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EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

-Perception
-Categorization
-Judgement
-Attention
-Memory
-Problem Solving

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2
Q

Sensation

A

“Raw Sensory Information”
(Think 5 senses; EXCEPT SMELL– THATS LINKED RIGHT TO MEMORY)

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3
Q

Perception

A

“Make IT make sense”
(The hypothalamus interpreting sensation)

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4
Q

Cultural Variations in Perception…

A

we LITERALLY see the world differently (Masuda)
(ei: European art has lower horizons + bigger figures.)

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5
Q

Front-Horizontal Foreshortening Theory

A

Societies exposed to open vistas, interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance.

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6
Q

Ponzo Illusion

A

(the train track illusion)
| ___ |
| |
| ___ |
the illusion is that the top bar is bigger than the bottom bar, but they are actually the same size

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7
Q

Muller-Lyyer Illusion

A

(Corner of the room illusion)
v
|
^
(This is inside of a room; thus the ‘corner’ is further away)
^
|
v
(This is the outside corner. Meaning its closer)

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8
Q

Figure-Ground Discrimination

A

A person standing against a building NOT a person shaped hole in a building. (Figure vs Background

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8
Q

Proximity grouping

A

(00) (00 0 00 0)

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8
Q

Grouping Principle

A

Gestalt Laws

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9
Q

Common Region grouping

A

(0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0) (0 0)

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9
Q

Similarity grouping

A

xxxx
oooo
xxxx
oooo

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9
Q

Continuity grouping

A

\ )
( \
We see the curved line and the straight line as there own grouping vs \ ) and ( \

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9
Q

Closure grouping

A

ooo oooo ooo
o oooo o
o o o o
o o o o
o oooo o
ooo oooo ooo

(There is a square in the negative space but no real connecting lines)

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10
Q

Connectedness grouping

A

0 ooo 0 ooo 0 ooo 0 ooo 0

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11
Q

Texture grouping

A

(idk how to give a example in the cards w/o images so thats all you get)

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12
Q

Simplicity grouping

A

Just accepting the simplest explanation

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13
Q

Common Fate grouping

A

Same Direction/Speed == together

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14
Q

Synchrony grouping

A

Same Time Stimuli == Same Source

(We hear someone speaking, their mouth moving is grouped)

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15
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to perceive 3D space + judge distance

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16
Q

Monocular cue

A

overlapping
relative size
Height in visual field
linear pov
lower clarity

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17
Q

Ames Illusion

A

That wonky room where someone looks HUGE and the other small
___ ——–
|O O |
|/\ /\ |

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18
Q

Perceptual Constancy Principle

A

-Size Constancy
-Shape Constancy
-Color Constancy
-Brightness Constancy

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19
Q

Monster Illusion

A

I WISH I COULD ADD PHOTOS
ITS THAT GOOFY MF
two monsters that are the same size, running down the hall. The one in front looks smaller tho

