Final Exam Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is REE and how does it differ from EER?
A
REE stands for resting energy expenditure which is the amount of energy you expend just existing doing everyday activities it is also known as RMR or resting metabolic rate.
EER stands for estimated energy requirements and that is the amount of calories a specific person needs to carry out all their daily functions
2
Q
What is underweight in the BMI ranges?
A
<18.5
3
Q
What is healthy weight in the BMI ranges?
A
18.5 - 24.9
4
Q
What is overweight in the BMI ranges?
A
25 - 29.9
5
Q
What is class I Obesity in the BMI ranges?
A
30 - 35
6
Q
What is class II Obesity in the BMI ranges?
A
35 - 40
7
Q
What is class III Obesity in the BMI ranges?
A
> 40
8
Q
What are all the hunger signals?
A
Ghrelin and Neuropeptide Y
9
Q
What are the satiety signals?
A
Leptin (secreted by adipose tissue) and peptide YY and GLP-1
10
Q
What are some factors that influence energy expenditure?
A
age, growth, gender, physical activity, body composition and size
11
Q
What is the indicator of central obesity for women?
A
Waist circumference greater than 35 inches
12
Q
What is the indicator of central obesity for men?
A
Waist circumference greater than 40 inches
13
Q
True or false: resistin is both a adipokine and a inflamokine
A
True!
14
Q
what is the activator for lipoprotein lipase
A
APOC2
15
Q
Which two lipoproteins use APOC2 to help with attaching to lipoprotein lipase
A
chylomicrons (carrying triglycerides) and VLDL
16
Q
True or false: Leptin suppresses appetite
A
True! its a satiety hormone it tells the body when to stop eating
17
Q
What are the qualifications needed to qualify for gastic bypass surgery?
A
BMI >40 (Class III Obese) or BMI >35 (Class II Obese) and has co-morbidties. Be 100 pounds over your ideal body weight
18
Q
What is ascorbic acid?
A
vitamin C
19
Q
What is thiamin?
A
vitamin B1
20
Q
What is riboflavin
A
B2
21
Q
What is niacin?
A
B3
22
Q
What is panthothenic acid?
A
B5
23
Q
What is pyridoxine?
A
B6
24
Q
What is biotin?
A
B7
25
What is folate?
B9
26
What is cobalamin?
B12
27
What is the most biofunctional form of vitamin A?
Retinol (stored in the liver)
28
What are the other two forms of vitamin A that are converted to the most biofunctional form?
Retinal and retinoic acid
29
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
bone growth, gene regulation/expression (helps with cell diffrenention), vision, also bone metabolism as it stimulates osteoclasts (bone cells that demineralize or degrade the bone)
30
What are vitamin A deficiencies?
in early stages: night blindness due to less pigments and photons. this is reversible
short term vitamin A deficiency will result in dry or damaged cornea
long term vitamin A deficiency will result in xerophthamalia or permanent loss of vision
31
Where is vitamin A stored?
fat and liver tissue
32
What happens with Vitamin A toxicity?
liver damage (scarring) and birth defects
33
What is another name for Vitamin D?
cholecalciferol
34
True or false: vitamin D is classified as a vitamin, hormone, and steroid
True!
35
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
stimulates cells to produce calbindin which helps calcium absorption in the gut
tells kidneys to STOP PUTTING CALCIUM IN THE PEE
helps release calcium from the bone for common use
36
Why does the RDA for vitamin D go up as we age?
we decrease in our ability to convert vitamin D to its active form and we are less likely to go out and get more exposure from sunlight
37
How do we make our own Vitamin D?
UV rays hits the cholesterol in the skin and converts it into a precursor form of vitamin D which goes into the blood and then the liver where it becomes the intermediate form and then finally the kidney which makes it the active form of vitamin D and it goes on to do its calcium stuff
38
What happens in Vitamin D deficiency?
