Exam 3

Question 1

learning is an ______________ that results in a relatively ___________________ in the state of the learner

Answer 1

experience, permanent change

Question 2

four mechanisms of learning

Answer 2

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, implicit learning

Question 3

classical conditioning is when a ________ _________ evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that _________

Answer 3

neutral stimulus, naturally evokes a response

Question 4

in pavlov’s classical conditioning, the food is the…

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

in pavlov’s classical conditioning, the salivating is the…

Answer 5

response (both unconditioned and conditioned)

Question 6

in pavlov’s classical conditioning, the bell is the…

Answer 6

conditioned (neutral) stimulus

Question 7

what is the order that must be followed during conditioning?

Answer 7

CS –> UCS –> R

Question 8

how are drug overdoses related to classical conditioning?

Answer 8

ODs often occur in atypical settings for the drug user, meaning the brain (having been conditioned to correlate certain settings with the drug) is not expecting the drug and does not prepare

Question 9

training the CR to occur from just the CS by combining the CS and UCS

Answer 9

acquisition, principle of classical conditioning

Question 10

when a stimulus that resembles the CS also elicits the CR

Answer 10

stimulus generalization, principle of classical conditioning (ex: circular and oval bowls both elicit salivation)

Question 11

the tendency to respond differently to 2 or more stimuli

Answer 11

stimulus discrimination, principle of classical conditioning (ex: middle C on piano elicits response, but not on guitar)

Question 12

when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS when paired with an established CS

Answer 12

higher order conditioning, principle of classical conditioning (ex: light –> bell –> food –> salivation)

Question 13

removing the US will eventually kill the CR even if CS continues

Answer 13

extinction, principle of classical conditioning

Question 14

the CR returns quickly when US is put back

Answer 14

spontaneous recovery, principle of classical conditioning

Question 15

who said the weird (but lowkey true) thing about conditioning babies

Answer 15

John Watson (all behavior can be accounted for via conditioning)

Question 16

the case of little albert, performed by ________, proved that _____ can be learned

Answer 16

Watson, fear (of rats)

Question 17

conditioning occurs more easily when the CS is (familiar/unfamiliar)

Answer 17

unfamiliar (no pre-existing expectations)

Question 18

operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the ___________ of the subject’s ___________ determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Answer 18

consequences, behavior

Question 19

what is the law of effect?

Answer 19

when something is followed by a pleasant state or reward, it is more likely to be repeated and vice versa

Question 20

a _________ increases a behavior

Answer 20

reinforcement

Question 21

a __________ decreases a behavior

Answer 21

punishment

Question 22

_________________ include food and water

Answer 22

primary reinforcements

Question 23

_________________ include money, gold stars

Answer 23

secondary reinforcements

Question 24

__________________ include pain, extreme cold

Answer 24

primary punishments

Question 25

__________________ include fines, bad grades

Answer 25

secondary punishments

Question 26

what is the overjustification effect, and give an example?

Answer 26

external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something (ex: one group paid to solve a puzzle, one group not paid - the group not paid kept working even after the paid group stopped)

Question 27

positive reinforcements/punishments

Answer 27

add or give something (gold star, slap)

Question 28

negative reinforcements/punishments

Answer 28

subtract or take away something (don't have to do the dishes, no iPad)

Question 29

what is a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning

Answer 29

one which is associated with reinforcement (smile, eye contact)

Question 30

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the response is no longer reinforced

Answer 30

extinction

Question 31

in continuous reinforcement, ______ responses are reinforced

Answer 31

all

Question 32

in intermittent reinforcement, _______ responses are reinforced

Answer 32

only some

Question 33

(fixed/variable) interval and ratio schedules are more effective

Answer 33

variable (think slots, or scrolling tiktok)

Question 34

applied behavior analysis (ABA) is an application of ______________ to treat defiant children and children with autism

Answer 34

operant conditioning (high fives, good job, candy)

Question 35

beating up bobo is an example of...

Answer 35

observational learning

Question 36

drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, and assumptions

Answer 36

reasoning

Question 37

tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples (ex: shark attack, plane crash overblown while learning disabilities in children are ignored)

Answer 37

availability heuristic (exaggerating the improbable)

Question 38

tendency for people to think two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event (george is a cop and owns a dog vs. george is a cop)

Answer 38

conjunction fallacy

Question 39

tendency for people to give different answers to the same problem based on how the problem is framed (people try to minimize loss)

Answer 39

framing effects

Question 40

tendency to make decisions about the current situation based on what is already previously invested

Answer 40

sunk-cost fallacy

Question 41

tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known (I knew it all along!)

