exam #2 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
difficulties of definitions of sexuality/ labels
A
-makes people feel like they have to choose a label
-prevalence of non-heterosexual people depends on what your definition of orientation is
-each aspect of definition may not match with others
2
Q
Kinsey’s idea of SO
A
-SO as a continuum
-acknowledges individual variability and that behavior, attraction, identity can change over
3
Q
Kinsey scale and process
A
-gave people questions, put them on scale from completely heterosexual <-> completely homosexual
-X (outside of scale) represents asexual people (to get ppl who didn’t fit continue based on a lack of sexual behavior)
4
Q
what is asexuality NOT
A
-celibacy
-sexual dysfunction or fear of sex
-a complete lack of erotic arousal
-an indication of inexperience sexually
-an indication that someone doesn’t masturbate or have sexual fantasies
5
Q
what is asexuality?
A
-distinct sexual orientation
-lack of positive feelings after erotic arousal
-shares some bio features correlated with homosexuality (parallels of physiological changes)
6
Q
difficulties of theories of SO
A
-no data to support choice, social transmission, or just not having a good heterosexual experience yet
7
Q
psychoanalytic theory of SO
A
-Freud believed all humans polymorphously perverse (can derive sexual pleasure from anything, we all want pleasure)
-everyone is inherently bisexual, depending on process through psychosexual stages of development
-male homosexuality: fixation in phallic stage, or unresolved Oedipal complex due to overbearing mother and absentee father
8
Q
biology and hormonal theories of SO: LeVay and problems (brain structure)
A
-Dif in brain structure between orientations
-homosexual men ~ heterosexual women
-problem: only used brains of dead people and inferred SO through records
-nearly all men died of AIDS
9
Q
biology and hormone theory of SO: Savic and Lindstrom (brain symmetry)
A
-dif in brain symmetry and greater nerve connections in the amygdala
-gay men: more symmetry and activation on left side of amygdala like hetero women
-lesbian women have less symmetry and activation on right side of amygdala like hetero men
10
Q
biology and hormone theories of SO: Hughes and Bremme (facial symmetry)
A
-facial symmetry less in homosexual people
11
Q
biology and hormone theories of SO: Lalumiere, Blanchard, Zucker (handedness)
A
left handedness-homosexual orientation
12
Q
biology and hormone theories of SO: Williams et al (finger lengths)
A
atypical finger-length ratios and homosexuality
13
Q
birth order theory of SO (LeVay)
A
-fraternal birth order effect: for each older brother a man has, his odds of being gay increase by a third
14
Q
Hershberger and twin studies theory
A
the more genetic material shared, the more likely to share SO
-higher rates of homosexuality for identical twins that fraternal twins
15
Q
common theme of development of different SOs
A
exposure to higher than usual levels of androgens in utero manifests in SO
16
Q
problems with heterosexual vs homosexual comparisons and research
A
treats them as two discrete classes, research only compares these two, not different types of sexualities on the spectrum
17
Q
evolutionary theories of SO question and examples
A
homosexuality does not enhance reproductive success
-kin selection hypothesis
-alloparenting hypothesis
18
Q
Kin selection hypothesis
A
some people don’t have offspring bc we need more caregivers
-“gay uncle hypothesis”
-only applies to heterosexual relations, not all heterosexual people have kids
19
Q
alloparenting hypothesis
A
-women are more flexible in sexual attraction to men and women to compensate in case something happens to her kids’ father and/or reduce conflict among co-wives, and have sexual relations with them instead
-want to enhance reproductive success
20
Q
examples of biopsychosocial theories of SO
A
-exotic becomes erotic
-sexual fluidity theory
21
Q
exotic becomes erotic theory of SO
A
-people are born with a temperament that drives interests
-heterosexual: temperaments lead to sex-typical preferences and gender non-conformity, causes seeking out playmates with similar interests, and see themselves as different as the same sex
-non-heterosexual: gender non-conformity; sees themselves as different from children of opposite sex
-difference: exotic, transforming into sexual arousal during puberty
22
Q
sexual fluidity theory
A
-SO has more biological component in males
-males hardwired for attraction, women more varied
-results may actually show that women are more likely to report fluid attraction than males
23
Q
Baumeister and sex differences in expression
(women’s sexual Bx and effect of religion and culture)
A
-women’s sexual behaviors fluctuates more across time
-culture, education, and religion have a stronger effect on women’s sexuality
-greater discrepancy between attitudes and behaviors for women
-may be because religion, culture is more harsh on women
24
Q