Children - rickets where the bone is softened and since its growing it grows deformed
Adults - osteomalacia where the bone is softened but presents in a different manifestation than rickets
39
What happens in Vitamin D toxicity?
nausea, vomiing, diarrhea
also could have calcification of soft tissues meaning that calcium goes into ur tissues and makes them hard
40
What is another term for Vitamin E?
tocopherols
41
What are the functions of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant: it neutralizes free radicals that damage the body by donating an electron to the free radicals so they don't steal electrons from the body and initiate a chain reaction of stealing electrons
Immune function enhancer and is needed for nerve cell development
42
What happens in vitamin E deficiency?
Anemia - due to the red blood cells being really fragile and then they start rupturing
Not as common but also ATAXIA or loss of coordination
43
What happens in vitamin E toxicity?
inflammation of mucous membranes, reduced sexual funciton in men, and accelerated signs of aging
44
What is the function of Vitamin K?
blood clotting. It activates the proteins needed to make fibrin which forms the fibrous matrix of blood clots/clotting cascade
Also needed for the creation of bone protein - osteocalcin
45
Why does vitamin K have no RDA/toxicity?
We get enough from our E. Coli in intestine
46
What happens in Vitamin K deficiency?
very rate in adults, newborns at high risk for it so they given a shot of vitamin K to populate their sterile GI tract
47
What happens in vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy where you have poor wound healing and bleeding gums and losing teeth and red spots on the face (this is due to vitamin C being needed in collagen production which helps anchor teeth to the jaw and makes up skin cells)
Additionally, anemia because Vitamin C helps the GI tract absorb iron
Scorbutic rosary in infants - the connective tissue doesn't form as well due to low collagen status
48
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
antioxidant: gives a e- to vitamin E and becomes radicalized
Creation of collagen which is a protein that forms the tissue of tendons, bone, teeth, and skin. Collagen is needed in wound healing and maintaining blood vessels
Helps the GI tract absorb iron
49
What is the only vitamin where there is an increased need rather than a decreased need for SMOKERS?
Vitamin C
50
What happens in Vitamin C toxicity?
diarrhea and bloating
51
What is the common function of all B vitamins?
Coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism/electron carriers/high energy carriers
52
What is the active form of thiamin
TPP in the PDH complex
53
What does thiamin do?
helps with turning pyruvate into acetyl COA in the PDH complex and also helps in the Kreb's cycle
54
What happens in thiamin toxicity?
trick question, there IS NO TOXICITY
55
What happens in thiamin deficiency?
Mostly happens in malnourished and alcoholics (cuz alcohol breaks down B1)
Beriberi: this is basically where the heart gets enlarged and you get edema (fluid under the skin) and your muscles weaken and atrophy
If it affects the heart system, its called WET beriberi
If it affects the nervous system/neuromuscular junctions, its called DRY beriberi
- this one also has ataxia
in alcoholics who have severe thiamin deficiency they have wernicke-korsakoff syndrom which is kinda like wet and dry combined
56
What is the active form of Vitamin B2?
Two of them: FMN and FAD
57
What does Vitamin B2 do?
electron suttle to protein complex II in the ETC
58
What happens in B2 toxicity?
TRICK QUESTION THERE IS NO TOXICITY!!
59
What happens in vitamin B2 deficinency?
No defined condition: inflammation of mucuous membranes, GI tract, vaginal area, tongue, skin rashes
60
What is the active form of vitamin B3?
NAD and NADP
61
What is the function of B3?
found in almost every metabolic pathway in the body
also used in the synthesis of fatty acids
62
What does NADP do?
deamination and lipogenesis
63
What happens in niacin toxicity?
most likely came from oversupplementing
Flushing - redness in face arms and chest
NO DEFINED CONDITION
64
true or false: niacin is also created by the body from tryptophan
True!
65
What happens in niacin deficiency?
Pellagra: symptoms are the 4 D's
- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
66
What are the 4D's of pellagra?
