exam #3 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
cultural component use of lube
A
-seen as unimportant, men and women should both be enjoying it enough to be wet
-arousal=wet or dryness=arousal depending on culture
-in US: either completely ok with it or don’t think its important
2
Q
condom breakage/ slippage/ STI risk
A
no data on lube increasing them, but stigma exists bc sexual scripts
3
Q
use of toys in partnered experiences
A
-assumptions of men who use: gay or wants to make sure partner really enjoys experience
-depends on who uses the toy and what type
4
Q
types of anal sex
A
-penis-anus
-finger or toy
-pegging (woman w strap on)
-analingus or rimming: seen as gross or unclean
5
Q
anal sex benefits
A
-studies show its most satisfying, but this may be influenced by inc lube use, foreplay
-may be alternative way of g-spot/ clit stimulation
6
Q
lesbian bed death
A
WSW get bored w same sex behaviors
7
Q
prevalence of oral sex, finger penetration, mutual masturbation, penetration w toys in lesbians
A
-oral: 72%
-finger: 86%
-mutual: 71%
-toys: 16%
8
Q
prevalence of MSM oral sex, mutual masturbation, anal
A
-oral: 73%
-mutual: 68%
-anal: 33%
9
Q
are stereotypes of promiscuity for MSM true and why
A
-no
-33% w dating partner or SO
-21% w friend
-72% of sexual behavior in their home or partner’s home
10
Q
why might MSM stereotypes of promiscuity exist
A
in 80s and 90s: had to hide behavior
11
Q
group sex stats, types
A
-fantasy super common
-more men do it than women
-not rare
-2 W 1 M most common, seen as ultramasculine
-more types and variability than ppl are aware of
12
Q
reasons for engaging in group sex
A
-sexual altruism: doing it bc partner wants it
-power
-novelty and high openness
-risk taking tolerance
-high body image and self-esteem
13
Q
defining a sexual dysfunction difficulties
A
-dysfunction not a one time occurrence
-creates distress at individual and/ or relationship level
-subjective perceptions matter in defining what is satisfying and functional
-some are present in DSM
14
Q
chronic illness cause of dysfunction
A
-overlap or heart problems, blood flow issues, diabetes
-males w diabetes 3x more likely to experience ED, often occurs 10-15 years earlier in life
-frontotemporal dementia: brain cell death- first symptoms seen in hypersexuality
-ED as a warning sign of heart issues
-physical disability inc arthritis risk
15
Q
secondary erogenous zones and dysfunction
A
particularly helpful for dys caused by bio factors
16
Q
drugs and sex dysfunction
A
-smoking, SSRIs
-blood pressure meds
-chemo and radiation
-blood pressure meds
-chronic substance use
17
Q
polypharmacy
A
as you get older you take more medications and risk of dys goes up
18
Q
pelvic inflammatory disease
A
-F
-common STI side effect
-inflammed reproductive organs cause pain
19
Q
prostatis
A
-“male pelvic inflammatory disease”
-inflammed prostate
20
Q
STIs and dysfunction
A
-chlamydia and gonorrhea
-pelvic inflammatory disease
-prostatis
-inc risk of cancer and infertility
-stigma surrounding diagnosis and treatment
21
Q
distraction and dysfunction
A
-higher rates of sex dysfunction in ADHD
-spectatoring: overanalyzing one’s own sexual performance while having sex
-wondering if you’re pleasing your partner
-inc anxiety
-reduced arousal and likelihood of orgasm
22
Q
previous learning experiences and dysfunction
A
-growing up learning sex was shameful and women shouldn’t enjoy it: the more you think about it, the worse it gets
-traumatic sexual events and conditioning, doesn’t include abortion
-earlier onset of sex experiences and little knowledge of safe experiences at young age
-lack of familiarity with ones own anatomy
23
Q
beliefs about sexual difficulties and dysfunction (self fulfilling prophecy)
A
-self-fulfilling prophecy: the more prevalent one believes difficulties, the more likely to experience dysfunction
-thinking women don’t orgasm or older men can’t hold an erection
24
Q
body image and dysfunction
A
-focus more on how you look and hyperaware
-anxiety can lead to very limited script surrounding sex (ex only while wearing shirt, w light off), which lowers sex satisfaction and frequency
25
personality/ big 5 and dysfunction
-lower E and O: worse sexual functioning, especially among women
-less willing to use words to fix awkwardness, etc
26
attachment and dysfunction
-disrupting events during childhood linked to adult ED
-insecure attachment and reduced arousal and orgasmic responsively and elevated rates of vaginismus among women
27
mental illness and dysfunction
-affective DOs and hyper sexuality
-bipolar and mania, BPD
-schizophrenia and inc rates of sexual dysfunction
-hallucinations and paranoia throw off perceptions of reality
-learning disabilities: infantilize people with these DOs and assume they can't do sexual behaviors
28
bio and psych factors for dysfunction difficulties
-hard to distinguish between and often a combo of the two
-coronary artery disease can lead to ED
-ppl also tend to be anxious about heart racing
-no way to distinguish what causes It in the moment