women and same-sex activity in same-sex settings
A
more likely to engage in same sex activity (ex: prison, schools)
25
swingers
-relationships with some form of openness
-same sex activity more common in women
26
nuns vs priests with celibacy
nuns more successful at keeping celibacy
27
female adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors vs males
females show more similarity in attitudes and behaviors to parents than males
28
heterosexual women and pupil dilation
show more pupil dilation in response to both male and female sexual imagery
-not lesbians
29
biology and sex differences in expression
plays no part in reasons for differences
30
problems with sex differences in expression
social and cultural factors may make males less likely to report their desires in self report
31
different types of common SO prejudice
-homophobia
-heterosexism (assumption that everyone is heterosexual and that's the norm)
-biphobia
-monosexism (belief that exclusive attraction to one sex is the norm)
32
sexual double standard in views about homosexuality
men less likely to be labeled by others as bi
33
homophobic people and repressed same sex desire
may be a link of homophobic men and arousal when watching gay porn
-more hostility towards homosexual people the more "strongly" heterosexual people are
34
homosexuality in the DSM and who helped remove it
-listed as paraphilia until 1974
-Evelyn Hooker
35
reparative/ conversion therapy
pair heterosexual images with something positive, homosexual with negative (ex: pain)
36
sex, gender, sexuality, gender roles, gender stereotypes
-sex: assigned at birth
-gender: personal identity
-sexuality: behaviors
-gender roles: roles we are told to fill in society
-gender stereotypes: can be pos or neg
37
Money and theory of gender neutrality
everyone is born with tendencies to go both ways, and end result determined by envt
38
Brenda-David
-anatomical male had botched circumcision as baby, parents agreed to raise child as female and give feminizing hormones, but child grows up feeling like they're a male
-suggests gender identity is wired in our brains before birth
39
another genetic feature that can influence gender
certain conditions/ disease of the chromosomes can cause differences in gender identity
40
caregiver/ peers influence on gender
-assumptions of gender in babies
-caregivers use higher voices and different words with a baby girl
-people interact, touch, play w babies differently based on gender (baby girls touched by strangers more)
-more sex segregate play -> more gender typical behaviors
41
religion and culture influence on gender
-traditional gender roles represented through genders of religious leaders
-most worlds religions have underlying tone of male dominance
-women way more likely to be religious (community aspect of religion)
-very few matriarchal cultures
-causes more sexual guilt of women, emphasizes the "right" way that sex looks
42
media and influence on gender
-rocky horror: dr frank-n-furter depicted as mad scientist, dresses as woman and has se with anything that moves, "sweet transvestite" from planet transsexual
43
medicine and influence on gender: hysteria
-hysterical neurosis
-hysteria -> uterus
-women are predisposed to mental and behavioral conditions
-associated with unwillingness to marry or inability to bear children
-treated with paroxysmal convulsions (giving her an orgasm)
-word still used today, removed from DSM in 1980
-emphasizes that men can cure this and "save" her
44
medicine and influence on gender: gender dysphoria
-"incongruence with one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender"
-psychotherapy ineffective
-gender affirming surgery (adults) and puberty blocking drugs (adolescents)
-in DSM bc gender binary is norm
-possible causes: prenatal hormone exposure and potential genetic markers
45
deviance and influence on gender
-drag performances, non-binary/ gender queer all mix elements of gender
-causes strong reactions from others in fear of "indoctrination"
46
what are gender difference ideals influenced by and told through society as
-somewhat physiological
-heavily influenced by childhood
-heavily influenced by cultural norms (ex gender roles, dominant religious beliefs)
-influenced by media and representation seen
-medicalized normally and abnormally
-socially policed, with gender conformity rewarded and nonconformity punished
47
women societal differences in sexuality
-more nurturing and concerned for partner to fake orgasm, should not care about sex satisfaction just relationships
-submissive
-desire and have fewer partners than men
-still judge other women for their sexual behaviors
48
men gender differences in sexuality
-men who fit gender roles are more masculine, vice versa
-think about sex more than women
-like casual sex more
-orgasm more
49
norms of heterosexuality and compulsory reprosexuality
reproduction is core to sexuality and deviation from it is bad
-those with inclinations or experiences outside of these norms are negatively labeled, silenced, or subject to scrutiny