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
67
What is the function of pyridoxine?
transamination or creation of nonessential amino acids
produces SEROTONIN and hemoglobin and some glucose/lipids
68
What happens in pyridoxine deficiencny?
anemia because it produces hemoglobin
and a bunch of other stuff
no defined condition
69
What happens in pyridoxine toxicity?
unreversible, permanent nerve damage
70
What is the more biofunctional form of B9?
folic acid
71
What is the function of folate?
central dogma/cell division/DNA replication
72
What happens in folate deficiency?
macrocytic anemia/large cell anemia because it helps with red blood cell creation (i.e. DNA replication)
CNS deformations during fetal develeopment/neural tube defects
- spina bifida
- anencephaly
73
What is the function of cobalamin?
helps convert folate into its active form and keeps the myelin sheath maintained
74
Where is cobalamin found?
only in animal origin foods and you denature the protein in that to get it
75
What happens in cobalamin toxicity?
TRICK QUESTION THERE IS NO TOXICITY BITCH
76
How do we absorb cobalamin?
must be released from the dietary protein before we can absorb it. Parietal cells secrete HCl and then it is protected by intrinisic factor from degradation from HCl and goes to distal illeum
77
What do APOC2 and Intrinisic factor have in common?
both act as a ligand or little puzzle piece for the receptor/LPL to help their functions along (fats and B12)
78
True or false: Vitamin B12 absorption decreases as we age
True!
79
What happens in cobalamin deficiency?
macrocytic anemia and if theres no intrinsic factor than pernicious anemia
80
what is the active form of pyridoxine?
PLP
81
What is the recommended intake for macrominerals per day?
> or = 100 mg per day
82
What are the macrominerals?
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
83
What are the microminerals/trace minerals?
iron, copper, manganese, iodine
84
What regulates the blood levels of calcium
vitamin D or PTH
85
What is hydroxyapatite?
the bone matrix/amalgation that makes the bone cement/have rigid structure
86
True or false: calcium makes up the bone crystal, hydroxyapatite
True!
87
Other than calcium, what other minerals make up the hydroxyapatite?
magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and fluoride
88
What does calcium do in muscle and nerve cells?
serves as a secondary messenger
89
What are the functions of calcium?
muscle contraction (binds in the sarcoplasmic reticulum)
nerve impulses (releases neurotransmitters from voltage-gated ligands)
90
What happens in calcium deficiencies?
loss of bone structure and density
- osteopenia
- osteoporosis
pre-eclampsia and eclampsia which is generally ppl with low calcium status
91
What does calcium do in metabolism?
plays a role in hormone regulation as a secondary messenger
92
What does calcium do in blood clotting?
helps with cascade of turning inactive forms of stuff into active forms
93
What are the mechanisms of PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
increases calcium absorption in the gut, tells the kidneys to stop putting it in the urine, and releases calcium from bone
94
What are phytates?
compounds in certain plant foods that bind to certain minerals making them unavailable to cells
- calcium
- iron
- zinc
95
What minerals do phytates bind to?
CIZ: calcium, iron, zinc
96
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
phosphorus
97
What are the functions of phosphorus?
part of the bones and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
turns on and off enzyme function
part of ATP
98
Where is 50% of magnesium located?
in the bone (hydroxyapatite)
99
What are the functions of magnesium?
ATP stabilization (always present with ATP) and helps with muscle relaxation (calcium does the contracting) and also makes up the hydroxyapatite
100
What does sulfur do?
big part of glutathione (antioxidant)
101
Where is iron present?
heem
102
What is the function of iron?
transports O2 in the blood to tissues and cells
103
What are the forms of iron in our diets?
Heme iron: found in hemoglobin and only found in meat, fish, and poultry and more readily absorbed
non-heme iron: plant based foods less easily absorbed
104
iron toxicity is known as
hemochromatosis
105
What happens if you are deficient in zinc?
dwarfism since it plays a role in developin sexual organs and bone growth, DNA replication, protein synthesis, growth, and development
106
What is the function of copper?
helps IRON absorb, store, and metabolize
107
what does selenium do?
part of antioxidant glutathione
108
What is the tissue in the body that uses iodine?
thyroid gland
109
What happens in iodine deficiency?
goiter
deficiency in pregnant women can cause babies born with stunted height/growth or cretinism
110
What does fluoride do?
strengthens the hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth
111
