Exam 2

Question 1

Sickle Cell Allele

Answer 1

AA -> “normal”, no mutation (HbA)
AS -> Sickle Cell Carrier, Resistant to Malaria (HbA and HbS)
SS -> Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 1

Sickle Cell Environment

Answer 1

HbS, Very frequent in Africa, found in other parts of the world

Question 2

Malaria

Answer 2

Vector-borne infectious disease. From mosquitos, Sub-Saharan Africa most affected, increased protection, Reproduces inside cells and attacks cells

Question 3

Hemoglobin Variants

Answer 3

Normal Hemoglobin Beta Chain: Valine, HIstidine, Leucine, Threonine, Proline, Glutamic Acid (GA), GA

Sickle Cell Anemia Hemoglobin Beta Chain: Valine, HIstidine, Leucine, Threonine, Proline, Valine, Glutamic Acid

Question 4

Sickle Cell vs Malaria

Answer 4

SC:
M:

Question 5

Genotypic Traits

Answer 5

Simple inheritance, blood groups and hemoglobin variants

Question 6

Polygenic Traits

Answer 6

Many genes contribute to the expression of a physical trait, height, skin, hair and eye color -> Race

Question 7

History of Race Concepts

Answer 7

Ancient Ideas (very few)
- Egypt, Romans, and Greek (art shows no depiction of one skin color or feature being “better” than the other), Differences based on religion and nationality

Question 8

Age of Discovery

Answer 8

Spanish and European colonial expansion, wealthy travelers made claims and assumptions about these new peoples

Question 9

Edward Tyson

Answer 9

“Pygmy” Human (disected a monkey and thought it was a small human (pygmy is derogitory))

Question 10

Why was “Race” created?

Answer 10

-
-

Question 11

Historical Events RUNDOWN

Answer 11

-
-
-

Question 12

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 12

Classified archetypes 4 “varieties”
great chain of being
Race Types

Question 13

John Punch

Answer 13

Was sentenced lifelong servitude compared to a white european laborer who got shorter amount of time (RACIST)

Question 14

Polygenists

Answer 14

Different “races” were different species, descended from different “Adams”
Scientific Racism
Typology

Question 15

Monogenists

Answer 15

All one species, descended from one “Adam” (needed naturalistic explanation for variation)

Question 16

Johann Blumenbach

Answer 16

Monogenist
Father of physical anthropology
-lineas was right but culture and behavior should be left out of race classification
environmental determinism

Question 17

James Cowles Prichard

Answer 17

Monogenist
-Varieties progressed with time, adaptation, self-domestication
-“European type”

Question 18

Samuel George Morton

Answer 18

Polygenist

Question 19

Louis Agassiz

Answer 19

Polygenist

Question 20

Frederick Douglass

Answer 20

Early critic of “ race science”

Question 21

Antenor Firmin

Answer 21

Equality of the Human Races

Question 22

Franz Boas

Answer 22

Craniometrics (cephalic index)
American-born children vs immigrant parents
Phenotypic plasticity

Question 23

Heritability

Answer 23

Passed down from parent to offspring, must not be 100% perfect

Question 24

Heritability Value

Answer 24

scaled 0-1 0= no more resemblance no connection to heretability between relatives 1= offspring have exactly the same value as average of their parents How old you were when you first gave birth: 0.11 (Unlikely that your offspring has offspring at same time as you this isn't inheritable)

Question 25

Geographic variation

Answer 25

Clines (gradual), not Clumps Ecogeographic Trend (Glogers Rule -> less pigment in the north)

Question 26

Melanocytes

Answer 26

Melanin pigment

Question 27

Eumelanin v

Question 28

Melanin Function

Answer 28

Protects skin from UVA and UVB radiation, UVB is important for activating vitamin D synthesis in the body - High melanin slows down Vitamin D production

Question 29

Folate

Question 30

protection of folate

Question 31

Selection for Dark Skin

Answer 31

UV kills folate which impact reproductive sucess

Question 32

Photolysis

Answer 32

Exposure to light kills cells

Question 33

Folate Deficiencies

Answer 33

- Linked to differential survival and fertility - Neural Tube Defects (NTD) - Anenceohalus, Spina bifida Folate photolysis

Question 34

Selection for Light Skin

Answer 34

Vitamin D Deficiency hypothesis - UV is good for vitamin d synthesis - lack of vit D can result in crippling diseases like rickets (less dense bones, bend) - Selection for less melanin to allow for more vitamin D production