Exam 4 Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
Energy Reserves
A
PCM (Pericentriolar Material): Total Undernutrition
Total Diet is reduced
2
Q
Malnutrition
A
Can be underwight or overweight, lack of nutrients
3
Q
Nutrients
A
4
Q
Proteins
A
5
Q
Protein -> Amino Acid
A
6
Q
Protein Quality of Foods
A
7
Q
Protein Deficieny
A
8
Q
3 types of energy the body uses
A
- Proteins
- Glycogen
- Lipids
9
Q
Biology of Deficiency
A
After fat and glycogen reserves are used, breakdown of proteins in skeletal muscles, immune system weakens, children are in greater risk cause it takes more for them to grow
10
Q
Growth Disruptions
A
Stunting: reduction in linear growth
Wasting: low weight-for-height
Harris lines: Bone growth slows due to physiological stress
11
Q
Biology of Deficiency
A
Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency, adequate intake in other categories, liver enlarged (edema) due to weak abdominal muscles
Marasmus: Severe malnutrition in all categories, dehydrated and emaciated
12
Q
Micronutrient Deficiencies
A
13
Q
Hunger in America (2014)
A
14
Q
Overnutrition
A
- Accelerated growth during childhood
15
Q
Can we adapt?
A
- “Buying time” - “thrifty phenotype” - Central + nervous systems spared
16
Q
Vitamin A (retinol)
A
Beta-carotene , stored in the liver, night-blindness, epithelium
17
Q
Epithelium
A
Dry hair, scaly skin, brittle nails
18
Q
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
A
- Scurvy (sailors)
19
Q
Vitamin D (calcitrial)
A
Rickets, osteomalacia
20
Q
Malaria
A
(bad air) Vector-borne infectious disease, plasmodium in liver and RBC
- ADAPTATIONS:
20
Q
Ebola virus disease (evd)
A
Direct-contact, zoonosis
21
Q
Germ Theory of Disease
A
22
Q
Miasma Theory
A
Illness caused by pollution, “poisonous air”
22
Q
Preindustrial Cities
A
- Social stratifiction (class) led to disparities in risk of illness and death
- Access to nutrition and medical care
- Risks of exposure
EQUAL: Epidemics impact the entire community, contribution to re-emergence of infectious disease
23
Modern Cities, Disease, and Culture
Culture has altered our relationship with the physical and biological environments
23
Legionnaire's disease
- Pneumonia-like symptoms
- AC duct systems, hot tubs
23
Disease Warriors (2005)
23
Environmental Physiology
Study of adaptation of indiviudal organism to environmental change and stress
24
Stressors
Evironmental condition condition that place restraints on a populations size or range
24
Density dependent
Nutrients and disease
25
Density independent
Temperature
25
Adaptation
Process of attaining beneficial adjustments to the environment
- Evolution through natural selection
- Advantageous trait (physiological, anatomical, behvioral, cultural)
- Increase at population
26
Habituation
Gradual reduction of responses to repeated stress
- Individual level (nose blind, etc.)
26
Behavioral Adaptations (Individual)
- Actions to increase survival
- Well-suited for rapidly changing conditions (quickly employed, reversible)
-Adaptive and Maladaptive
27
Physiological Adaptations (Individual)
- Systemic response to a specific stimulus (ex. eyes responding to light)
- Involuntary (Automatic)
- Phenotype Plasticity: Observed biological changes induced by environment (quickly employed, reversible)
- Acclimization
27
Developmental (Individual)
- If you were exposed to some stressor in utero, baby, or child (before adulthood) certain populations have stressors that will turn on
- Genetic component
- Developmental conversion
- Ex. Aldeans
27
Cultural (Population)
- Shared understandings and behavior
- Food, shelter, clothing
- Allows humans to adapt to all terrestrial habitats
- Adaptive/maladaptive
28
Genetics (Population)
- "Hard Wired" in a population or species
- Heritable (Body shape, skin color, ability to sweat)
- Ecogeographic rules
29
Acclimization
Gradual, long-term responses to complex environmental stresses
- A long-term physiological response
- Individual, reversible
- Example: If you go from sea level to Tibet you will feel faint, start hyperventalating (hypoxia), your kidneys go into overdrive
29
Thermoregulation
Ability to adjust to extremes of temperature
- Biology (physiology, genetics), behavior, culture
30
Heat generation
- Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic
- Basal vs Active
30
Temperature Homeostasis
31
Temp. Adaptation: COLD
- Behavioral and Cultural Adaptations
- Biological responses: Insulative and Metabolic
32
Insulative Adjustments
Biological/Physiological adaptations
- Vasoconstriction (hypothalamus), Blood flow (subcutaneous circulation)
- Distribution of subcutaneous fat
- Body size and shape (more or less surface area)
32
Metabolic Adjustments
- Increased muscle activity
1. Voluntary activity (Exercise)
2. Involuntary shivering
- Increase metabolism 3x to usual basal metabolic rate (BMR)
3. Non-shivering thermogenesis
- Increase heat production from brown adipose tissue (fat, mitochondria rich)
32
Temperature Adaptation: HOT AND DRY
32
Temperature Adaptation: HOT AND WET
33
High Altitude Stressors
- UV Radiation
- Cold and arid
- Limited nutritional base
- Hypoxia
33
Hypoxia
Tissue deprived of Oxygen
34
Biological Adaptations to Hypoxia
- Increased breathing rate (hyperventilation) resulting in a loss of CO2 (respiratory alkalosis) makes all parts of the body basic/alkaline
- Increased heart rate and RBC count (polycythemia = increased viscosity, can lead to stroke), not effective but used phlebotomy/venesection (remove some blood, doesnt help with thickness)
34
Systemic Circulation
RBC leaves heart to GIVE oxygen, vasodilation (vessels get larger in diameter)
35
Pulmonary Circulation
RBC comes back to GET oxygen, vasoconstriction (vessels get smaller in diameter, creates a high pressure system)
35
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
- Ascend too rapidly
- Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache. insomnia
36
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
Brain swells with fluid, headache, disorientation, loss of coordination, memory loss, psychosis, coma, ataxia
36
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
Increased BP in the pulmonary vessels, fluid accumulation and swelling of alveoli, chest tightness, persistent cough, feeling of suffocation
37
Andean Population
- Short stature
- "Barrel-shaped" chest allows for greater lung volume and a larger heart specifically right ventricle
- More RBCs and Hemaglobin (Hb)
- Blood-based physiology
37
Tibetans
- Similar Hemaglobin (Hb) concentrations as populations living at sea level and lower O2 saturation of Hb
- High resting ventilation (amount of air moving in and out of lunger per min)
- No hypoxic pulmonary vasocontriction or pulmonary hypertension, high levels of vasodilator in their lungs
- Low birth weight at high altitude
- Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) Uterine artery diameter
- Respiratory physiology