50
ideal v actual partner desires
ideal partners usually not important to people bc its not realistic
51
women and reported partners
desire and report fewer partners than men, may be due to social desirability
52
alcohol and sexual arousal
causes men to report increase in arousal and overinflated sexual expereinces
-seen as more normal for men to be more sexual when drunk
53
men vs women in categorization of sexual experiences
-even one same sex experience for men made them categorized as gay
-women mainly retained categorization of heterosexual, even after repeat of same sex encounters
-women in same sex encounters considered more feminine, but men in same sex experiences considered less masculine
-men judged more harshly for same-sex behaviors
54
prototype for sexual behaviors
white, cisgender, heterosexual women and men
55
stereotypes for Latinos
men: hypersexual
women: spicy, curvy
56
stereotypes for Asian people
men: boring, weak
women: innocent, submissive, young
57
stereotypes for Black people
men: dominant, aggressive
women: bossy or target of aggression
58
stereotypes for white people
men and women: can do no wrong
59
how are racial stereotypes reinforced
through porn
60
sexual scripts of gender, race, sexuality
radicalized, gender stereotypes seen through porn and how people describe their sex lives
61
SO stereotypes
-"sexually inverted" attributes of the opposite sex
-lesbians: agents, dominant
-gay men: feminine, communal, highly sexual
62
bottom/top/vers
active v passive
63
sexualization of lesbian and bisexual women
-usually just of femme people
-seen as a challenge for men to "convert" or a helpless creature that needs to be taught
-seen as a phase or taken less seriously than MSM
64
stereotypes of trans people
-pedophiles, hypersexuality
-men: weaker men
-women: fetish
65
general stereotypes of trans and gender non conforming people
-sexually deviant, open to experimentation
-more subject to aggression and themes of punishment
-less interested in sex
-deception
66
main findings of the Johnson, Gill, and Reichman (swagger, sway, and sexuality: judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology)
-swaying hips: femininity
-swagger of shoulders: masculinity
-higher waist to hip ratio and shoulder swagger: homosexual
-smaller WHR and swaggering: female and homosexual
-larger WHR and swaying: male and homosexual
-orientation of women based on body shape and walk motions
orientation of males based on just walk
67
how are the results of Johnson, Gill, and Reichman (swagger, sway, and sexuality: judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology) similar to other studies and how do these results mirror reality
-similar: wide range of hip and shoulder motion related to homosexual, and higher WHR in males related to heterosexual
-mirrored actual orientations, but females more misjudged for orientations than males
68
what do the results of Johnson, Gill, and Reichman (swagger, sway, and sexuality: judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology) show about sexuality?
-women who go against societal norms are seen as trying to reach the superior masculine ideal, and men who act feminine are just lost
-certain traits commonly associated with certain sexes are seen as unusual when presented in the other sex
69
main findings of Hereth, Pardee, and Reisner (Gender identity and sexual orientation development among young adult transgender men sexually active with cisgender men: ‘I had completely ignored my sexuality
... that’s for a different time to figure out’) regarding labels and nonbinary people
-trans, nb, and nonconforming people have difficulty finding a label that describes their sexualities and identities due to lack of info
-stigma prevents them from learning about other labels and find one that feels right
-no words to describe feelings makes it more difficult to explain to others
-anyone who doesn't fit the binary doesn't have a place to discuss their feelings and people should be forced to pick a label to make it easier for others to identify or understand them, even if it doesn't fit their ideals
70
main findings of Hereth, Pardee, and Reisner (Gender identity and sexual orientation development among young adult transgender men sexually active with cisgender men: ‘I had completely ignored my sexuality
... that’s for a different time to figure out’) regarding transgender people
-transitioning or understanding gender identity doesn't look the same for everyone and certain phrases might not apply to everyone (ex: born in wrong body)
-stigma perpetuates ideas of people who are trans (ex: trans man transitioning just to have a heterosexual relationship with a woman) can be harmful and discouraging to those trying to identify feelings
-knowing disagreements that could come from telling family discourages people
-even some queer people have unapproving views of trans people
71
what were the main category suggestions of LeVay's Queer Science?
