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Psychology > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

A

Id, ego, superego

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2
Q

Id

A

Unconscious component. Seeks gratification and avoidance of pain
(Pleasure principle)

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3
Q

Ego

A

Conscious part. Tries to balance pleasure and rules
(Reality Principle)

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4
Q

Superego

A

Reflects one moral conscience
(The rights and wrongs)

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5
Q

Neurotic Psyche

A

Emotional Instability

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6
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness: a person may experience loss of memory for unpleasant events

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7
Q

Rationalization

A

Attempting to justify certain actions or mistakes. The reasons/excuses given sound rational, but they may not be the real reason for the behavior.

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8
Q

Projection

A

Unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person instead of recognizing that “I hate him”, a person may feel that “he hates me”

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9
Q

Reaction formation

A

Defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them: sexual interest in a married coworker might appear as strong dislike instead.

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10
Q

Sublimation

A

Converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps symbolically expressing them: sexual or aggressive desires may appear as artistic creativity or devotion to athletic excellence

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11
Q

Displacement

A

Deflecting an impulse form its original target to a less threatening one: angry at the boss may be expressed through hostility towards a family member or pet

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12
Q

Denial

A

Simply discounting the existence of treating impulses: a person may vehemently deny ever having had even the slightest degree of physical attraction to a person of the same sex

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13
Q

Compensation

A

Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears: a business executive’s extreme competitiveness might be aimed at compensating for unconscious feelings of inferiority

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14
Q

Five stages of personality development

A

Oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

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15
Q

Oral personality development

A

mouth is the center of attention

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16
Q

Anal personality development

A

Learning to quell ID impulses, mostly in the form of using the toilet

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17
Q

Phallic personality development

A

Marked by a child learning the importance of and meaning of their genitals

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18
Q

Oedius complex

A

Boys like their mommas

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19
Q

Electra complex

A

girls like their fathers

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20
Q

Latency personality development

A

Shows a break from the oedius and Electra complex’s and greater emphasis on social interests and peers

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21
Q

Genital personality development

A

Occurs around puberty as child begins to turn into a adult (onward thru the rest of our lives)

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22
Q

Karen Horney

A

Freud said women have “penis” envy, Horney stated that men are envious of the the ability to procreate (“Womb envy”)

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23
Q

Carl Jung

A

Believed that we grow into our personalities as we explore various inborn drives including sex drive, dev various levels of introversion and extroversion and other psychological processes

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24
Q

Alfred Adler

A

noted that the personality may involve people are coming to terms with their own sense of inferiority, and that they naturally and rationally try to compensate for these underdeveloped skills

(Inferiority crises)

