Final Exam Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
Heavy Chain
A
Part of the antibody structure, has more amino acids and held my covalent bonds
2
Q
Light chain
A
part of the antibody structure, smaller/less amino acids, held by covalent bonds
3
Q
Constant region
A
Part of the antibody structure that remains the same, determines the antibody class
4
Q
Variable region
A
The region that is different on the antibody that determines the specificity
5
Q
Antibody specificity
A
what specific epitope is there that will allow the one antigen to bind to the antibody
6
Q
Immunological tolerance
A
destroy the ones that could cause autoimmunity, random variable regions may make anti-self antibodies
use tolerance, deletion, anergy, and peripheral tolerance
only B-cells binding non-self survive & function
if B-cells can tolerate their own cells
7
Q
Clonal deletion
A
B-cells bind before antigens present –> apoptosis
Is getting rid of everything that is not tolerant
8
Q
Clonal anergy
A
B-cells bind before antigen present lose function
risk that it could become active again and give autoimmune
may stimulate but lose ability to respond
9
Q
Peripheral tolerance
A
B-cells binds without T-helper cells –> apoptosis
if it doesn’t receive the second signal it will die (shut down)
10
Q
Fc
A
Constant region on protein
11
Q
IgD
A
only found on B-lymphocytes
Monomeric B-cell antigen receptor
held in a plasma membrane with a pointy side out, change shape will activate the cell
they are never secreted, when it binds to matching antigen it will activate cell, they will then divide to give memory & plasma cell clones
12
Q
IgM
A
deals with blood type (ABO)
monomer in the B-cell membrane acts as an antigen receptor
like IgD when antigen binds it activates B-cell
IgM is secreted as a pentamer, 1st antibody in primary response, includes anti-ABO antibodies, can’t cross placenta (too big), does not give passive immunity
13
Q
IgG
A
main blood antibody 80% of antibodies
whorks by neutrilizing toxins & opsonization
major antibody of late primary & secondary responses
monomer that includes anti-Rh antibodies
cross placenta to provide fetus/newborn immunity
14
Q
IgA
A
13% of antibodies
dimer, secreted in mucus, milk, tears, saliva
15
Q
IgE
A
0.002%
antibody of allergy & antiparasitic activity
monomer, signals basophils & mast cells to stimulate inflammation
16
Q
Activation
A
Antigen binds B-cell membrane IgM or IgD recptor
the B-cell phagocytoses surface antibody w/ its antigen
then it will display and digest fragments on surface MHC-II
17
Q
Memory cell
A
plasma cells that turn into memory cells for later
18
Q
Neutralize
A
cover toxins & virus binding sites
keeps virus form getting into cell, blocking from moving forward
19
Q
Complement
A
20
Q
Precipitate
A
bind over and over by cross linking with antibodies they will get bigger until they fall out of solution
21
Q
Primary response
A
slow, since few responsive cells ready
22
Q
Secondary response
A
rapid since menay memory cells
23
Q
Active immunity
A
you own cells responding & secreting antibody
24
Q
Passive immunity
A
others antibodies from breast feeding milk, covalescent plasma, RhoGam
25
Natural immunity
w/out medical intervention
26
Artificial immunity
intentionally introduced in medical context
27
Convalescent plasma
plasma that comes from people who have recovered from an infection
28
Conducting zone
transports air in & out of lungs
nostrals, mouth, throat
29
Respiratory Zone
for gas exchange deep in the lungs
30
Mucosa
Epithelium at lumen & arelar tissue
humidifies inhaled air, captures dust & microbes w/ mucus
31
Lamina propria
areolar connective tissue underneath
32
Goblet cell
unicellular mucus glands in epithelum
33
Submucosa
dense irrebular fibrous C.T deep to laminal propria
34
Mucus gland
multicellular with ducts to lumen
35
Serous gland
bactericidal, dissolve odorant (chemical you can smell), humidify air
36
Odorant
chemical you can smell
37
Concha
superior, middle & inferior (turbinates)
causes tubulence, forcing air across mucosa
improves warming & moistening air & trapping microbes
38
Paranasal sinus
39
Frontal sinus
40
Maxillary sinus
41
Sphenoid sinus
42
Ethmoid air cell
43
Pharynx
44
Nasopharynx
45
Eustachian (Auditory) tube
46
Oropharynx
47
Laryngopharynx
48
Larynx
49
Glottis
50
Vocal cord
51
Epiglottis
52
Trachea
53
Tracheal cartilage
54
Trachealis
muscle that is going to close the posterior side by the esophagus
55
Primary bronchus
56
secondary (lobar) bronchus
57
Lobe
58
Tertiary bronchus
59
Segment
60
Bronchiole
after tertiary bronchus
to lobules, less and less cartilage until none is left and only muscles to control constiction
61
Terminal bronchiole
62
Respiratory bronchiole
start of gas exhange beause of simple squamous epithelium
63
Alveolar duct
After the respiratory brochioles continuation of gas exchange
64
Alveolar sac