29
social causes of sexual dysfunction
-ineffective communication in sex
-unresolved conflict in relationship
-context that sex is viewed in a relationship
-actively trying to have a baby inc stress and anxiety
-schedule of when to have sex makes it boring
-cultural and religious factors surrounding sex acts, frequency, motivations, pleasure
30
female sexual interest/ arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire DO
-reduced or absent sexual fantasies and thoughts/ lack of desire for sexual activity
-personal distress/ persistence
31
SIAD
reduced or absent excitement during sex and lack of responsive desire (ability to be turned on in the moment)
32
most common form of female sexual dysfunction
lower desire
33
compulsive sexual behavior/ hypersexuality
-excessive sexual desire or behaviors that result in distress or impairs daily life
-not in DSM
-presumes a correct or right amount of sex people should be having
-important to consider why someone might consider their desire/behavior excessive
-stereotype of middle aged men and sex addicts
34
difference between hypo and hyper sexuality
-depends on the culture what is included as a DO
35
types of arousal DOs for females
-sexual interest/ arousal DO
-persistent genital arousal DO
-priapism (M and F): erection that won't go away
-cause uncomfortableness, make it difficult for partner w constant sex, partner doesn't know if they're doing something right
36
types of arousal DOs for males
-erectile DO: more thought about in older men
-priapism (M and F): erection that won't go away
37
premature orgasm (M and F)
-defined as occurring within one minute
-argument to focus instead on subjective perception and impacts self/ partner
-more likely among males with strict upbringings, especially where masturbation is condemned: lack of muscle tone, used to orgasming as quickly as possible so they don't get caught
38
anorgasmia
-F; inability to orgasm
-delayed or absent orgasm
-reduced orgasmic intensity
-rarely caused by physiological things, mostly psychological
39
phimosis
-males
-foreskin very tight
40
Peyronie's disease
-males
-trauma to groin causes scar tissue to build-up, resulting in severe curvature of penis
-makes erection painful
41
Genito-pelvic pain DO types and rates
-females
-dyspareunia
-vaginismus
-higher rates among those with younger exposure to sex, those w previous painful sex, chronic relationship problems, relationship inequity, past experiences w sexual coercion or assault
42
sexual double standard of dysfunction
-more talked about for men
-men: physical causes; women: psychological
-specificity: more specific for men, more fluid, open for women
-women's dysfunction considered more problematic for women if they don't fit the typical sexual standard
-healthcare for women less emphasized
-less FDA approved medications for women
43
Masters and Johnson sex therapy approach
-behavioral therapy
-dysfunction a product of punishment and reinforcement
-orgasmic imperative -> sensate focus techniques
-focus on associating sexual activity and arousal with relaxation and pleasure, not anxiety
-often combined with sex ed
44
emotion focused therapy (EFT)
-more effective
-focus on communication, intimacy
-comprehensive focus of everything in a relationship, not just sex
-improved communication -> more feelings of safety
45
sex surrogate therapy
-practice w a substitute partner who is knowledgable and experienced
-Masters and Johnson: recruited female volunteers to serve as sex surrogates for single heterosexual men experiencing difficulties; achieved a very high rate of success in treating ED
--surrogate supplied by sex therapists, largely anonymous to the client
-high success rates; technically legal, but ethical concerns
46
pharmacotherapy for dysfunction
-hormonal therapy
--often used for women past menopause and men w low T levels
-viagra
-SSRIs for premature orgasm
-Botox for vaginismus (not FDA approved)
47
common sex therapy treatments for desire dysfunctions/ discrepancies
-inc communication
-scheduling sex
-introducing sex novelties (ex lingerie)
-regular date nights
-spending more time on non-sexual intimacy
-testosterone can be effective but only to an extent for males
-"female viagra" not effective in studies
48
common sex therapy treatments for arousal
-estrogen replacement, esp in post-menopausal women
-EROS clitoral therapy devide
-medicines to draw blood out of penile tissue (priapism)
-viagra: not automatic results, still require stimulation and most effective when combined w psychotherapy to improve communication and intimacy
-CBT
-kegels
-penile pump or implant
49
psychotherapy vs medical therapy for arousal difficulties determined by
-sex of person
-physiological arousal while the person is asleep
50
common sex therapy treatments for orgasm problems
-stop start technique/ edging
-squeeze technique for males: edging and squeezing at the end to delay orgasm
-desensitizing spray or cream
-kegels
-lowering SSRI dose
-CBT and behavioral therapy
-anatomy education
51