-four categories of sexuality
-physiological responses to erotic stimuli (look at arousal in response to naked men, women, or both)
-ask people about their sexual fantasies to see what people imagine their sexual encounters to be like
-study behavior of people by asking them questions about their most recent sexual encounters
-ask people what sexuality they most identify as (ex: bisexual, lesbian)
72
what were the other suggestions made in LeVay's Queer Science and what theories of sexuality do these most align with?
-sexuality is a spectrum in women, but only two dimensions (homosexual or heterosexual) in men
-there are psych factors that cause someone to show certain sexual behaviors even if this is unconsciously
-even if someone doesn't know they are heterosexual there may be bio factors behind the eventual behaviors of the person
-biopsychosocial: "even the most closest person undergoes the central experience of homosexuality"
73
what were the main points of Strayer (Phantom Penis: Extrapolating Neuroscience and Employing Imagination for Trans Male Sexual Embodiment)?
-phantom penis: feeling of having a penis, even though it isn't a part of someones body
-can be noticed w erections in a change in sensation, pleasure, size, and shape
-usually not accompanied with pain
-believed that different parts of the cortex in the brain (far right of sensory homunculus for genitals) control different body parts
-possible that people have a preestablished idea of where their genitals should be even if its opposite to how they were raised and told to act
74
what were the main findings of Conley et al (Women, Men, and the Bedroom: Methodological and Conceptual Insights That Narrow,
Reframe, and Eliminate Gender Differences in Sexuality) about partner qualities, # of partner preferences, orgasm, casual sex, choosiness
-no differences in qualities (ex attractiveness) desired in partners for M or F
-most M and F preferred to have 1 sexual partner
-men report having and desiring more partners than women
-men think about sex more, but also think about food and other basic needs more (F think about opinions and needs of others more)
-women more likely to orgasm in committed relationships than uncommitted ones, but may be due to more clitoral stimulation
-women orgasm less than men
-M and F agreed to casual sex more when the person was very attractive
-F less likely to take up offers of casual sex due to stigma and fear of being called negative terms
-F approached more than M and may make it look like they're more choosy
-F still judge other F for other behaviors
75
what were the findings of Silva (Subcultural Identification, Penetration Practices, Masculinity,
and Gender Labels within a Nationally Representative Sample of Three Cohorts of American Black, White, and Latina/o LGBQ People) regarding men?
-less masculine (twinks) played role of bottoms more than any other subculture
-Black men less likely to identify with a subculture than white or Latino men, possibly due to economic standings typically associated with subcultures
-younger men more likely to identify with less mass subcultures than older men, could be due to change in culture and younger men feeling less pressure to "prove" their masculinity
76
what were the findings of Silva (Subcultural Identification, Penetration Practices, Masculinity,
and Gender Labels within a Nationally Representative Sample of Three Cohorts of American Black, White, and Latina/o LGBQ People) regarding women?
-butches had highest perceived masculinity
-bisexual women less masculine than lesbians
-no age differences in subculture identification
-Black and Latina women more likely to identify as femme/ least masculine
77
what do the findings of Silva (Subcultural Identification, Penetration Practices, Masculinity,
and Gender Labels within a Nationally Representative Sample of Three Cohorts of American Black, White, and Latina/o LGBQ People) suggest about LGBTQ sexual practices?
-have evolved as society has become more accepting of non-heterosexual practices
-wide spectrum of identities and way people present themselves exists in the LGBTQ community
-identifying with one label doesn't mean that you will act the same as everyone who also identifies with your label
78
what were the main findings of Hollic, Sheehan, Kelley, and Stevens (Hookups Among U.S. College Students: Examining the Association Between Hookup Motives and Personal Affect) regarding conformity, social-relationship, enhancement, coping, and alcohol use?
-conformity (wanting to not feel left out), social-relationship motives (wanting to form a relationship) positively related to negative affect
-enhancement motives (excitement, fun, pleasure) negatively related to negative affect
-enhancement and coping (feeling better about oneself) positively linked to positive affect
-alcohol use negatively related to positive affect
79
how consistent were the main findings of Hollis, Sheehan, Kelley, and Stevens (Hookups Among U.S. College Students: Examining the Association Between Hookup Motives and Personal Affect) regarding conformity, social-relationship, enhancement, coping, and alcohol use with cultural views and representations?