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25
Object-Relations theories
Examine show early life relationship between child and caregivers (mostly moms) determine how their personalities develop
26
Attachment Theories
Examines how we move from dependent attachments to separating from others & developing a more complete, independent sense of self
27
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Approach
1. Based on OBSERVATION and PERSONAL cases (susceptible to Freud's bias) 2. theories are just THEORIES (not open to scientific exploration) 3. ideas were SEXITS (promoting male superiority + often ignored women)
28
Traits Approach
Each person has a unique collection of personality traits 1. Traits are stable + predictable over time 2. Traits are predictable over situations + can be used to anticipate behaviors 3. people having unique collections of traits
29
Gordon Allport
Central traits: -Typify our usual behaviors -Are the foundation of our personalities Secondary Traits: -Appear more situationally -Less consistent + predictable
30
Raymond Cattle 16 Factor trait theory
- warmth - intellect - emotional stability - aggressiveness - liveliness - dutifulness - social assertion - sensitivity - paranoia - abstraction - introversion - Anxiety - open-mindedness - independence - perectionism - tension
31
The BIG 5 (Ocean)
- Openness - Conscientiousness - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism
32
The most important of OCEAN
Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism
33
Biological trait theory
- Founded by Hans + Sybil Eysenck - PEN
34
What is PEN
P - Pscychoticism vs. Super ego control E - Ectraverision vs. Introversion N - Neuroticism vs. Emotional stability
35
Psychoticism
Independent, cold, non-conforming, anti-social, hostile
36
Social-Cognitive theory
Examines the interactive influences of one's thoughts. processes + their social experiences
37
Self-efficacy
Making the decision to do or not do something
38
Reciprocal Determinism
Alburt Bandura - BEP (behavior external personal
39
Locus of Control
- Julain Rotter - Internal Locus - Believe that your in control of your life/situation - External Locus - Believe that things happen outside of your control
40
Cognitive/Affective Theory
- Walter Mischel - Behavior is the result of individual perspective of themself in a situation - Self-regulatory expectancies
41
Evaluation of Social-Cognitive Approach
Strongest Aspect - Model is willing to combine different approaches together Doesn't address bio, gene, unconventional not complex in individual models
42
Prominent humanistic theory
Focuses on individual free will and personal choice
43
Actualizing tendency
Carl Rogers
44
Self-actualization
Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs) - Unconditional positive regard (needed early in life [its when our parents love us no matter what])
45
Evaluation of the Humanistic Approach
- Fairly positive (ignores negative) - Seen as Naive - Poorly defined - Too simple
46
Projective personality measures
Rorschach ink blot
47
Non-projective Personality
MMI (Minnesota Multipersonality) BFI Myer-Briggs
48
MMI
Minnesota Multi Personality 11 Function V Dysfunction: - Hypochondriasis - Depression - Hysteria - Psychopathic - Intro version - Paranoia - Psychathenia - Schizophrenia - Hypomania - Masc - Fem
49
BFI
Big 5 NEO-PI-3
50
What aspects of OCEAN change with age?
Consciousness goes UP through adulthood Agreeableness goes UP through adulthood (Peaks 50-70) Extraversion goes DOWN through adulthood Neuroticism goes DOWN through adulthood
51
What makes up Myer-Briggs?
Mind (Introvert v. Extrovert) Energy (Observant v. Intuitive) Nature (Thinking v. Feeling) Tactics (Judging v. Prospecting) Identity (Assertive v. Turbulent) ex: I'm ISFJ - T
52
Myer-Briggs : Mind
Introvert v. Extrovert
53
Myer-Briggs : Energy
Observant v. Intuitive
54
Myer-Briggs : Nature
Thinking v. Feeling
55
Myer-Briggs : Tactics
Judging v. Prospecting
56
Myer-Briggs : Identity
Assertive v. Turbulent
57
Myer-Briggs NERIS Analytics
Intuitive + Thinking
58
Myer-Briggs NERIS Diplomats
Intuitive + Feeling
59
Myer-Briggs NERIS Sentinals
Observant + Judging
60
Myer-Briggs NERIS Explorers
Observant + Prospecting
61
Overview Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
Determined by largely unconscious intrapsychic conflicts (Case studies)
62
Overview Trait Approach to Personality
Determined by traits or needs (Analysis of tests for basic personality dimensions)
63
Overview Self-Cognitive Approach to Personality
Determined by learning, cognitive factors, and specific situations (Analysis of interactions between people and situations)
64
Overview Humanistic Approach to Personality
Determined by innate growth tendency and individual perception of reality (Studies of relationships between perceptions and behavior)
65
What are the MAJOR Approaches to Personality?
Psychodynamic Traits Self-Cognitive Humanistic
66
Social Psychology
- G Allport - The scientific study of how our thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the actual/imagined/implied presence of others - How the situation interacts with the person
67
Stanford Prison Study
Cut off after 6 days SITUATIONAL!
68
Social Thinking