common sex therapy treatments for pain problems
-dilators (F) for vaginismus
-surgery (phimosis and Peyronie's)
-Botox for vaginismus, allow for reconditioning
-CBT, inc communication and intimacy
52
efficacy of sex therapy
-70-75% of individuals/ couple move from distress to recovery
-90% report some level of improvement
53
stigma of sex therapy and therapists
-prevents many from becoming therapists
-no significant difference in rates of masturbation, partnered sex, or reported satisfaction from general population
54
why to people become sex therapists and rates
-interesting (94%)
-lot to learn about sex (83%)
-desire to improve sexual health (74%)
55
history of sexuality
-homosexuality and bisexuality have been around for a long time and are common
-changes triggered by colonization and change of sex for pleasure, not just reproduction
-same-sex activity, oral sex, sodomy (sex w an animal), adultery made illegal
-sex before marriage, cohabitation, contraception, sex w opposite religion, sex in mountains and others illegal
56
pederasty and other forms of sex for power
-older men "mentor" younger boys and have intimate relations as a rite of passage
-no equivalent for women
57
compulsory reprosexuality
-penile-vaginal intercourse for reproduction only valid form of sexual activity
58
why do we continue to regulate sexual behavior, assuming it's between consenting adults
-depends on dominant religions, majority groups rewarded and minority penalized
-money in sex work
-patriarchal v matriarchal
-very little consistency -> culturally unique
59
sexual assault definitions
-event where someone is touched in a sexual way against their will or made to perform a nonconsensual sex act by one or more people
-definition varies by state
-may be considered assault in one but not other
60
SA stigma and victim definitions
-some states define as only women can be victims (ex Mississippi)
-invalidates and victim blames people who don't fit in that category that are assaulted
-perpetuating myths about victims
-encouraging underreporting of sexual violence
-minimizes the victims' experiences
61
rates of SA
-over half of women, almost 1 in 3 men
-males may be less likely to report, feel like it's demasculinizing, hard to determine what is assault
62
typical SA assailant
-friend or known contact (41%)
-romantic partner (56%)
63
who's more likely to be victimized in SA
-non-cis people, non-heterosexual people, especially bisexual
-inmates, children, military
64
5 motivations underlying men's sex. violence against women
-fundamentally about power and control, little about sex
-anger and resentment
-hostility toward women
-seeing women only as sex objects
-uncontrollable sex drive
-feelings of entitlement
65
psych impacts on victims and social networks
-depression and anxiety
-anger at assailant
-feeling powerless
-fear of future victimization
-shame and guilt
-substance use
-inc risk of revictimization
-heightened rates of dysfunction; largest cause of PTSD
66
post-secondary support and "second rape"
can often be more traumatic than initial experience
67
SA myths
-"she asked for it by dressing that way"
-"he must have wanted it to get erection/ orgasm"
-"she shouldn't have had so much to drink"
-place blame of victim
68
media portrayals of SA
-often paints the assailant in better words, use good photos of them, don't use words like rape
-use euphemisms
-skepticism toward survivors: don't include details of victims, make assailant look better
-unnecessary sensationalization: all over the media
69
MeToo and awareness
-want to spread info about the victims, not just assailant
-association between victimization and mental health support seeking decreased
-may inc feelings of solidarity, resistance, empowerment
70
causes of child sex abuse
-legal definitions vary across states bc different ages of consent
-abuse by relatives and non relatives
-most cases attributed to pedophilia or other aspects of sexual gratification
-heightened risk of victims later becoming a perpetrator: one of most difficult to find legal support
71
rates of child SA
-F 82% more likely to be victimized, 21% of cases involve female perpetrator
-most victims know the perpetrator
-2 out of 3 victims under 18 are 12-17
72
victim impacts of child SA
-most same as adult
-higher risk of:
--engaging in risky Bx
--learning disabilities: diathesis stress model: have genetic predisposition that's pushed over the edge w stress
--frequent dissociation
--suicidal ideation and attempts
--sexual performance problems (ex ED and vaginismus)
-difficulty establishing trust and intimacy
73
family envt and abuse labels for child SA
-dysfunctional family ent associated w inc risk of victim impacts and chance of SA
-worse outcomes for women and those that label experience as abuse: have more psych impacts when they don't have support
74
child SA victimization and adult same sex attracton
-LGB found to have exponentially higher child SA rates
--victimization may create stigmatized identity, leads to inc likelihood of accepting other stigmatized identities