-conformity, coping, social-relationship, alcohol: not consistent, usually portrayed as something everyone does, to relieve stress of life, made better by alcohol
-enhancement: consistent; portrayed as something that gives people pleasure
80
what were the main findings of Hille, Simmons, Sanders (“Sex” and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual) regarding what behaviors are considered to be sexual?
-behaviors that don't involve the genitals are not sexual, those that do are, kissing and cuddling more likely to be considered sexual to demisexual people than asexual or graysexual
-penetrative behaviors usually defined as sexual by all groups
-asexual people less likely to engage in sexual behaviors and kissing/ cuddling than demisexual and gray sexual
-all three groups showed very little interest in personally defined sex
81
what were the main findings of Hille, Simmons, Sanders (“Sex” and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual) regarding what would lead asexual, demisexual, or graysexual people to have sex
-partner interest: does the partner want sex?
-emotional connection: how close you are to partner, desire more closeness and intimacy
-consent was also important
-disinterest-disgust: even if above things are true, it doesn't mean they will engage in sex
82
what were the main findings of Park, Impute, MacDonald (Singles’ Sexual Satisfaction is Associated With More Satisfaction With Singlehood and Less Interest in Marriage)
-being sexually satisfied: lower desire to get married, more belief that you don't need to be marries to be happy, more satisfaction with being single and less desire for a partner
-single and sexually satisfied: lower desire for marriage
-different amount of sex in a relationship didn't change the person's desires to get married
-sexual satisfaction can lead someone to remain unmarried 10 years after initial survey
83
what were the main findings of Royal, Cossette, and Lapierre (What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?)
-most people believe that having sex with a child under 12, having sexual experience with an animal, using urine, crossdressing, having sex with someone incapacitated or not wanting to have sex were inappropriate sexual fantasies
-more behaviors were deemed unusual by women than men
-men reported having more fantasies
-women had more fantasies of submission (ex: forcefulness, spanking)
-women had more homosexual fantasies regardless of orientation
-suggest that women are more interested in sex, so they have more submissive fantasies
84
what were the main findings of Bhugra, Popelyul, and McMullen (Paraphilias Across Cultures: Contexts and Controversies)
-DSM used to determine if behavior is fetish/ paraphilia or not: behaviors have to occur frequently and intensely enough to have an impact on the person's life
-heterosexual intercourse viewed as the norm, and anything that deviates from this is considered deviant behavior and wrong
-cultural norms and dominant religions dictate what's right or wrong
-fetishes may be seen as important for sex if they increase male arousal, but not considered important for women
-inc spread of Christian ideals promotes abstinence and rejection of sexual desires
-dif ages of consent cause discrepancy in what's appropriate or not
85
what were the main findings of Brown, Barker, and Rahman (A Systematic Scoping Review of the Prevalence, Etiological, Psychological, and Interpersonal Factors Associated with BDSM)
-women more likely to have submissive and masochistic fantasies
-men more likely to have dominance and sadistic fantasies
-ppl more likely to have fantasies than behaviors of BDSM
-people who practiced didn't have a higher prevalence of psych DOs but may be more likely to develop them, even though stereotypes are the opposite
-over half of people didn't view it as sexual
-belief that BDSM behaviors are linked to sexual abuse and trauma, thinking that these behaviors are normal and wanting to fit in
-belief that women fantasize about submission out of guilt about sex
86
what were the main findings of Herbenick, Fu, Wasata, and Coleman (Masturbation Prevalence, Frequency, Reasons, and Associations with Partnered Sex)
-people masturbate bc: not as much sex as they want, want to love and learn about themselves, pleasure/ orgasms, tension release, to relax, and fall asleep quicker
-people don't masturbate bc: not enough privacy, scared of partner's criticisms or social stigma, aren't interested, are in a relationship w someone, aren't comfy w their bodies, and feel ashamed from cultural or religious beliefs
-F who masturbate more were more likely to have partnered sex
-M and F more likely to desire partnered sex if they masturbated frequently, and if desires inc, they were more likely to masturbate more