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20
Color Perception Universals
White Green Yellow ^ ^ ^ v v v Black Red Blue (Inversed American flag)
21
Looming
Object coming @ you looks big
22
Vestibular + touch sense
Stationary objects do NOT MOVE (but when we physically push on our eyeball, things look shakey)
23
Size illusion
Judgement made based on context 0000 ...... 0 o 0 . o . 0000 ......
24
Context effect
Think of the C H T T A E example (the middle letter looked like the weird H but in the context of C and T it looked like A)
25
Object Agnosia
When we can't perceive objects correctly (Man that mistook wife for a hat)
26
Prosopagnosia
When we can't perceive faces (we instead identify people by what they are wearing, how they style their hair and accessories)
27
Top Down Processing
Prior knowledge of what you can EXPECT to see (prior bias: A |3 C vs 11 12 |3)
28
Bottom Up Processing (lol)
Trying to use features to build up a proper interpretation of what something represents (ei: just seeing |3) Chinses
29
Schemas
Mental representation of the world (redundant)
30
Perceptual Sets
Readiness to perceive a stimuli in a certain way (ei: a robber hold up a stick and a eye witness thinks it looks like a shotgun because they hold it in a threatening manner)
31
Backmasking
(THINK OF THE TIME PROFESSOR GOODMON PLAYED THE SONG BACKWARDS AND IT SOUNDED LIKE "SMOKING MAJARANA IS GOOD") its when you hear music/something in reverse and try to make sense of it
32
Attention (Specifically DSAR)
-Direct our sensory + perception -Select specific info to process further -Allocate mental energy needed to process -Regulate the flow of resources for a task
33
Analytic thinking
focused on object + attributes (individualist) (THINK OF THE PEOPLE WHO CHOSE THE CARROT IN THE PHOTO OF THE BUNNY, CARROT AND DOG)
34
Holistic thinking
Focused on the whole context (associative way of thinking; collectivists) (THINK OF THE PEOPLE WHO CHOSE THE DOG IN THE PHOTO OF THE BUNNY, CARROT AND DOG)
35
Directing Attention
Voluntary Control - Purposefully pushing distractions out Involuntary Control - Loud noises, looming
36
What is memory?
An internal record or representation of a prior event/experience
37
Name the 4 memory models
- Information Processing - Parallel Distributed Processing (Neural Net) - Levels of Processing Model - Traditional 3 Stage Memory
38
Information Processing
A process that encodes, stores, and retrieves information (THINK COMPUTER!)
39
Parallel Distributed Processing (Neural Net)
Memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units (THINK SPIDER WEB!)
40
Levels of Processing Model
Depends on the degree of depth of mental processing occurring when information is encountered (REMEMBER SHALLOW -> DEEP)
41
Traditional 3 Stage Memory Model
Memory requires 3 different 'storage boxes' to hold + process information for various times sensory v Short Term (WM) ^ v Long Term
42
Mood Dependent Memory
Memory retrieval increases when mood matches that memory
43
Encoding (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)
Information -> Memory -Acoustic -visual -semantic
44
Storage (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)
Maintain in memory -Episodic -Procedural -Semantic
45
Retrieval (Traditional 3 Stage Memory)
Recover from memory -recall -recognition
46
Sensory Memory Storage
Purpose - Holds Sensory Information Duration - Visual > Lasts up to 1/2 sec Auditory > Lasts 2-3 sec Capacity - Large
47
Short-Term Memory Storage
Purpose - Holds perceptions for analysis Duration - up to 30 seconds w/o rehearsal Capacity - Limited 5-9 items
48
Long-Term Memory Storage
Purpose - Relatively permanent storage Duration - Relatively permanent Capacity - Relatively unlimited
49
Touch
Haptic
50
Hearing
Echoic
51
Sight
Iconic
52
Smell
Olfactory
53
Taste
Gustatory
54
Baddeley's Model
- Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual) - Central Executive (conductor) - Phonological Loop (language)
55
Improve WM
-Maintenance Rehearsal -Repeat out loud -Reduce Immediate distractions -Chunking
56
George Miller Magic number __
7! (+ or - 2) WM can only hold 7 (+ or - 2) chunks
57
Explicit Memory
Memory with conscious recall (Semantic memory / episodic memory)
58
Semantic memory
facts and general knowledge (spider has 8 legs, banana is yellow)
59
Episodic Memory
Personal experiences and events (high school graduation)
60
Implicit memory
Memory without conscious recall (Procedural memory/ classically conditioned memory/ priming)
61
Procedural Memory
Motor skills and habits (How to drive, brushing teeth, riding a bike)
62
Classically conditioned memory
Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (Phobias, prejudice)
63
Priming
Earlier exposure facilitates retrieval (Heightened fear after scary movie)
64
Improve LTM
-Organization -Elaborative Rehearsal -Spaced Practice -Retrieval Cues
65
Serial Position Curve
We remember stuff at the beginning and the end, not much of the middle
66
Remembering stuff we hear first in a list is known as....
Primary Effect
67
Remembering stuff we hear last in a list is known as....
Recency effect
68
Maintenance rehearsal
Typical; used to 'maintain' a loop Little effort not effective
69
Elaborative Rehearsal
More effort Relating things to stuff we already know
70
Memory Errors
We reconstruct memory's ALL THE TIME! Think of a big fish stories...
71
Ebbinghaus
"Forgetting occurs rapidly after learning"
72
Forgetting Theories
-Decay -Interference -Motivated Forgetting -Encoding -Retrieval (DIMER? like.. a dim-er mind, for sure)
73
Decay Theory
Memory degrades with time
74
Interference Theory
One memory interferes with the retrieval with another
75
Retroactive Interference
The new stuff we learn interferes with the recall of old (retro) information
76
Proactive Interference
We have trouble learning new things because we know old information
77
Motivated Forgetting Theory
We choose to forget memories that are unpleasant, painful, threating, or embarrassing
78
Encoding forgetting Theory
Information in working memory that never gets to LTM (never gets encoded)
79
Retrieval forgetting Theory
Tip of the tongue moment when you are trying to recall information
80
Retrograde Amnesia
When you forget OLD memories
81
Anterograde Amnesia
You can't make NEW memories
82
Flashbulb Memories
Taking a picture with minds eye (You feel like you'll never forget it) strongly associated with emotion still subject to forgetting it (think 9/11 or the challenger)
83
Peg-word Mnemonic
Rhyming, mental image, route
84
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pen Coat hanger Tricycle Car $5 Monkey Tail Golf Club 8 Ball Para scope Bowling Pins
85
Pen Coat hanger Tricycle Car $5 Monkey Tail Golf Club 8 Ball Para scope Bowling Pins
Blood Frog Lice Flies Cow Death Boils Hail Locust Darkness Death of first born
86
stroboscopic motion
when objects disappear and then reappear nearby the brain assumes they have moved smoothly from one location to another

Psychology (4 decks)

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