--displaying gender non-conforming behaviors predisposes kids to abuse
--LGBTQ+ adults are maybe more willing to acknowledge and discuss experiences
-being victimized does not equal more likely to be a perpetrator but may inc when other things are present
75
sexual harassment rates
-highest in hispanic adults
-rates depend on definition
-most common among women, 16% filed by men
-60% of women say they have
-inc w different SOs, esp bi
-inc with race
76
quid pro quo sex harassment and rates
-sex in exchange for benefit or reward
-gets reported more
77
hostile envt sex harassment and rates
-sex associated w power, embarrassment, or abuse
-happens more
78
broad definitions of sexual harassment
-can include sex, crude jokes, inappropriate touching
-determined based on how the Bx is perceived by the victim
79
legal challenges of sexual harassment
-worried of losing job
-waited too long to report
-not having it count and not having support
80
economic insecurity and sexual harassment
-people who experienced it are more likely to have lowest wages
-less likely to report due to low job security, less affordable resources
81
impacts of sexual harassment
-anxiety and depression
-weight loss or gain/ body image issues
-headaches and chronic pain
-sleep and sexual dysfunctions
-worsening of existing mental/ physical health symptoms
-in workplace: can make it more difficult to find another job, more likely to happen again
82
prostitution def
-trade sexual services for $, valuable things, etc
-no consistency in definitions
83
prostitute vs sex worker
-P: seen as illegal, label
-S: seen as just a job title
84
who is more likely to be a sex worker
-women: women's sexuality seen as a commodity
-hustlers/ streetwalkers (compared to "elite" escorts"
-brothels: groups of women that recruit men for sex
85
who is most likely to consume prostitution
-mostly older, heterosexual men
-not social or sexual deviants
-college educated and gainfully employed
-60-70% are married: most motivated by excitement or low frequency of se in relationship
-more likely to pay for fellatio than penetrative sex
86
sex tourism
-go places where prostitution is legal, to fulfill fetishes (ex places w nonwhite people)
-cheaper and less likely to get caught
87
motivations to become sex workers
-depends heavily on legislation
-if legal: liking the job and financial incentives
-if illegal: financial incentives and feeling like they have no other choice
-more associated w drug use if illegal
-more associated w childhood sexual victimization if illegal, esp women
-women: primary source of income; men: side business
88
research on neg effects of prostitution
mostly done in US/ where it's illegal
89
legal status and impact on policies of prostitution
-dec insurance coverage
-healthcare stigma
-STI testing and prevention
-chronic stress from having no other options
-client interactions
-harder to report victimization
90
why is prostitution illegal in US, but not Sweden, the Netherlands
-money
-private prisons
-cultural differences
-seen as form of deviance (ex trans and non-heterosexual ppl believed to participate more)
-religion and colonization
91
reasons for why and why not prostitution should be legal
-yes: gives people more protection against bad Bx from others, STI testing more available
-no: need to enforce it and give safe spaces, $, w legal oversight it's harder to "control" marginalized communities, ppl don't want tax dollars going to it bc taboo
92
sex trafficking def
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act
-involves deception, fraud, coercion, force, or exploitation
93
victims of sex trafficking
more likely to be:
-younger
-homeless
-minority
-have bad relationships w parents
-non-English speaking
94
impacts of sex trafficking
-everything from others, plus psych effects much worse
95
pornography definition
-any type of sexually explicit material that has the intent of producing arousal in consumers
-no legal distinction between the two assuming explicit depictions of sex
96
erotica definition
depictions of sex that evokes themes of mutual attraction and usually incorporates some emotional component in addition to the sex act itself
97
how can porn be legally banned
-excessive force of sex
-depicts sex in an offensive way
-lacks social value
98
online porn regulations
-largely unregulated except for child pornography
-due to money/ industry size
99
CA law about porn actors and controversy
-requires actors to wear condoms for vaginal and anal sex
-"mood killer"
100
who becomes a porn star
-money often most important
-sex interests
-desire for attention and fame
-67% identify as bi
-often people without many negative emotions about themselves. etc
-no relationship w childhood sex abuse, dysfunctional family, substance use
101
emotional impacts of sex work vs porn
-selection effect: anyone can engage in sex work, but only certain body types and personalities desired in porn
-coercion/ consent and familiarity: more say over who to be with in porn
102