Answer 41

hindsight bias

Question 42

tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one's beliefs

Answer 42

confirmation bias

Question 43

state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his behavior

Answer 43

cognitive dissonance

Question 44

fluid intelligence is one's ability to...

Answer 44

solve puzzles, etc

Question 45

crystallized intelligence is based in...

Answer 45

education

Question 46

a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences

Answer 46

intelligence

Question 47

__________ developed the first objective test for assessing a child's ability, called their "mental age", as part of the 1800s French movement to educate children

Answer 47

Alfred Binet

Question 48

__________ at Stanford modified Binet's test for American Children, developing the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1916)

Answer 48

Lewis Terman

Question 49

____________ developed test for adults (WAIS) in the 1930s, then kids (WISC) - still used today

Answer 49

David Wechsler

Question 50

intelligence is a ___________ property

Answer 50

hypothetical

Question 51

job performance, academic success, leadership roles are examples of

Answer 51

consequential behaviors

Question 52

identical twins raised apart are (more/less) similar (in IQ) than fraternal twins raised together

Answer 52

more (implies genes do influence intelligence)

Question 53

unrelated siblings raised together are (more/less) similar than related siblings raised apart

Answer 53

more (implies environment influences intelligence)

Question 54

term for anxiety around representing one's group poorly resulting in performing poorly

Answer 54

stereotype threat

Question 55

_______ predicts IQ better than ethnicity

Answer 55

socioeconomic status

Question 56

differences _______ groups is small compared to differences _________ groups

Answer 56

between, within

Question 57

Freud pondered the ________ unconscious, our deepest impulses, desires, and repressed memories

Answer 57

dynamic

Question 58

the mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness

Answer 58

repression

Question 59

the _________ unconscious is our mental processes that influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors without us being aware of it

Answer 59

cognitive

Question 60

a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving (popcorn in between movie frames)

Answer 60

subliminal perception

Question 61

beta waves occur when we are...

Answer 61

alert, awake

Question 62

alpha waves occur when we are...

Answer 62

relaxed, sleepy

Question 63

theta waves occur when we are...

Answer 63

in light sleep (stage 1)

Question 64

delta waves occur when we are...

Answer 64

in deep sleep (stage 3)

Question 65

REM sleep is characterized by...

Answer 65

rapid eye movement, usually when we dream - crucial for normal functioning

Question 66

newborns need ___ hours of sleep, adults need ____

Answer 66

16, 7-8

Question 67

sleep deprivation results in high __________ levels, which leads to damaging brain cells

Answer 67

cortisol

Question 68

difficulty falling/staying asleep

Answer 68

insomnia

Question 69

not getting enough oxygen while sleeping

Answer 69

sleep apnea

Question 70

sleep-walking (in stage 3)

Answer 70

somnambulism

Question 71

sudden REM sleep while being awake, related to degradation of hypothalamus neurons

Answer 71

narcolepsy

Question 72

waking in the middle of the night with intense fear

Answer 72

night terrors

Question 73

body is not paralyzed during REM sleep, leading to physically acting out the dream

Answer 73

REM behavior disorder

Question 74

manifest dream content is

Answer 74

what is experienced in the dream

Question 75

latent dream content is

Answer 75

underlying meaning or symbolism in the dream

Question 76

the idea that dreams are generated by our cortex trying to make sense of random firings

Answer 76

activation-synthesis model

Question 77

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

Answer 77

depressants (alcohol)

Question 78

substances that excite the central nervous system

Answer 78

stimulants (caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy)

Question 79

highly addictive substances derived from opium that relieve pain

Answer 79

narcotics/opiates (heroin, morphine)

Question 80

__________ are natural neurotransmitters which have a similar structure to opiates

Answer 80

endorphins

Question 81

substances that alter sensation and perception and often cause hallucinations

Answer 81

hallucinogens (LSD, ketamine)

Question 82

we're better at identifying (happy/angry) faces

Answer 82

angry (survival instinct)

Question 83

________ emotions are considered universal and biologically based

Answer 83

primary (fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, contempt)

Question 84

_________ emotions develop with age and vary across individuals and cultures

Answer 84

secondary (shame)

Question 84

facial feedback

Answer 84

fake it till you make it - the brain registers muscle movements and associates them with emotions

Question 85

Darwin's theory of emotion

Answer 85

we evolved facial expressions to communicate our emotional state and evoke a response

Question 86

fast pathway of fear

Answer 86

thalamus --> amygdala

Question 87

slow pathway of fear

Answer 87

thalamus --> cortex --> amygdala

Question 88

autonomic nervous system pathway

Answer 88

S-AG-E-NORE (Sympathetic nervous system, Adrenal Gland, Epinephrine, NOREpinephrine)

Question 89

one's interpretation of a situation

Answer 89

cognitive appraisals