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
69
Attribution Theory
Tendency to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior (The situation or personality is why they're acting that way; no other reason)
70
We tend to attribute – the behavior of others to ... – and our own behavior to ...
internal causes external causes
71
Fundamental Attribution Error
Underestimate the impact of the situation + overestimate the impact of personal disposition (EXAMPLE: WE SEE A DRIVER SWERVING ON THE ROAD)
72
Situational Response to Swerving Driver
Maybe he is ill? Unwell? I hope they're ok... I'll back off and give them space
73
Dispositional Response to Swerving Driver
Road rage! Crazy, may push up on the driver or speed past them
74
Foot in the Door Phenomenon
Getting someone to agree to a SMALLER request makes it easier for them to then agree to a BIGGER request (The ball is rolling)
75
Door in the Face Phenomenon
Getting someone to DISagree with a BIGGER request makes it easier for them to then agree to a SMALLER request (ei: what you wanted them to do in the first place) (Complete opposite to foot in the door method)
76
Ingratiation Phenomenon
Appearing more friendly to someone before requesting them to do something
77
Low ball Phenomenon
Make an attractive offer AT FIRST, but then flip the script last second so the other person then feels an obligation to still follow through.
78
Norm of Reciprocity + Persuasion Phenomenon
Someone else does something small for you and you feel like you owe them if they ask for something later on
79
"Thats NOT all!"
Commercials doing the add-on thing, where they keep building up a 'deal' to convince you to get this 'limited time offer'
80
Roles
The set of expectations about a social position, which defines how those in the position "ought to behave" (Think of your role as a student vs. your role as a granddaughter)
81
Cognitive Dissonance
When our attitudes and behavior do not match (We are more likely to change our attitudes to oblige to the "path of least resistance") (Example: we know smoking is bad, but others proceed to smoke anyway. Rather than change their smoking behavior, they rather change their attitudes toward smoking and make excuses for it)
82
insufficient Justification
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient."
83
Pluralistic Ignorance
- We decide whether a situation requires action by seeing how others react – Others are doing the same thing, so no action is taken
84
Arousal: Cost-Reward
Assistance is provided when the unpleasant feeling of seeing someone suffering outweighs the cost of helping
85
Bystander Effect
The chances that someone will help decreases as the number of people present increases
86
Diffusion of Responsibility
Assuming someone else will help or take responsibility
87
Familiarity with others
Stranger v. Friend v. Relative
88
Personality of the Helper
Empathy v. Authoritarianism
89
Compliance
Change in behavior due to direct request (think foot in door/door in face)
90
Mindless conformity
- Our actions are on autopilot - Leads to appropriate behavior - real or imagined influence of others
91
Asch Conformity Experiment
75% of participants changed their answer when they had to 'go against' what the group was answering
92
Conform group size
4+ BUT IF ONE OTHER PERSON IS GOING AGAINST THE GROUP THEY STAND TOGETHER!
93
Informative Socail Influence
Seeing others as a source of information, you may believe you misinterpreted directions and then go with the group answer instead, thinking they know more than you happens when the situation is: ambiguous crises or if there are experts
94
Normative Social Influence
Just for social approval, to fall into the 'norms' and fit in, even if you know they are wrong happens because: - a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance - our fundamental need for social companionship
95
Mass Psychogenic illness
When you have PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS but there is quite literally nothing wrong with you
96
Social Impact Theory
– Strength - How important is the group – Immediacy - close in space and time – Number of people in the group Influence does not increase after 3 or 4 Some studies say 4 or 5
97
Milgrem's study on obedience
63% of participents shocked xxx
98
What makes people Obey?
- Person giving orders is close at hand - Person giving orders is a legitimate authority figure - Authority figure supported by a prestigious institution - Victim was depersonalized or distant - There were no models for defiance
99
Smoke Filled Room
Informative Influence
100
Elevator Face the Rear
Normative Influence
101
Ingroup
"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity
102
Outgroup
"Them"- those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup
103
ABCs of Attitude
Affect Cognition Behavior
104
ABCs - Affect
Prejudice
105
ABCs - Behavior
Discrimination
106
ABCs - Cognition
Stereotype
107
Why do we Stereotype?
- Kernel of Truth - Saves Cognitive effort - Ingroup Bias
108
Self Fulfilling Prophecies
When beliefs and expectations create reality
109
Rosenthal & Fode
Told 2 teams to train rats, one team had the "dumb" rats and the other had "smart" ones
110

Psychology (4 decks)

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