emotional impacts of producing amateur porn, pros and cons
-M exhibit more brain activity from visual sexually arousing stimuli
-cons: something that's online forever
-no shown neg impact on people
103
voyeurism v exhibitionism
-voyeurism: like to watch
-exhibitionism: like to perform
104
who uses porn: sex differences, relationship status, SO dif
-9 out of 10 college men
-1 out of 3 college women
-49% of men report weekly or daily use
-3.2% of women " "
-less religious
-no impact of relationship status for men
-women more likely to use porn while in a relationship
-SO: non heterosexual people view it more
105
what do men focus on when watching porn and why
-focus first on F faces, spend most time looking at F face
-want to know how excited and into it the woman is
106
what do women focus on first when watching porn and why: on contraceptives vs not
-not on: look 1st and more at genitals, followed by F body (little at faces)
-on: look 1st and most at contextual features (ex clothes, background), and F bodies and faces
-women compare themselves more to other women
-more erotic plasticity
107
most watched types of porn by sexes
-m:milf
-w: lesbian
108
porn exposure and marriage: bad research
-surge in playboy reading correlated w inc divorce rates
-small but significant correlation between porn consumption and extramarital sex
-hetero men who saw playboy images reported less attraction and love for their spouses (never been replicated)
109
porn exposure and marriage: better research
-excessive use porn by one partner in a relationship correlated w sexual and other relationship problems
--partners may feel jealous and like they're not good enough
--usually people who use it more also have something going on
110
selection effect of porn studies
men who participate in these studies may be more open to porn in general
111
no associations of porn and
sexual violence
112
benefits of coupled porn watching
-those who use it together report greater sexual satisfaction
--shows how comfortable they are together, etc
-report inc feelings of emotional and sexual intimacy
113
benefits of solo porn watching
-encourages masturbation, normalizes desires and fantasies
-women who masturbate to certain types report inc positive attitude toward sex
-men who view porn more do better on math tests: lowers cortisol levels, inc dopamine
114
why do we still have myths about porn
-medicalization and fear of semen loss through masturbation
-doesn't depict sex for reproduction and compulsory reprosexuality
-never discussed in education or in family convos/ adult mentors
115
consistency and effects of sex ed
-experiences highly variable
-impact sex attitudes and Bx across lifespan
116
higher rates of things from sex ed in US
-unintended pregnancies
-STIs
-infertility associated w PID
-most gyno cancers
-guilt associated w sex (esp women and LGBTQ+)
-myths abt sex
117
lower rates of things from sex ed in US
-condom use
-other contraceptive use
-sex satisfaction
118
reasons for effects of sex ed in US
-we politicize sex heavily
-curriculum not standardized
-sociosexuality is lower (we don't think of talk about sex)
119
abstinence only approach: effectiveness, accuracy, inc rates, other problems
-effective at: inc rate of unintended pregnancy, inc STI rates in adolescents, including HPV
-commonly used scientific errors, false information, stereotypes
-compulsory reprosexuality
-higher rates of shame, guilt, depression, anxiety
-ignore needs of LGBTQ+ groups
-frames abstinence as choice, very problematic and not true, leads to victim blaming
120
abstinence plus approach
-fear tactics, sex only after marriage, but give condoms in case it does happen
-doesn't teach different contraception types or how to use them
121
comprehensive approach
-lowers risk of teen pregnancy and STIs by half
-normalizes sex, reduces shame and guilt, healthy relationships
-dec rates of neg gender stereotypes
-more diversity appreciation
-dating and IBV prevention: know how to get out of unhealthy situations
-more healthy relationships
-prevention of child sex abuse
-improved social/ emotional learning, media literacy
122
most and least common sex ed
-most common: abstinence plus
-least: comprehensive
123
opinions of teens/ early adults and benefits of talking about sex
-most teens say they want to be able to talk to parents more about it
-kids w parents that talk about sex more are more likely to practice safe sex, delay intercourse, have fewer partners, more positive views of sexuality
-emerging adults wish their parents talked more about it
124
reasons parents don't give the talk
-unsure of what to say
-don't think child wants to hear it from them
-unsure of appropriate age
-unsure of what to discuss
-embarrassing
-generational transmission of sexual attitudes
-lack of consistent, evidence based info
125
what parents usually tell sons vs daughters about for sex ed
-son: to use condoms
-daughter: unintended pregnancy and menstrual cycle
126
kids perceptions of parental views of the talk
-perception of parental anxiety and competence predicts the child's anxiety and avoidance