last part in the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs
65
Respiratory membrane
type 1 cells + capillary endothelium
makes it easy to exchange gas
66
Surfactant
secreated by type II cells and is used to keep the alveoli from colapsing by reducing surface tension
67
Type I alveolar cell
part of the respiratory membrane
are squamous & have an epithilum to prevent bubbles
68
Type II alveolar cell
are Cuboidal that make surfactan
69
Alveolar macrophage
clean up any dust that has gotten throught the rest of the system
immune system cell (dust cell)
70
Dust cell
Alveolar macrophage
71
Hilum
site where bronchi, vasculature nerves enter the lungs
72
Apex
base of the lungs
shape is molded with the diaphragm
73
Base
part of apex
74
Costal
along the ribs
75
Mediastinal
middle of the chest
76
Cardiac notch
heart and the lungs meet
on the left
77
Bronchial tree
Primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchioes
78
Fissure
separate 2 lobes on the left 3 lobes on the right
79
Pulmonary circuit
80
Pulmonary plexus
enter hilum & follows tree
81
Bronchoconstriction
done by parasympathetic nervous system
from cranial X used vegus nerve
82
Bronchodilation
sympathetic by thoracic chain ganglia
fight or flight, need more O2 or use more O2 want to increase flow and decrease resistance
83
Pleura
each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax
84
Serous membrane
similar to pericardium, that is sealed, lungs are embedded, is a simple squamous epithilium & areolar tissue
parietal & visceral pleura
85
Parietal pleura
closes to the skin
86
Visceral pleura
closest to the lungs
87
Pleural cavity
the cavity of which the serous membrane holds the lungs
full of fluid, adhesive pleural fluid to prevent friction and allow control of movement
88
Pleural fluid
is used to prevent friction adn allow control of movement
89
Atmospheric pressure
Patm
90
Intra-alveolar pressure
Palv
changes with chest volume
pressure in alveoli sacs, pressure decrease force into lungs pressure increase force out
91
Intrapleural pressure
Pip
should always be less than the pressure in our lungs Pip
92
Respiratory cycle
the process of breating in and out
93
Eupnea
relaxed breathing
driven by changing chest volume causing Palv to change
94
External intercostals
muscles, diaphragm increase volume, decrease Palv inhale
recoil by lung & diaphrame elsasticity decrease volume, increase Palv (exhale)
95
Hyperpnea
forced breathing
uses external intercostals, scalenes, internal intercostals, abdominals
96
Internal intercostals
pulls ribs down, decreasing volume, increase Palv exhale
97
Abdominal muscles
push the diaphragm up decrease volume, increase Palv exhale
98
Tidal volume
1/2 liter air, in or out in resting breath
stop contracting external intercostals and go back to resting
first part of graph
99
Inspiratory reserve volume
breath normal then how much more can you get in with effort (large spike up on graph)
100
Expiratory reserve volume
extra exhaled w/ effort
how much you can get out
101
Residual volume
amount left after greatest expiration
102
Inspiratory capacity
tital + inspiratory reserve volume
103
Vital capacity
inspiratory capacity + expiratery reserve
103
Functional residual capacity
residual + expiratory volume
104
Total lung capacity
vital + residual volume
105
Anatomical dead space
air left in conducting zone
too thick of walls for gas exchange
106
Alveolar dead space
where gas can't exhange in respiratory zone (alveoli) because of mucus
107
Physiological dead space
alveolar dead space
108
Total dead space
anatomical + phiological (alveolar) dead space
109
Central chemoreceptors
110
Carotid bodies
111
Aortic bodies
112
Medullary respiratory center
stimulates respiratory muscles settign difalt rhythms
have the dorsal respiratory gorup and ventral respiratory gourp
113
Dorsal respiratory group
in medulla for eupnea mucles
diaphragm, maybe external mucles
114
Ventral respiratory group
in medulla for hyperpnea
abdominal & internal intercostals
115
Pontine respiratory group
regulate rate & depth through input to medullary centers
116
Apneustic center
affects depth of breaths
117
Pneumotaxic center
affects respiratory rate
118
Partial pressure
fraction of air pressure due to each gas: N2, O2, CO2, H2O
119
PCO2
partialpressure
120
PO2
121
Ventilation
Air flow into alveoli
122
Perfusion
blood flow to alveolar capillaries
123
Coupling
124
Cellular respiration
125
External respiration
pulmonary system
In lungs, exchange of blood gases with air
Pco2 blood > Pco2 alv 46>40
Co2 diffuses to alveolus
Po2alv > Po2 blood 100>40
O2 diffuses to blood
126
Internal respiration
In the systemic tissues
gas exchange from capillaries to tissues
Pco2 tissues > Pco2 blood 50>40
CO2 diffues into the blood
Po2 blood > Po2 tissues 100>10
O2 diffues into the tissues
127
Oxyhemoglobin
transports O2 is the 98%
attached to hemoglobin molecules
128
Heme
129
Hemoglobin saturation
