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Human Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory systems

A

allow us to receive and interpret info from internal and external environments

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2
Q

Receptors

A

sensitive to changes in environment

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3
Q

neural pathway

A

carry info from receptor to brain

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4
Q

brain

A

interprets sensory info (sensation - perception)

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5
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical deformation

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6
Q

thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature

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7
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, detect tissue damage

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8
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

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9
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell, pH, O2, osmolarity

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10
Q

Transduction

A

stimulus changed to electrical energy resulting in “receptor potential” a local graded potential

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11
Q

Receptive Field

A

area of body covered by receptors from a single afferent neuron

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12
Q

sensory unit

A

single afferent neuron and all its receptors

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13
Q

how does size of a sensory unit impact actuity

A

larger the unit - harder to distinguish exactly where it came from

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14
Q

overlap of sensory fields and acuity

A

AP frequency is greater in areas with more branching

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15
Q

strength of stimulus is ___ to strength of response

A

proportional

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16
Q

adaptation

A

at constant stimulus activity, receptors gradually desensitize - decreases rate of AP firing

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17
Q

phasic receptors

A

fast adapting, more sensitive to changes in stimulus frequency

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18
Q

Primary Neurons

A

synapse in spinal cord or brain

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19
Q

divergence

A

info from single afferent neuron synapses with many interneurons

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20
Q

convergence

A

info from many afferent neurons arrive at same interneuron

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21
Q

Specific ascending pathway

A

carry info about 1 type of stimulus, crosses at medulla

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22
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathway

A

carries info about 2+ types of stimuli, info crosses immediately at spinal cord

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23
Q

Dorsal Column Lemniscal Ascending Pathway

A

carries info in dorsal columns of spinal cord (white matter)
info crosses in medulla (then brainstem to thalamus via lemniscus
possesses increased degree of spatial orientation

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24
Q

Anterolateral Ascending Pathway

A

carries info into dorsal horns cord of grey matter
info crosses to opposite side immediately
composed of small unmyelinated fibers
poor spatial orientation but carries several types of info

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25
Modality of Stimulus
chemical, taste, smell, somatosensory, muscle, balance, etc can have submodalities ex. taste = sweet, sour, salt, etc
26
Intensity of stimulus
determined by AP frequency and number of receptors stimulated
27
Location of simtulus
what is the acuity of the stimulus location smaller receptive field = greater acuity greater convergence = decreased acuity
28
Duration of stimulus
different receptors have different rates of adaptation
29
Amine hormones
derived from tyrosine ex. thyroid hormones and catecholamines
30
Peptide Hormones
undergo extensive processing before secretion readily soluble in plasma ex. insulin, GH, glucagon, ACTH
31
steroid hormones
all derived from cholesterol easiliy diffuse thru membrane and enter blood stream - no intracell storage not soluble in plasma combine in circulation w binding proteins only small section is biologically active ex. cortisol, androgens, estrogen, progesterone
32
Receptors for peptide hormones and catecholines
on cell membrane - activates 2nd messenger system
33
receptors for steroids/thyroid hormones
in cell, complex then interacts w/ DNA slower biological response
34
cells adjust responses to circulating hormones by
up/down-regulating receptor number (alters probability of binding NOT maximal response) changing receptor affinity
35
Features of Hormonal Action
1. amplified at target cells 2. regulate rates of existing rxns 3. slow and prolonged action 4. bio effect proportional to circulating concentration of hormone 5. circulating levels of hormone determined by rate of secretion and rate of removal
36
types of input affecting hormone release
change in concentration of mineral ions/nutrients in plasma neurotransmitters other hormones
37
Metabolism
peptides - peptidases steroids - reduction rxns to make them water soluble
38
main route of hormone excretion
urine (includes small amount of intact hormones)
39
Hypothalamus
conveys info to pituitary gland by neurons or blood vessels
40
Pituitary Gland
master gland posterior - neurohypophysis anterior - adenohypophysis
41
Posterior PItuitary
direct neural input from hypothalamus - releases ADH and oxytocin
42
anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
controls water excretion
43
oxytocin
contraction of pregnant uterus and ejection of milk from breast
44
Anterior Pituitary
input from hypothalamus via blood vessels - carry hypophysiotropic hormones that control secretions
45
thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
stims release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin
46
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
stims release of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
47
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
stim release of growth hormone
48
somatostatin (SS)
inhibits growth hormone secretion
49
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
stims release of leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
50
dopamine (prolactin releasing inhibiting hormone (PIH)
inhibits release of prolactin
51
Follicle Simulating Hormone (FSH)
stim growth and development of ovarian follicles, controls spermatogenesis
52
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
regulates steroidogenesis of gonads
53
prolactin
enhances breast development and milk production
54
Growth hormone (GH)
major stim of post-natal growth, affecting almost all tissue types incr lipolysis decr glucose uptake by tissue incr protein synthesis
55
ACTH
stims adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
56
TSH
stim thyroid to release thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
57
testosterone
male sex characteristics, anabolic affect on tissue
58
estrogen
female sex characteristics
59
progesterone
pregnancy and regulating menstrual cycle increases body temperature
60
thyroid hormone
increases metabolic activity of all tissues incr intestinal glucose absorption and lypolysis
61
T3
increases cardiac output, HR, ventilation rate, basal metabolic rate, etc
62
Cortisol
facilitates response to stress, catabolic effects on protein, fat, CHO, metabolism, stims gluconeogenesis
63
aldosterone
controls rate of Na loss in renal system
64
insulin
produced by beta cells regulates blood glucose levels (decr)
65
glucagon
produced by alpha cells opposite effect of insulin - if blood glucose low, restores to normal stims glygogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - occurring in liver
66
adrenal medulla
innermost portion of gland synthesizes and secretes catecholamines - E/NE, DA Tyr - DOPA - DA - NE - E
67
mediating fight of flight
increase blood glucose increase lipolysis increase heart rate dilate coronary blood vessels and skeletal muscle vessels
68
muscle tissue must be
contractable excitable extensible elastic
69
Skeletal muscle
composed of individual fibers - develop from myoblasts (mononucleated)
70
muscle fibers surrounded by
endomysium
71
bundle of fibers
fascicle (membr = perimysium)
72
smallest contractile unit of a muscle
sarcomere
73
Sliding Filament Theory
1. binding of cross bridge head to binding site of acting 2. powerstroke and release of ADP and P from head 3. new ATP molec binds to cross bridge which dissassoc from actin 4. myosin ATPase cleaves ATP and again energizes myosin
74
muscle twitch
mechanistic response of muscle to 1 ap
75
latent period
duration between ap and muscle twtich
76
contraction tie
period between end of atent and peak force period
77

Human Phys (8 decks)

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