127
how do kids learn about sex if parents don't talk to them
-talk to peers
-search on internet
128
how to improve sex ed and the talk
-destigmatize it by talking more about it, even just acknowledging that it exists
-standardize sex ed curriculum
129
definition of contraception
anything to prevent pregnancy and STIs
130
history of contraception
-not new concept
-1950s: birth control
-1900s: latex condoms
-1965: use of contraceptives legalized
-sneezing, coke
131
abstinence as contraceptive definitions, effectiveness
-definitions vary to include genital touching, oral sex
-F can still get pregnant if M doesn't orgasm
-65% of 18yo, 93% of 25yo have had intercourse
132
outercourse
-any form of sexual behaviors aside from penile-vaginal intercourse
-only prevents pregnancy, not STIs
133
withdrawal: term, effectiveness
-coitus interruptus
-not super effective in preventing pregnancy
-typical effectiveness: 78%
134
perfect vs typical effectiveness
-perfect: use them 100% correctly
-typical: don't use entirely correctly
135
fertility awareness as contraception methods
-calendar methods to track cycle
-symptothermal methods: higher body temps and thicker cervical mucus when ovulating
136
male condoms effectiveness and issues
-82% usually
-may be using after intercourse started, removed before intercourse was over, application errors: no space at tip, don't remove air when applying, fail to remove after ejaculation, latex incompatible w lube, reusing same condom)
137
female condoms usage and benefit
-used a quarter as much as male
-more pleasurable for F
138
spermicides stigma, effectiveness, and benefits
-92% had poor knowledge of products, 53% unable to describe use
-typical use: 72% effective
-cheap and affordable
-little side effects, don't affect pleasure
-wide range of products
139
cervical barriers/ diaphragm usage, requirements, effectiveness
-typically used w spermicide
-most need to remain in place for at least 6 hours
-can be reused, must be inserted before sex, but not uncomfortable
-88% effective w typical use
-people don't know it exists, how to use it, might think it's inconvenient, worried partner will feel it or move it
140
birth control effectiveness and use
-91% effective w typical use
-most methods are combined: ex estrogen and progestin
141
pros and cons of birth control
-pros: manage mood swings/ menstrual cycle/ endometriosis, don't have to stop in middle of sex to use
-cons: many side effects, need to see physician, expensive, no STI protection, weight gain, mood changes, nausea
142
psych effects of birth control
-alters appearance and related behaviors during ovulation
-inc preference for short-term sexual relationships w more masculine men
-more stable preference for men
-inconsistency in use can cause libido changes, relationship satisfaction
143
birth control equivalent for me
exist, but are very new and not FDA approved
144
tubal ligation
-post op regret: associated more with it than any other methods
-women questioned more, need spouse permission
145
vasectomy
-post op feelings of masculinity
-post op satisfaction v coping w private consequences
-concerns of pain complications
-depression and sexual dysfunction following
146
stereotypes of pregnant women
-emotional, weird cravings, fragile, incompetent, weak, less committed to their job, warm and maternal (empathy, compassion, comfort), uncommitted
-"Baby brain" and competence in math, logic, memory
-stereotypes greater for higher weight women and minorities
147
impacts of stereotypes of pregnant women
-discrimination in workplace and hiring
-stress
-harm
-internalize neg views heavily over the long period of pregnancy
148
mental health impact of planned v unplanned pregnancy
-both correlated w depression, prenatal and postpartum
-navigating problems in pregnancy
-anxiety, depression, PTSD, SUD, body dysmorphia, suicide: women told to be more kept to themselves, assume that they're going through it alone and that there's something wrong with them
149
postpartum depression
-super common
-higher for minority groups
150
problems during pregnancy
-brith defects
-premature birth
-miscarriage: women more likely to consider it the worst experience of their lives than men are; incredibly common, but not talked about
151
definition of infertility
-inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex (women under 35) or to carry a pregnancy to term
152
infertility rates and sex differences
-rates go up as people get older
-women more likely to be seen as infertile bc its "a woman's job" to get pregnant
-30% M and F likely to be infertile
-higher among minority groups: higher levels of stress and economic inequality, smoking, drinking can inc chances of being infertile
153
psych impacts of infertility and w treatment
-inc anxiety and depression, espc when undergoing intense treatments
-sexual self-esteem, desire, performance
-conditioning of sex and relationship satisfaction: sex associated w pressure of getting pregnant
