Exam 2

Question 1

function of the hindbrain

Answer 1

coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord, controls basic life functions

Question 2

pons

Answer 2

(bridge) relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

fine motor skills, coordination, balance

Question 4

medulla

Answer 4

(big mama medulla) coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

Question 5

reticular formation

Answer 5

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and arousal level

Question 6

function of the midbrain

Answer 6

orientation (vision, hearing) and movement (voluntary motor control)

Question 7

function of the forebrain

Answer 7

complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

Question 8

cerebral cortex

Answer 8

outermost layer of the brain

Question 9

thalamus

Answer 9

relays sensory information (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

(four Fs) food, fluid, Fahrenheit, f**king

Question 11

pituitary gland

Answer 11

“master-gland”, releases hormones for regulation of many processes

Question 12

hippocampus

Answer 12

forming new memories

Question 13

amygdala

Answer 13

(emotional Amy) emotional processes and formation of emotional memories

Question 14

four lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

occipital (visual), parietal (touch), temporal (hearing and language), frontal (movement, abstract thinking, memory, judgement)

Question 15

Phineas Gage

Answer 15

railway spike through his skull, damaged frontal lobe. lost his “filter” and judgement, became irritable and vulgar

Question 16

corpus callosum

Answer 16

thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 17

contralateral representation

Answer 17

the left and right hemispheres control the opposite sides of the body

Question 18

how are seizures sometimes treated in epileptic patients?

Answer 18

severing the corpus callosum to prevent the seizure from crossing between hemispheres

Question 19

left hemisphere is responsible for _____ and right is responsible for ______

Answer 19

language; visual-spatial processing

Question 20

sensation

Answer 20

awareness due to stimulation of the sense organs

Question 21

perception

Answer 21

the way we interpret and process sensation

Question 21

transduction

Answer 21

sensors in the body converting physical signals to neural signals

Question 21

three factors of light

Answer 21

wavelength (hue), amplitude (brightness), number of wavelengths (purity)

Question 22

sensory adaptation

Answer 22

sensitivity to prolonged stimulations tends to decline over time (cold pool)

Question 23

fovea

Answer 23

(focus) our sharpest vision, no rods present

Question 24

optic disk

Answer 24

blind spot, connects the retina and the optic nerve

Question 25

PBG

Answer 25

(PBJ) photoreceptors - bipolar neurons - ganglion cells - optic disk - optic nerve - brain

Question 26

three factors of sound

Answer 26

frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), complexity (timbre)

Question 27

outer ear

Answer 27

pinna --> auditory canal --> eardrum

Question 28

middle ear (ossicles)

Answer 28

hammer --> anvil --> stirrup

Question 29

inner ear

Answer 29

cochlea --> basilar membrane --> cilia

Question 30

cochlea

Answer 30

snail-shaped, fluid filled tube

Question 31

basilar membrane

Answer 31

undulates when vibrations reach the cochlear fluid

Question 32

cilia (hair cells)

Answer 32

auditory receptor neurons that trigger sending the message to the brain

Question 33

how do we localize sound?

Answer 33

loudness and timing differences between left and right ears

Question 34

we have four touch mechanoreceptors that allow us to sense...

Answer 34

pressure, texture, pattern, vibration

Question 35

A-delta fibers

Answer 35

fast, sharp, initial pain (myelin)

Question 36

C-fibers

Answer 36

slower, dull, throbbing pain (no myelin)

Question 37

gate-control theory

Answer 37

we can stop or "gate" pain signals by either rubbing around the skin or changing brain signals (endorphins, thoughts, feelings)

Question 38

path for smell

Answer 38

odorant molecules travel nasal cavity --> mucous membrane --> olfactory epithelium --> olfactory receptor neurons --> olfactory bulb

Question 39

our tongues have thousands of ________ and hundreds of _______

Answer 39

papillae, taste buds

Question 40

microvilli

Answer 40

taste receptors that react with tastant molecules

Question 41

three stages of memory

Answer 41

encode --> store --> retrieve

Question 42

memory is the ability to _____ and _______ information over time

Answer 42

store, retrieve

Question 43

three types of encoding

Answer 43

elaborative (link new knowledge with existing memory), visual (mental pictures), organizational (notice relationships)

Question 44

semantic judgement

Answer 44

the search for meaning - type of elaborative encoding

Question 45

sensory memory store

Answer 45

iconic memory (visual, stays for 1-2 seconds), echoic memory (auditory, stays for 5 seconds), gustatory (taste)

Question 46

working memory

Answer 46

STM and LTM working together to interpret and process

Question 47

we can hold about __ bits of information at a time

Answer 47

7

Question 48

chunking

Answer 48

combining small pieces of info to make them easier to recall short-term

Question 49

neurons that ____ together, ____ together

Answer 49

fire, wire (long-term potentiation)

Question 50

explicit memory

Answer 50

conscious recollection, includes semantic (we all know) and episodic (i know)

Question 51

implicit memory

Answer 51

unconscious influence of our past memory

Question 52

procedural memory

Answer 52

type of implicit memory, examples are riding a bike, brushing our teeth, writing your name (motor and cognitive skills)

Question 53

priming

Answer 53

enhanced identification of objects or words we have seen before, even decades ago

Question 54

inability to transfer STM to LTM

Answer 54

anterograde amnesia

Question 55

inability to retrieve information from memory

Answer 55

retrograde amnesia

Question 56

transience

Answer 56

forgetting due to the passage of time (occurs during storage phase)

Question 57

absentmindedness

Answer 57

failure to remember due to a lapse in attention

Question 58

prospective memory

Answer 58

remembering to do things in the future

Question 59

blocking

Answer 59

(tip of the tongue) failure to retrieve information that is available

Question 60

bias

Answer 60

distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on our recollection of previous experiences

Question 61

consistency bias

Answer 61

the past must fit the present

Question 62

change bias

Answer 62

we perceive change that is not there

Question 63

egocentric bias

Answer 63

we remember ourselves the way we want to

Question 64

persistence

Answer 64

intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget

Question 65

flashbulb memories

Answer 65

detailed memories of when and where we heard about shocking events

Question 66

memory misattribution

Answer 66

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source (Oklahoma bombing)

Question 67

suggestibility

Answer 67

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections (yes, I did see footage of that plane crash)