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Block 1 Theory > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the stochastic biological theory of aging

A

Aging is an accumulation of random changes that occur over time

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2
Q

Describe the non-stochastic biological theory of aging

A

Aging occurs because of genetically programmed events and cellular damage accelerates aging

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3
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 1 (infancy)

A

Crisis: Trust vs Mistrust
Strength: Hope
Influence: Maternal

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4
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 2-3 (early childhood)

A

Crisis: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Strength: Willpower
Influence: Both parents

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5
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 4-5 (preschool)

A

Crisis: Initiative vs Guilt
Strength: Purpose
Influence: Parents, family, friends

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6
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 6-11 (middle childhood)

A

Crisis: Industry vs Inferiority
Strength: Competence
Influence: School

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7
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 12-18 (adolescence)

A

Crisis: Identity vs Role Confusion
Strength: Fidelity
Influence: Peers

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8
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 18-35 (young adulthood)

A

Crisis: Intimacy vs Isolation
Strength: Love
Influence: Spouse, lover, friends

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9
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 35-36 (Middle age)

A

Crisis: Generativity vs Stagnation
Strength: Care
Influence: Family, society

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10
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 65+ (Old age)

A

Crisis: Integrity vs Despair
Strength: Wisdom
Influence: All humans

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11
Q

Aging ______ IQ and _______ reaction time

A

does not affect
slows

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12
Q

Aging affects short term memory by

A

decreasing recall

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13
Q

Aging affects long term memory by

A

N/A

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14
Q

When assessing older adults, what physiological changes should you look for?

A

CLEAR
Cognition and agitation

Loss of bladder control and altered elimination

Eating and nutritional changes

Activity and energy changes

Recurrent falls/injury

as well as:
impaired mobility, altered skin integrity, and altered sleep

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15
Q

When assessing older adults, what cognitive changes should you look for?

A

Memory
Perception
Intelligence
Confusion

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16
Q

When assessing older adults, what functional changes should you look for?

A

ADLs (self-care, activity intolerance)
Fall assessment
Environmental

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17
Q

When assessing older adults, what psychosocial needs should you ask about?

A

Social support and coping
Grieving and hopelessness
Impaired body image
Economic status
Independent vs Dependent living

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18
Q

Pain is

A

what the patient says it is

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19
Q

When should patient/caregiver education take place?

A

Every shift

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20
Q

What is the degree of insertion for intramuscular injections?

A

90 degrees

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21
Q

What size needle do you use for IM injections?

A

20-25 gauge

Adults: 1 - 1 1/2 inch
Children/elderly/emaciated: 5/8 - 1 1/4 inch

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22
Q

What is the degree of insertion for subcutaneous injections?

A

45 - 90 degrees

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23
Q

What size needle do you use for SubQ injections?

A

Generally 25-27 gauge

3/8 - 1 inch (depending on pt)

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24
Q

What is the degree of insertion for intradermal injections?

A

10 - 15 degrees

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25
What size needle do you use for intradermal injections?
25 - 27 gauge 1/4 - 1/2 inch needle
26
What is the degree of insertion for IV's?
25 degrees
27
What are common areas for IM injections?
Deltoid Ventrogluteal Vastus lateralis
28
What are common medications given through IM injection?
Steroids Vaccines Hormones
29
What are common injection sites for SubQ injections?
Abdomen Back of arm Top of thigh
30
What are common medications given through SubQ injection?
Heparin Insulin Ozempic
31
Describe the Z-track method for injections:
Used to "lock" injection into muscle Hold skin taught before inserting needle Inject at 90 degrees After removing needle, release skin to move back to normal position
32
For intramuscular injections, 1-2 mLs should go into the
deltoid
33
For IM injections, 1-5 mLs should go into the
ventrogluteal (large muscle)
34
When doing an intradermal injection, what should enter the skin?
Only the bevel
35
When drawing up from an ampule, what kind of needle should you use?
Filter needle
36
Define hemoptysis
Blood in sputum (cough up blood)
37
What causes barrel chest?
Labored breathing that requires the use of accessory muscles
38
What causes nail clubbing?
Low O2 (hypoxia) Results in slow capillary refill and no window between thumb nails
39
How do you test for thoracic respiratory excursion?
Place hands on back (around 10th ribs) Have pt breathe in deeply Watch hands move (should be symmetrical, only about 3-5 cm movement)
40
How do you test for tactile fremitis?
Palpate down back, have pt repeat "ninety-nine" (Should feel vibrations toward top near vocal chords, less toward bottom)
41
What is respiratory crepitus?
Sub-Q air "rice krispies"
42
Where are bronchial sounds heard?
Toward top of chest (larynx and trachea)
43
Where are bronchovesicular sounds heard?
Around 1st/2nd intercostal area and between scapula
44
Where are vesicular sounds heard?
Heard closer to bottom ("apices") of lungs
45
What is cranial nerve I? How do you test it?
Olfactory nerve Smelling - close eyes and identify scent
46
What is cranial nerve II? How do you test it?
Optic nerve Visual acuity - Snellan chart, peripherals
47
What is cranial nerve III? How do you test it?
Oculomotor nerve PERRLA, convergence, and 6 cardinal fields of gaze
48
What is cranial nerve IV? How do you test it?
Trochlear nerve 6 cardinal fields of gaze (move in and down)
49
What is cranial nerve V? How do you test it?
Trigeminal nerve Clench teeth and close eyes and identify sensation on sinus/jaw/forehead/neck
50
What is cranial nerve VI? How do you test it?
Abducens nerve Six cardinal fields of gaze (move out)
51
What is cranial nerve VII? How do you test it?
Facial nerve Facial expressions (puff cheeks, smile, raise eyebrows)
52
What is cranial nerve VIII How do you test it?
Acoustic nerve Close eyes and rub fingers near each ear, identify which side and perform Romberg test
53
What are cranial nerves IX and X? How do you test them?
Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerve Have pt. say "Ah", watch uvula rise, make sure it is midline
54
What is cranial nerve XI? How do you test it?
Spinal Accessory nerve Have pt shrug shoulders against resistance and move head side to side against resistance
55
What is cranial nerve XII? How do you test it?
Hypoglossal nerve Have pt stick out tongue, move side to side, make sure it is midline Have pt repeat "Light, bright, dynamite"
56
Define stereognosis
The ability to identify an object without seeing it
57
Define graphesthesia
The ability to perceive writing on the skin without seeing it
58
What are 5 questions to determine if pt is AAOx5
Name and DOB? Todays date? Where are you? Why are you here? Current president?
59
What is the Romberg test?
Tests the patient's balance Pt closes eyes while standing with feet together, should be able to stand for 20 seconds without falling
60
Describe lethargic
Able to rouse by saying name and touching pt
61
Describe obtunded
Decreased alertness and more difficult to rouse patient (requires vigorous shaking and loud voice)
62
Describe stupor
Little to no spontaneous activity, will only be roused by painful stimuli
63
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Block 1 Theory (6 decks)

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