-gender differences in feelings of guilt: women feel more guilty and like it's their fault
154
abortion rates over time
-went up right after 1973 roe v wade
-steadily dec after
-inc again around 2020 bc political and economic climate were getting more scary
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reasons for getting an abortion
-not being able to afford a child
-not being ready
-not wanting more kids
-being in unstable relationship
-being too young for kids
-personal health problems
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risk factors for abortion
-already a mother
-late 20s
-attended some college
-low income: highest for people just at or below poverty line
-unmarried
-first 6 weeks of pregnancy
-having 1st abortion
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percent of women who have had an abortion by end of childbearing years
25%
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does abortion have direct psych impacts
no
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percent of women satisfied w decision to have abortion
72%
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percent of women who experienced clinical depression after abortion
20%
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multiple causation and abortion
we can't say that abortion causes mental health issues
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researcher bias and abortion
-most have political bias
-not easy to get factual research
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abortion views in 1970s
seen as a threat to family structure, along w gay rights and women's rights to work outside the home
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legal access to abortion and mental health
-having access to abortion associated w lower prevalence of depression in women aged 25-49
-regardless of people's views of it
-abortion is a proxy for other discrimination
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how can comprehensive sex ed help lower abortion need
-give contraceptive counseling and birth control
-lowers rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion
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Thompson and Barnes: meaning of sexual performance among men w and w/o ED findings and limits
-believed that men base their identity around how sexually active they are able to believe and masculinity determined by performance in sexual behaviors, but most men don't agree with this
-only men who had ED and used meds believed masculinity was linked to performance
-most men disagreed that sexual performance determines masculinity
-age didn't change views of sexual performance impacting masculinity
-aging can cause behaviors like erection carnalities to be less important
-people who believed more in traditional masculine ideals were more likely to value performance in masculinity determination
-men in partnered relationships feel less inclined to "prove" their masculinity
-small population, based on self report
-population highly educated
-mostly partnered white men ~60 yo
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Spurgas: shifting Dx of female sexual dysfunction
-shift from hypoactive sexual desire DO to FSIAD to highlight biological reasons why females aren't interested in sex
-female's arousal drives sexual behavior
-interest in more important than desire
-arousal and interest are out of tune w each other
-HSDD diagnosed more in women, thought to be a lack of response to partner's advances, shouldn't be sole reason for diagnosis
-shows cultural norm that F should always be interested in sex
-denying partner the experience indicates mental issues
-arousal and sexual behaviors of women are seen as more complex than males
-mental health difficulties may lead to change in sexual behaviors
-cognitive based drive for dysfunction
-w/o interest: females less motivated to engage in behaviors
-in DSM: women don't care about partner or potential benefits of sex
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McCool-Myers et al: female dysfunction predictors and limits
-first paper on female dysfunction for each domain of dysfunction
-significant protective predictors: older age at marriage, exercise, good health, daily intimacy, relationship satisfaction, positive body image, sex ed, think sex is important
-significant risk factors: mental, physical, partner health problems; abuse and genital mutilation, partner's dysfunction, religion, unemployment, smoking, age, dissatisfaction in relationship
-antidepressants in Western cultures, more male-centered culture in other countries
-more than low interest levels that can effect dysfunction
-can't determine causal relationship
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Johnson, Simakhodskaya, Moran: EFT and usefulness
-EFT: change behaviors from neg to pos
-allow each other to understand their needs to provide support
-understand each partner's attachment style and help w distress
-learn about reasons, such as emotional disconnect, why they experience conflict and how it is made worse