87
affective influence on attraction
emotion
88
Flippant approach and success
use cheesy pickup lines
-little success
89
innocuous approach and success
conversation starter (ex: seen good movies lately)
-most likable, eases anxiety on both ends
90
direct approach and success
directly admitting attraction
-likeable, but not comfortable doing
91
gender differences of different approaches of affective influence on attraction
results similar across gender
92
priming of affect
-classical conditioning
-using good environmental cues to make people feel good
-makes pickup lines more successful
93
propinquity meaning
physical distance
94
effects of propinquity
-closer proximity= greater odds to meet
-mere exposure effect: more familiarity w stimulus inc liking unless you already have bad feelings about the person to begin with
-may cause people to see others (esp males seeing females) that they see more frequently as more attractive
95
similarity effect on attraction
-not related to relationship satisfaction, only attraction
-similar on warmth and friendliness, dissimilar on dominance and submissiveness leads to more attraction
96
assortative mating
tendency to mate on phenotype
97
social comparison theory and self esteem
thinking you're more attractive than your partner can cause resentment, but thinking you're less attractive than them can cause anxiety
98
scarcity effect on attraction
-may appear to be effective, but confounds
-having less people around in a bar makes them look more attractive, but confound is drinking
99
recent trends in interracial and inter-religious marriage
both have increased in popularity
100
playing hard to get
more effective for women
-women who say they only date attractive people get more and more expensive dates
101
physiological arousal effect on attraction
-misattribution of arousal: associate physical symptoms of fear, anxiety with arousal to someone
-when someone's heart rate is up, their ratings of attraction go up
-more interested in having sex and dating someone at a gym than at a coffee shop
102
physical attractiveness and effect on attraction
-gender dependent, current beauty trends, personal preference
103
how others view the target
even if you think someone is attractive, you may not if someone else says they aren't
104
context-dependent and contrast effect
someone may seem less attractive if they are with other attractive people in a room
105
halo effect
positive stereotypes of attractive people/ other positive things associated with attractiveness make someone look better
106
physical attractiveness over time
dependent on different things
107
sexual orientation and influences on attraction
-similarity matters less
-more likely to be involved in interracial relationships
-more age range
-propinquity matters less
-phys arousal matters less
-less people to choose from, minority stress theory
108
minority stress theory and influence on attraction
baseline physiological arousal in minority groups always higher, so arousal feels different when seeing someone attractive
109
overall trend of hookups over time
increases, may be due to inc protection
110
sexual scripts
what constitutes and is a proper way to think about sex
111
what is typically defined as 1st sex in different orientations
-heterosexual: penile-vaginal intercourse
-MSM: anal intercourse
-no equivalent in WSM
112
examples of things categorized as sexual, but not sex
heavy petting, caresses, indirect genital stimulation
113
examples of non-sexual categorized things
non-genital stimulation (ex massage, strip tease)
114
friends with benefits and impacts on friendships
-generally don't transition into committed relationships
-may have mixed feelings about adjustment, feelings of deception, perception of the relationship, social connectedness, psych distress, loneliness
-71% of friendships continue beyond and were happy after
115
friends with benefits reasons for engaging and impact on emotional well being
-might engage if no emotional attachment to the person, don't want to commit
-impact depends on person, but not always negative
-usually negative feelings are of deception
-depends on age and if its socially acceptable
116
amatonormativity
assumption that all people pursue love/ romance, esp in form of monogamous long-term relationship
117
singlism and sexual scripts
want to not be single bc its embarrassing
118
dyadic research on sexual satisfaction
-mainly focused on how they operate with 2 people in marriage or otherwise
-relationship status viewed as primary predictor of sexual satisfaction
119
singles and looking to date
half are not looking for committed relationship or casual dates
120
are singles less sexually satisfied than partnered adults?
