

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68
Q

Type II alveolar cell

A

are Cuboidal that make surfactan

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69
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

clean up any dust that has gotten throught the rest of the system
immune system cell (dust cell)

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70
Q

Dust cell

A

Alveolar macrophage

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71
Q

Hilum

A

site where bronchi, vasculature nerves enter the lungs

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72
Q

Apex

A

base of the lungs
shape is molded with the diaphragm

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73
Q

Base

A

part of apex

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74
Q

Costal

A

along the ribs

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75
Q

Mediastinal

A

middle of the chest

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76
Q

Cardiac notch

A

heart and the lungs meet
on the left

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77
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchioes

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78
Q

Fissure

A

separate 2 lobes on the left 3 lobes on the right

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79
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A
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80
Q

Pulmonary plexus

A

enter hilum & follows tree

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81
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

done by parasympathetic nervous system
from cranial X used vegus nerve

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82
Q

Bronchodilation

A

sympathetic by thoracic chain ganglia
fight or flight, need more O2 or use more O2 want to increase flow and decrease resistance

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83
Q

Pleura

A

each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax

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84
Q

Serous membrane

A

similar to pericardium, that is sealed, lungs are embedded, is a simple squamous epithilium & areolar tissue
parietal & visceral pleura

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85
Q

Parietal pleura

A

closes to the skin

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86
Q

Visceral pleura

A

closest to the lungs

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87
Q

Pleural cavity

A

the cavity of which the serous membrane holds the lungs
full of fluid, adhesive pleural fluid to prevent friction and allow control of movement

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88
Q

Pleural fluid

A

is used to prevent friction adn allow control of movement

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89
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Patm

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90
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure

A

Palv
changes with chest volume
pressure in alveoli sacs, pressure decrease force into lungs pressure increase force out

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91
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pip
should always be less than the pressure in our lungs Pip<Palv

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92
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

the process of breating in and out

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93
Q

Eupnea

A

relaxed breathing
driven by changing chest volume causing Palv to change

94
Q

External intercostals

A

muscles, diaphragm increase volume, decrease Palv inhale
recoil by lung & diaphrame elsasticity decrease volume, increase Palv (exhale)

95
Q

Hyperpnea

A

forced breathing
uses external intercostals, scalenes, internal intercostals, abdominals

96
Q

Internal intercostals

A

pulls ribs down, decreasing volume, increase Palv exhale

97
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

push the diaphragm up decrease volume, increase Palv exhale

98
Q

Tidal volume

A

1/2 liter air, in or out in resting breath
stop contracting external intercostals and go back to resting
first part of graph

99
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

breath normal then how much more can you get in with effort (large spike up on graph)

100
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

extra exhaled w/ effort
how much you can get out

101
Q

Residual volume

A

amount left after greatest expiration

102
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

tital + inspiratory reserve volume

103
Q

Vital capacity

A

inspiratory capacity + expiratery reserve

103
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

residual + expiratory volume

104
Q

Total lung capacity

A

vital + residual volume

105
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

air left in conducting zone
too thick of walls for gas exchange

106
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

where gas can’t exhange in respiratory zone (alveoli) because of mucus

107
Q

Physiological dead space

A

alveolar dead space

108
Q

Total dead space

A

anatomical + phiological (alveolar) dead space

109
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
110
Q

Carotid bodies

A
111
Q

Aortic bodies

A
112
Q

Medullary respiratory center

A

stimulates respiratory muscles settign difalt rhythms
have the dorsal respiratory gorup and ventral respiratory gourp

113
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

in medulla for eupnea mucles
diaphragm, maybe external mucles

114
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

in medulla for hyperpnea
abdominal & internal intercostals

115
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

regulate rate & depth through input to medullary centers

116
Q

Apneustic center

A

affects depth of breaths

117
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

affects respiratory rate

118
Q

Partial pressure

A

fraction of air pressure due to each gas: N2, O2, CO2, H2O

119
Q

PCO2

A

partialpressure

120
Q

PO2

A
121
Q

Ventilation

A

Air flow into alveoli

122
Q

Perfusion

A

blood flow to alveolar capillaries

123
Q

Coupling

A
124
Q

Cellular respiration

A
125
Q

External respiration

A

pulmonary system
In lungs, exchange of blood gases with air
Pco2 blood > Pco2 alv 46>40
Co2 diffuses to alveolus
Po2alv > Po2 blood 100>40
O2 diffuses to blood

126
Q

Internal respiration

A

In the systemic tissues
gas exchange from capillaries to tissues
Pco2 tissues > Pco2 blood 50>40
CO2 diffues into the blood
Po2 blood > Po2 tissues 100>10
O2 diffues into the tissues

127
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

transports O2 is the 98%
attached to hemoglobin molecules

128
Q

Heme

A
129
Q

Hemoglobin saturation

A

% all RBC’s O2 capacity filled is the hemoglobin saturation
total amount of hemes holding O2

130
Q

Dissociation curve

A

S-shape curve becuase of PO2 vs hemoglobin saturation
more O2 used the faster O2 is freed form hb

131
Q

Cooperative binding

A

each O2 on makes next easier to add
one changes then then next and the next

132
Q

Right shift

A

hb is not able to hold onto the O2 as much (unloads faster)

133
Q

Left shift

A

Hold onto oxygen better

134
Q

Bohr effect

A

Right shift, hb unloads more O2 at high acidity
pH decrease more co2 in the body going to unload o2 faster to balance out

