exam #2

Question 1

Nutrients

Answer 1

• The chemical building blocks our bodies need to live, grow, and repair themselves
• Provide energy

Question 2

Macronutrients

Answer 2

• Nutrients the organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

• The ability to do work
• Powers out activities
• Helps build complex muscles

Question 4

Forms of Energy

Answer 4

• Heat: kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms; can be transferred from one body to another
• Kinetic: object in motion
• Potential: stored energy; has the potential to become kinetic energy

Question 5

List the three macromolecules we eat and then use to fuel the production of ATP

Answer 5

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids (fats)

Question 6

Define metabolism

Answer 6

All the chemical reactions occurring in the body

Question 7

Anabolism

Answer 7

build new structures from smaller subunits (use energy)

Question 8

Catabolism

Answer 8

break down larger structures into smaller ones (release energy)

Question 9

Enzymes (how do they facilitate reactions?)

Answer 9

• Protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction
• Enzymes reduce activation energy for chemical reactions, so they happen much quicker

Question 10

Dietary micronutrients

Answer 10

• Minerals: inorganic elements required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance; act as cofactors
• Vitamins: organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance; act as coenzymes

Question 11

Balanced diet

Answer 11

• Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains make up the largest portion of our diet
• This kind of diet provides the macro and micro nutrients that we need

Question 12

Energy and its three forms

Answer 12

• Potential: stored energy; has the potential to become kinetic energy
• Kinetic: object in motion
• Heat: kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms; can be transferred from one body to another

Question 13

Conservation of energy

Answer 13

How is energy created?
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed
How does energy get conserved?
- Through heat
How does energy get transformed?
- From kinetic to potential
Is some energy lost?
- no

Question 14

What are autotrophs?

Answer 14

Capture and transform energy of sunlight by photosynthesis (producers)

Question 15

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 15

Obtain energy by eating other organisms (consumers)

Question 16

What are fossil fuels?

Answer 16

Non-renewable energy sources made from decomposing plants and animals

Question 17

What are biofuels?

Answer 17

Renewable fuels made from living organisms

Question 18

Awareness of fuel usage:

Answer 18

fossil fuels are limited and take millions of years to replenish, they harm the environment

Question 19

Creation of new methods to make fuel:

Answer 19

when plants and algae products are converted to fuel and burned, they release CO2, which is the same CO2 they took up by photosynthesis

Question 20

Which macromolecules are used to carry out metabolic activities?

Answer 20

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids(fats)

Question 21

What is ATP?

Answer 21

energy

Question 22

ATP Chemical formula

Answer 22

ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

Question 23

Which organelle forms the ATP molecule in eukaryotic (human) cells?

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

What happens to the subunits of macromolecules in the creation of ATP?

Answer 24

Blood transports excess CO2 to the lungs and H2O to the kidneys

Question 25

What important cell functions are involved in ATP usage?

Answer 25

Cellular respiration, cellular transport

Question 26

What is Aerobic (cellular) respiration?

Answer 26

3 stage process that occurs in the presence of oxygen to convert stored food energy into ATP

Question 27

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of which specific substance?

Answer 27

oxygen

Question 28

How do cells get the essential molecules for aerobic respiration?

Answer 28

Blood transports glucose from food and oxygen from the lungs

Question 29

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

Answer 29

C6H12O6 + O2 = ATP + CO2 + H2O

Question 30

Glycolysis: what is it, what happens, where does it occur?

Answer 30

Step 1: breaks down glucose into pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm

Question 31

Citric acid cycle: what is it, where does it occur?

Answer 31

Step 2: helps extract energy from food, occurs in the mitochondria

Question 32

Electron Transport Chain: what is it, what is created, where does it occur?

Answer 32

Step 3: NAD+ molecules bring electrons to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where an oxygen will accept it and combine with hydrogen to form water, occurs in mitochondria

Question 33

How many ATP are produced in each step?

Answer 33

Step 1: 2 ATP Step 2: 2 ATP Step 3: 26-28 ATP

Question 34

Which cells in the human body need more ATP as compared to others?

Answer 34

muscle cells

Question 35

What is fermentation?

Answer 35

What happens when oxygen is scarce

Question 36

What products are created in fermentation?

Answer 36

Lactic acid, alcohol, 2 ATP

Question 37

What is glycogen? Where is it found in animals? What is it used for?

Answer 37

- A complex carbohydrate, which is made up of linked chains of glucose molecules - Muscle and liver cells - Short-term energy storage

Question 38

What are triglycerides? Where are they found in animals? What is it used for?

Answer 38

- A type of lipid found in fat cells - Fat cells - Long-term energy storage

Question 39

How many calories/gram are produced using the three different biological molecules as fuel?

Answer 39

- Carbohydrates: 4 calories/gram - Lipids: 9 calories/gram - Proteins: 4 calories/gram

Question 40

Differentiate between calorie and Calorie.

Answer 40

- calorie: scientific unit of energy - Calorie: displayed on all nutrition labels (equal to 1000 calories, or 1 kcal)

Question 41

What happens if there is excess energy in the human body?

Answer 41

Weight loss

Question 42

What is BMI (Body Mass Index)- ranges for healthy, overweight, and obese individuals?

Answer 42

- Estimates body fat based on height and weight - Overweight: 25-29 - Obese: >30 - Extremely obese: >40 - Healthy: 19-24 - Underweight: <18

Question 43

How do you think obesity will affect a human body?

Answer 43

Increase the risk of disease and health issues

Question 44

What is NEAT?

Answer 44

Non exercise Activity Thermogenesis

Question 45

What activities in everyday life can be termed NEAT activities?

Answer 45

Yard work, shopping, walking a dog

Question 46

How can one maintain a balance between food intake and burning calories?

Answer 46

A healthy diet with an activity to burn calories