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Nutrition 203 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Substances that are soluble in organic solvents (i.e. ether, acetone, and chloroform)

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2
Q

What are the three major categories of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols (ex: cholesterol)

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3
Q

What is the difference between lipid and carbohydrate composition?

A

Carbohhydrates have monomers –> polymerized into thousands of residues

WHEREAS

Lipids can only have variations on types

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4
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Chain of carbons linked together

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5
Q

What are the components/parts of fatty acids?

A

carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other side

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6
Q

Is the carboxyl group in fatty acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic. It’s practically water itself i mean COOH and H2O so no wonder it loves water

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7
Q

Is the methyl group in fatty acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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8
Q

Fatty acids are part of what types of lipids?

A

Phospholipids and triglycerides

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9
Q

What type of reaction occurs when the glycerol backbone joins with the fatty acid? Name it and draw it out.

A

You create water! Dehydration synthesis because the OH hanging off the glycerol backbone and the Carboxyl group attach together

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

—— in which we obtain energy depends on how quickly ——— occurs

A

Speed, digestion

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12
Q

What type of sugars are easily digested and absorbed?

A

Simple sugars. It’s a quick energy source. Why the backwater marathon runners fuel on fast food.

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13
Q

Carbohydrates provide a —— level of energy

A

Sustained

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14
Q

Describe the concept of protein sparing

A

Basically if you eat enough carbs the protein in ur body will be used for growth and repair but if u don’t eat enough carbs then the body will start to use protein as a source of energy

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15
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The creation of new glucose from non-carb sources

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16
Q

What are fats, proteins, and carbs all converted to?

A

Acetyl CoA (it’s eventually broken for energy)

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17
Q

What is oxaloacetate?

A

A chemical that is derived from carbohydrates and certain amino acids

It is needed to fully break down fats

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18
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

Acidic fat byproducts that come from incomplete breakdown of fats

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19
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Acid-base imbalance: results in dehydration, dizziness, and fainting

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20
Q

Insulin promotes —-

A

Lipogenesis. It tells the liver to make fats

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21
Q

What is the range for normal blood glucose?

A

70-120 mg/dL

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22
Q

Blood glucose elevates….

A

After eating carbohydrates

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23
Q

Blood glucose drops…..

A

After long periods of not eating/between meals

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24
Q

What are the hormone mechanisms the body has to maintain a stable level of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin
Glucagon and epinephrine

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25
What happens if glucose concentrations exceed energy requirements?
1) the body stores it in the liver and muscle as glycogen for emergencies 2) the body stores it as fat
26
Due to insulin, glucose meets ——
Our intermediate energy requirements
27
What does glucagon do with glucose?
Glucagon breaks down glycogen to get extra glucose - this triggers gluconeogenesis
28
What does glucagon do with glucose?
Glucagon breaks down glycogen to get extra glucose - this triggers gluconeogenesis
29
What is glycemic index?
A measure of how fast blood glucose levels rise after ingestion of a food compared to ingestion of 50 grams of glucose Single food not as a part of a meal
30
What is glycemic load?
Mathematical score that adjusts glycemic index to the total carbohydrate in a mixture of food consumed
31
Do low glycemic index foods help with weight loss?
As of now, there is no strong research based evidence in literature
32
Insulin works in a ——- fashion
Dose-dependent
33
What is diabetes melliitus?
Inability of body to regulate blood glucose levels within normal (70-120 limits
34
What is hyperglycemia?
Elevated blood glucose levels
35
What are the categories of diabetes?
Pre-diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes
36
What is pre-diabetes?
State of impaired glucose tolerance leading to elevated blood glucose levels and if left untreated can progress to diabetes
37
What is glucose tolerance?
How well your body responds to a load of glucose
38
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Most often diagnosed in children and adolescents The pancreas can’t make insulin It is thought to be an autoimmune disease
39
What is type 1 diabetes Mellitus commonly referred to?
Childhood diabetes
40
What condition can develop that has to do with glucose tolerance?
Insulin resistance: body produces insulin but it doesn’t function well
41
What is A1C?
Protein that carries glucose into red blood cells
42
Describe type 2 diabetes
Metabolic condition, not autoimmune issue Accounts for more than 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus Cells are insulin resistant (makes glucose but it doesn’t work) Risk factors: being over the age of 40 and overweight/obese (bigger risk factor than the age thing because they have more fatty acid in their blood circulation) Increasing numbers of diagnoses at younger ages
43
Muscle and fat are insulin sensitive. What does that mean?
It means insulin acts on them
44
What is GLUT4?
A transport for glucose to go inside muscle and fat - requires insulin for it to go in
45
Tell me about metabolic rebounding
Basically when we’re babies/little kids we grow rapidly and then we we turn a certain age we grow slower and then we hit puberty and the growth is rapid again Slow growth to rapid growth phase
46
What ethnicity has the most cases of DM diagnosis? Least cases?
Native Americans/Indians - most Non-Hispanic whites - least
47
What are the risk factors of type 2 DM?
- Overweight and obese - older age - prior elevated glucose - family history - close relative with type 2 DM - previous gestational diabetes diagnosis or have given birth to an infant >9 pounds (macrosomia) - physical inactivity - PCOS - Acanthosis nigricans (dark, patchy/scaley appearance around crevices or folds of skin)
48
What are the three polys of DM?
Polyuria- excessive peeing polydipsia- excessive thirst polyphagia- excessive hunger
49
What are some complications of diabetes?
- water loss as the kidneys try to eliminate for excess glucose (water follows a solute and glucose is a solute) - increased risk for coronary heart disease - kidney disease - high blood pressure - damage to eyes and blood vessels —> blindness - damage to nervous system —> tingling and numbness
50
What is gestational diabetes?
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and resolves after pregnancy but causes complications in the infant and increases risk for the woman later on for regular type 2 diabetes
51
What are the complications for infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes?
- fetal or infant death or illness - high birth weight <9 pounds (macrosomia) - low blood glucose post delivery for mom
52
Why exactly do women who have gestational diabetes get more likely to get it later in life?
Because the placenta secretes the hormone called “human placental lactogen” that makes you insulin resistance It’s a naturally occurring hormone
53
What ethnicities have a greater risk of developing gestational diabetes?
Native Americans and Hispanics
54
How is dietary fiber resistant to digestion for humans?
Because of human enzymes
55
What is dietary fiber mostly composed of?
Polysaccharides EXCEPTION BEING LIGNIN CUZ ITS NOT TECHNICALLY A CRABOHYDRATE
56
——— is associated with the prevention of several chronic diseases
Dietary fiber
57
What is a more accurate term to call dietary fiber?
Non-starch polysaccharide
58
Why is fiber non-digestible? Like why fiber specifically why not anything else?
Because coloncytes use fiber as fuel source rather than the mucus
59
What are the two types of fiber?
Soluble and insoluble fiber
60
Can soluble fiber dissolve in water?
Yes
61
Describe soluble fiber and it’s health benefits
Jellylike material that acts a cement - aids peristaltic movement to be more efficient - makes you feel more full -binds to bile in the intestine - can aid to lowering blood cholesterol -may reduce risk of heart disease - may also bind to lipids so it reduces calories on the total body
62
How does soluble fiber reduce blood cholesterol levels?
Binds to sterols in bile and since it isn’t digested they get taken out through the anus
63
Can insoluble fiber dissolve in water?
No
64

Nutrition 203 (5 decks)

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