135
Q

Growth hormone

A

affects the hormone dissociation, right shift because more aerobic respiration, to grow the body

136
Q

Thyroid

A

raise metabolism, which will shift right bc need more oxygen

137
Q

Thyroid hormones

A
138
Q

Testosterone

A

grow skeletal muscles, right shift need more O2 unload faster

139
Q

Epinephrine

A

increase heart rate, right shift, fight or flight need more O2

140
Q

1,3-Bis(Di)phosphoglycerate

A
141
Q

2,3-(Di)phosphoglycerate

A
142
Q

Glycolysis

A
143
Q

Alpha-globin

A

what are in adult hemoglobin

144
Q

Beta-globin

A
145
Q

Expression pattern

A

change as embryo to fetus to child
is a left shift because baby needs to hold onto moms O2 better

146
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Co2 attached to a peptide bond
>20% of co2 is carried this way

147
Q

Haldane effect

A

Hb co2 affinity increases w/out O2
when have no O2 can carry more Co2

148
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Co2 is majority 70% carried in the plasma as bicarbonate, done by using carbonic anhydrase to convert Co2 with H2O to bicarbonate, that can be easily carried in the plasm
use Cl- to trade with Bicarbonate

149
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

used in RBC’s to convert co2 to bicarbonate

150
Q

Chloride shift

A

When bicarbonate is made in the RBC it is a neg charge, can’t leave because is larger needs to leave through a protien channel. Have to set neg right, use a Cl- ion to move into the RBC as bicarbonate leaves

151
Q

Digestion

A

break macromolecules down to monomers/sub-units

152
Q

Absorption

A

move from cavity to bodily fluids
vitamins, salts&minerals, Water, digested materials

153
Q

Microbiome

A

our own microbes that help give us vitamins and help immune functions

154
Q

Alimentary canal

A

digestive tract (GI)

155
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

Alimentarycanal

156
Q

Small intestine

A

Finish digestion, absorption

157
Q

Large intestine (Colon)

A

host of the microbiome, where we have water & vitamins reabsorption

158
Q

Accessory organ

A

Salivary glands, liver, gall blader, pancreas

159
Q

Exocrine gland

A

secret in a duct are the Gall baldder, pancreas releases bicarbonate as an exocrine gland

160
Q

Endocrine gland

A

hormones secreted in the blood stream. pancreas does this for glucose control

161
Q

Salivary glands

A

start the break down of carbohydrates and secrete lipase (used in the stomach to break down lipids)

162
Q

Amylase

A

secreted by salivary glands, break down carbs

163
Q

Lipase

A

breaks down lipids in the stomach

164
Q

Gall bladder

A

bile storage & concentration
where extra bile is stored for when needed to digest lipids

165
Q

Pancreas

A

digestiveenzymes, bicarbonate, glucose control
many enzyme found in SI is from pancreas

166
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

167
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

smooth muscle

168
Q

Duodenum

A

start of the small intestine
has part of the submucosa

169
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Inner & outer layer
Inner: circular
Outer: longitudinal
helps to mix and churn the food

170
Q

Submucosa

A

dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
blood & lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus
multicellular mucus glands in esophagus & duodenum

171
Q

Adventitia

A

fibrous connective tissue on the back wall
no epithelium

172
Q

Serosa

A

areolar tissue & simple squamous epithelium
found in organs hanging from the back wall of the cavity

173
Q

Enteric system

A

self-contained in digestive system with little CNS input

174
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

controls glandular secretions
relase of gastric or mucus

175
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

b/w muscularis externa layers: movement
control the muscle movement

176
Q

Serous membrane

A
177
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A
178
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A
179
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A
180
Q

Peritoneal fluid

A
181
Q

Transverse colon

A
182
Q

Sigmoid colon

A
183
Q

Ascending colon

A
184
Q

Descending colon

A
185
Q

Rectum

A
186
Q

Mesentery

A
187
Q

Mesocolon

A
188
Q

Greater omentum

A
189
Q

Lesser omentum

A
190
Q

Falciform ligament

A
191
Q

Intraperitoneal

A
192
Q

Retroperitoneal

A
193
Q

Propulsion

A
194
Q

Peristalsis

A
195
Q

Mechanical digestion

A
196
Q

Mastication

A
197
Q

Churning

A
198
Q

Chyme

A
199
Q

Segmentation

A
200
Q

Emulsification

A
201
Q

Bile salts

A
202
Q

Chemical digestion

A
203
Q

Hydrolysis

A
204
Q

Amylase

A
205
Q

Pepsin

A
206
Q

Brush border

A
207
Q

NSAID

A
208
Q

Lacteal

A
209
Q

Short (intrinsic) reflex

A
210
Q

Long (extrinsic) reflex

A
211
Q

Exteroceptors

A
212
Q

Enteroendocrine cell

A
213
Q

Gastric gland

A
214
Q

Gastrin

A
215
Q

Parietal cell

A
216
Q

Secretin

A
217
Q

Pancreatic duct cell

A
218
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
219
Q

Acinus

A
220
Q

Excrete

A
221
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A
222
Q

Electrolyte

A
223
Q

Erythropoietin

A
224
Q

Vitamin D

A
225
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
226
Q

Lactate

A
227
Q

Fermentation

A
228
Q

Glycerol

A
229
Q

Fatty acid

A

Anat & Phys 2 (5 decks)

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