% all RBC's O2 capacity filled is the hemoglobin saturation
total amount of hemes holding O2
130
Dissociation curve
S-shape curve becuase of PO2 vs hemoglobin saturation
more O2 used the faster O2 is freed form hb
131
Cooperative binding
each O2 on makes next easier to add
one changes then then next and the next
132
Right shift
hb is not able to hold onto the O2 as much (unloads faster)
133
Left shift
Hold onto oxygen better
134
Bohr effect
Right shift, hb unloads more O2 at high acidity
pH decrease more co2 in the body going to unload o2 faster to balance out
135
Growth hormone
affects the hormone dissociation, right shift because more aerobic respiration, to grow the body
136
Thyroid
raise metabolism, which will shift right bc need more oxygen
137
Thyroid hormones
138
Testosterone
grow skeletal muscles, right shift need more O2 unload faster
139
Epinephrine
increase heart rate, right shift, fight or flight need more O2
140
1,3-Bis(Di)phosphoglycerate
141
2,3-(Di)phosphoglycerate
142
Glycolysis
143
Alpha-globin
what are in adult hemoglobin
144
Beta-globin
145
Expression pattern
change as embryo to fetus to child
is a left shift because baby needs to hold onto moms O2 better
146
Carbaminohemoglobin
Co2 attached to a peptide bond
>20% of co2 is carried this way
147
Haldane effect
Hb co2 affinity increases w/out O2
when have no O2 can carry more Co2
148
Bicarbonate
Co2 is majority 70% carried in the plasma as bicarbonate, done by using carbonic anhydrase to convert Co2 with H2O to bicarbonate, that can be easily carried in the plasm
use Cl- to trade with Bicarbonate
149
Carbonic anhydrase
used in RBC's to convert co2 to bicarbonate
150
Chloride shift
When bicarbonate is made in the RBC it is a neg charge, can't leave because is larger needs to leave through a protien channel. Have to set neg right, use a Cl- ion to move into the RBC as bicarbonate leaves
151
Digestion
break macromolecules down to monomers/sub-units
152
Absorption
move from cavity to bodily fluids
vitamins, salts&minerals, Water, digested materials
153
Microbiome
our own microbes that help give us vitamins and help immune functions
154
Alimentary canal
digestive tract (GI)
155
Gastrointestinal tract
Alimentarycanal
156
Small intestine
Finish digestion, absorption
157
Large intestine (Colon)
host of the microbiome, where we have water & vitamins reabsorption
158
Accessory organ
Salivary glands, liver, gall blader, pancreas
159
Exocrine gland
secret in a duct are the Gall baldder, pancreas releases bicarbonate as an exocrine gland
160
Endocrine gland
hormones secreted in the blood stream. pancreas does this for glucose control
161
Salivary glands
start the break down of carbohydrates and secrete lipase (used in the stomach to break down lipids)
162
Amylase
secreted by salivary glands, break down carbs
163
Lipase
breaks down lipids in the stomach
164
Gall bladder
bile storage & concentration
where extra bile is stored for when needed to digest lipids
165
Pancreas
digestiveenzymes, bicarbonate, glucose control
many enzyme found in SI is from pancreas
166
GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue
167
Muscularis mucosa
smooth muscle
168
Duodenum
start of the small intestine
has part of the submucosa
169
Muscularis externa
Inner & outer layer
Inner: circular
Outer: longitudinal
helps to mix and churn the food
170
Submucosa
dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
blood & lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus
multicellular mucus glands in esophagus & duodenum
171
Adventitia
fibrous connective tissue on the back wall
no epithelium
172
Serosa
areolar tissue & simple squamous epithelium
found in organs hanging from the back wall of the cavity
173
Enteric system
self-contained in digestive system with little CNS input
174
Submucosal plexus
controls glandular secretions
relase of gastric or mucus
175
Myenteric plexus
b/w muscularis externa layers: movement
control the muscle movement
176
Serous membrane
177
Visceral peritoneum
178
Parietal peritoneum
179
Peritoneal cavity
180
Peritoneal fluid
181
Transverse colon
182
Sigmoid colon
183
Ascending colon
184
Descending colon
185
Rectum
186
Mesentery
187
Mesocolon
188
Greater omentum
189
Lesser omentum
190
Falciform ligament
191
Intraperitoneal
192
Retroperitoneal
193
Propulsion
194
Peristalsis
195
Mechanical digestion
196
Mastication
197
Churning
198
Chyme
199
Segmentation
200
Emulsification
201
Bile salts
202
Chemical digestion
203
Hydrolysis
204
Amylase
205
Pepsin
206
Brush border
207
NSAID
208
Lacteal
209
Short (intrinsic) reflex
210
Long (extrinsic) reflex
211
Exteroceptors
212
Enteroendocrine cell
213
Gastric gland
214
Gastrin
215
Parietal cell
216
Secretin
217
Pancreatic duct cell
218
Cholecystokinin
219
Acinus
220
Excrete
221
Nitrogenous waste
222
Electrolyte
223
Erythropoietin
224
Vitamin D
225
Gluconeogenesis
226
Lactate
227
Fermentation
228
Glycerol
229
Fatty acid