-frequent sex linked positively with sexual satisfaction and masturbation negatively linked
-masturbation depicted as ambivalent, problematic, or marker of relationship dissatisfaction
121
most dominant predictor of sexual satisfaction
contentment with level of sexual activity
122
types of celibacy
-complete: no engagement at all
-partnered: only engage in behavior with self, not someone else
123
reasons for celibacy and can it be positive
-religious or moral beliefs, personal growth (inc self awareness, reduce stress heal from trauma, addiction), health concerns, bad/ traumatic sexual experiences
-can be positive if personal desires match outside beliefs
124
innate purity and purity culture
-people are born pure and need to maintain it
-closely tied to guilt, anxiety, neg body image
125
reasons for involuntary celibacy
-military deployment
-institutional restrictions (live in facility where its not allowed)
-ability (includes perceived)
-relationship becomes sexually inactive
126
incel men
-much higher rates of loneliness
-hetero men rejected by women and forced into celibacy
-higher rates of most psych DOs
-can form problematic online communities
127
sexual fantasy def
any mental imagery that is sexually arousing or erotic to an individual
128
rates of sexual fantasy and most common types
-95% of men and women have fantasized at least one in their lives
-group sex, dominant/ submissive
129
gender differences when describing sexual fantasies for men
more sexually explicit, focused on act, mention specific body parts, more group sex themes, equally likely to fantasize about dominant and submissive
130
gender differences when describing sexual fantasies for women
more emotional and romantic, describe setting in detail, include prelude to sex, more likely to fantasize about submissive than dominant
131
differences in sexual fantasy description based on orientation
only difference is the sex of the person(s) being fantasized
132
functions of fantasy
-explore what you enjoy, something to do
-enhance arousal
-compensation for less than ideal sexual situation
-reduce sexual or relationship anxiety
-express hidden desires
-break from traditional gender role expectations
133
priming and sexual fantasies
priming someone to think about anxious attachment style causes people to put more space between partner in fantasies
134
fantasies and mental illness
-used to be considered one (Freud)
-not part of typical sexual scripts
135
is the fantasy of being forced into having sex concerning?
-arousal may come from resistance
-remain in control of fantasy-zero indication of wanting the experience
-no connection to previous experience of assault
-associated with greater openness to sexual experience
136
percentage of people who've had the fantasy of being forced to have sex and importance
-31-57% of women
-25% of men
-sexual script: women should want someone to control them
137
percents of people with fantasy of having sex with someone other than current partner and change over time
-98% of men
-81% of women
-increases with relationship duration
138
"feeder" fantasy
-desire for partner to gain an excessive amount of weight, sometimes to the point where they become physically immobile and requires a caretaker
-unique paraphilia or sexual masochism
139
when does a sexual fantasy cross the line
based on social norms, what's in the DSM, social learning
140
masturbation and stats
-all forms of self stimulation focusing on the genitals
-92% of men, 76% of women (may have social desirability confound)
-age 18-35, decreases with age
141
why do masturbation rates inc with education
-less time for a partner
-inc stress
-learning about health benefits
142
reasons for masturbating
tension relief, pleasure, relaxation, unavailability of partner
143
how do women craft narration about sex toys
-emphasis on non-penetrative us
-embarrassment about disclosing to partners
-personifying vibrators and dildos as male
-embracing sex toys as campy, fun, subversive
-resistant to sex toys as impersonal or artificial
144
difference in male vs female descriptions of sex toys
considered more normal for females, considered a bad transfer of power for males
145
sex toys for different SOs
may be more important
146
medicalization of sex
-body cannot function w/o semen (masturbation leads to insanity and blindness)
-genital cages, spermatorrehoea rings, spermatic bells
-extremely bland diets to curb masturbation
147
negative health effects of masturbation
no research suggesting any
148
health benefits of masturbation
-higher self esteem
-improved sexual experiences
-strengthened muscle tone
-reduce stress and muscle tension
-improve sleep
-relieve menstrual cramps and PMS in females
-lower risk of prostate cancer in men
149
partnered sex and age
by mid 20s to early 30s, most people have had an experience
150
touching and partnered sex behaviors
-primary and secondary erogenous zones
-typically associated with WSW, but can be anyone
151
tribadism
rubbing one's genitals on the body of a sexual partner
152
percentages of oral sex participation
-75% of all adults within the past year
-85% of men
-83% of women
-1 in 10 men prefer oral sex to use to climax
-1 in 5 women " "
153
cunnilingus
vaginal oral sex
154
fellatio
penile oral sex
155
cunnilingus impressions
both giver and recipient generally held positive impressions
156
fellatio impressions
-recipient usually has positive impressions, but giver doesn't
-seen as something to just get done and over with
-women report feeling loss of control and coercion
-women report more frequency in giving than receiving
157
oral sex depictions in porn
-fellatio showed as the start
-forceful and coercive
158
vaginal intercourse and top/ bottom preferences
-most men prefer woman on top
-most women prefer man on top
159
CAT
-coital alignment technique
-modified missionary, male leans further forward so penis base comes in contact with clitoris