-correct neg emotions people feel
-process past trauma
-understand what they need to do to be happy together
-reform connection that was lost through difficulties or stress from dysfunction
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Bullock and Benson: male victims of SA
-most common forms of assault of males were oral or anal
-females victimized 2 to 3 times more than males
-more assaults w younger people
-male ejaculation primarily seen as indicator of enjoyment, leads to others assuming the experience was not assault and was enjoyable for victim if he ejaculates
-perpetrators use this to advantage and believe if they can get victim to ejaculate they will be less likely to report or take legal action
-victims that ejaculate question their feelings of it, causing anxiety and disgust
-laws make it difficult to define assault, some state that men with full erections can't pursue legal action
-males can ejaculate prematurely in states of anxiety
-3-5% of victims at recovery centers are male
-most non-heterosexual
-believed to have been done more by minority groups
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Abel: sex work and emotional health
-dif mentality at home vs work
-two personalities, two different people
-inc stress, feel exhausted from maintaining identities
-inc depression, anxiety, PTSD
-paranoia of partner, unsure if they actually have emotional, not just sexual, connections
-feel guilty when they have a relationship outside of work
-commonly use drugs and alcohol
-expected to hide negative emotions
-dissociation and deep acting: separate the negative effects
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Cachet and Thorn: psych effects of sex trafficking and limits
-predispositions (ex absent father, sex abuse as a child) inc vulnerability
-low self worth and SE
-want to be loved, was in relationship w pimp, had family member in trade, neighborhood where trade was common all played role in recruitment
-threat to life: punishment from pimps, attempted murder, substance abuse-> lived in constant fear
-feel they have no worth and can't love themselves
-leads to little trust in others or wanting to be sexually touched again
-leads to severe trauma, depression, anxiety, flashbacks, avoidance, PTSD
-small population, potential religious effects
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Czajeczny et al: sex differences among porn users
-more men watched porn
-no difference in amount of time watched
-both M and F masturbated while watching
-M who used more and for longer scored higher on tests of difficulty functioning at home and work envts, and more anxious thoughts and symptoms
-negative effects may be explained more by motivations to use (ex boredom, fantasy)
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Guttmacher: sex and HIV ed in US
-very inconsistent coverage, 3/4 of states required teaching of one or the other
-some use religion or abstinence
-very few required medically backed info
-many need parental consent or "age appropriate" material
-most emphasize healthy and nonviolent relationships
-some required negative or prohibited teaching of non-hetero relationships; others inclusive
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Steinberg and Rubin: psych effects of contraception, unplanned pregnancy, abortion
-not using contraception or incorrect use was associated with higher depression rates than using it
-women with depression may want to use contraception but their symptoms prevent them from consistently doing so; might also have less bodily autonomy from violent or controlling partners
-unintended pregnancy associated with higher pre and post partum depression, stress, disappointment, uncertainty
-more expenses and commitments that come with having a child unexpectedly
-not all women are able to take maternity leave
-having an abortion didn't inc risk of mental health issues
-women who had more abortions had more preexisting mental health conditions
-abortion not a cause of mental health DOs
-post abortion adjustment can influence mental health
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Rooney and Domar: stress and infertility
-women appear more optimistic or happy at start of treatment, and this skews idea of mental health and fertility treatment
-common to feel anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts
-meds for treatment can inc mental health problems
-people further in treatment more likely to develop mental health issues
-failure in treatment makes symptoms more likely
-pregnancy loss leads to PTSD, anxiety, depression
-can use preimplantation genetic screening to look for genetic abnormalities, but this can cause stress from waiting for results
-positive reappraisal: helps with this, look for positive and negatives of situation and process it
-mind/body program: use CBT to turn neg thoughts to positive, relaxation and mindfulness
-cognitive coping and relaxation: lower anxiety on own
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