EXAM 2 Flashcards by Rosana Njubi

Sebaceous glands normally secrete contents…
Onto the skin surface through hair follicles
Onto the skin surface through arrector pili muscles
Into the dermis through collagen fibers
Into the dermis to serve as ground substance

Onto the skin surface through hair follicles

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Why does someone suffering a heart attack turn blue?
When the skin is deoxygenated, melanin production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, arotene production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, Calcitonin production dramatically increases
Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin
When deoxygenated, cells in the most superficial layer of the skin begin producing a blue pigment.

Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin

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Water loss through our skin on a very cold, windy day is mostly…
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration

Insensible perspiration

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Which of the following types of skin cancer is most dangerous?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Osteosarcoma
Glioblastoma

Melanoma

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If a burn is very painful, it is likely third degree (full thickness).
True
False

False

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Fluid replacement is critical for individuals suffering extensive 3rd degree burns. This is because
Burns are hot and stimulate sweat glands to sweat excessively
Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased
Water is lost due to diarrhea
Respiratory water loss increases more than other types of water loss
Vomiting

Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased

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The type of cell that gives rise to a basal cell carcinoma is in the
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

Stratum basale

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Water loss from a third degree burn would be classified as
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration

Insensible perspiration

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The deepest layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum

Stratum basale

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In high humidity, what happens to the feedback loop that helps maintain body temperature?
The sensor doesn’t work.
The control center doesn’t work.
The effector doesn’t work.
Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.
Everything works normally and we cool ourselves to the same extent as in a dry environment.

Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.

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The dermis has
One layer
Two layers
Three layers
Four layers

Two layers

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Many choice: Which of the following is a layer of the true skin?
The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis

The epidermis
The dermis

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A suntan is caused by…
Increased vitamin D3 synthesis darkening our skin
Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin

Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin

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Which of the following prevents most insensible perspiration?
The epidermis
The papillary layer of the dermis
The reticular layer of the dermis
The hypodermis
Nerve tissue

The epidermis

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If melanocytes were so active that all cells in the body contained enormous levels of melanin, the individual would appear
Dark brown or black
Green
Pink
White

Dark brown or black

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Dissolving bone with vinegar is similar to the activity of which of the following cell types?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

Osteoclasts

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A sensor in the feedback loop that elevates blood calcium:
Osteoclasts
The kidneys
The parathyroid glands

The parathyroid glands

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Imagine you had a mutation that disrupted the gene encoding collagen. Which of the following would be of most concern?
Brittle bones
Flexible bones
Brittle skin
Flexible skin

Brittle bones

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Bone has a rich blood supply
True
False

True

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The organizational unit of compact bone is called a(n)
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteon
Trabecula
Lacuna

Osteon

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Which of the following gives bone the ability to resist compression?
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Cells

Ground substance

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Many choice: Similarities between bone and hyaline cartilage include…
A rich blood supply
Cells residing in lacunae
The mineral matrix in the ground substance

Cells residing in lacunae

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Many choice: Which of the following cells live in lacunae?
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts

Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

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Question 24
0 / 0 pts
Red bone marrow is found primarily in
The central canal of an osteon
Canaliculi that connect lacunae
Compact bone
Spongy bone
The periosteum

Spongy bone

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Imagine you were locked in a room for a year without exposure to sunlight. Your diet was healthy, but included no supplements. Which of the following would be of most concern? Brittle bones Flexible bones Brittle skin Flexible skin

Flexible bones

Which of the following gives bone some flexibility and resists stretching? Ground substance Protein fibers Cells

Protein fibers

Chronically elevated levels of which hormone would result in osteoporosis? Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following has the smallest blood supply? Compact bone Spongy bone Cartilage

Cartilage

Even without having studied a feedback loop that restores red blood cells mass after we bleed, you know that effector tissue in the feedback loop must be located in Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow The kidney The gut The skin

Red bone marrow

Which of the following types of bone contains osteons? Spongy bone Compact bone Soft bone Hard bone

Compact bone

Many choice: Which of the following is a component of a synovial joint Synovial fluid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint capsule

Synovial fluid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint capsule

Extension usually refers to Decreasing the angle between two bones Increasing the angle between two bones Moving a limb away from the body’s midline Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

Increasing the angle between two bones

Adduction refers to Decreasing the angle between two bones Increasing the angle between two bones Moving a limb away from the body’s midline Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

In an adult, the joint between two parietal bones in the skull is Immoveable Slightly moveable Synovial

Immoveable

Abduction refers to Decreasing the angle between two bones Increasing the angle between two bones Moving a limb away from the body’s midline Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

Moving a limb away from the body’s midline

Many choice: Which of the following is a synovial joint? A suture in the cranium The facet joint between vertebra The joint between the teeth and the mandible

The facet joint between vertebra

The primary motor proteins in muscle are found in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcolemma Thin filament Thick filament Nuclei

Thick filament

A muscle fiber that fires a single action potential but never repolarizes will Not generate force Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch) Generate force until ATP is depleted

Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch)

Which of the following is the *cause* of the absolute refractory period? Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open Voltage gated potassium channels cannot open Voltage gated chloride channels cannot open Ligand gated potassium channels cannot open Ligand gated sodium channels cannot open

Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open

The tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Endoneurium Epineurium

Perimysium

A muscle fiber treated with tubocurarine would be Contracted Relaxed

Relaxed

Many choice: fibers from which of the following connective tissues combine to connect muscle to bone? The epimysium The perimysium The periosteum The tendon Myofibrils

The epimysium The perimysium The periosteum The tendon

In skeletal muscle, the protein that binds calcium in order to initiate contraction is Actin Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin

Troponin

What causes relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber Myosin remains attached to actin Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils Voltage gated potassium channels open Voltage gated sodium channels inactivate

Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils

Of the choices below, when does a muscle fiber generate the most force? When the fiber is concentrically contracting at maximum speed When the fiber is concentrically contracting at medium speed During an isometric contraction

During an isometric contraction

If a person has been dead for a day, calcium concentration in the fluid surrounding the myofibrils would be Less than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Greater than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulumv

In skeletal muscle, the protein that covers myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest is Actin Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin

Tropomyosin

A muscle fiber treated for a long time with succinylcholine would be... Contracted Relaxed

Relaxed

The tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber is called the Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Endoneurium Epineurium

Endomysium

Skeletal muscle relaxes because Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the plasma membrane Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm

Tubocurarine binds to the nicotinic ACh receptor at the motor end plate and locks it in a closed position. In this case... No action potentials would be fired One action potential would be fired, but no subsequent action potentials Action potentials would be continually fired until the tubocurarine was degraded

No action potentials would be fired

A muscle that originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on radial tuberosity would (you may assume the muscle is located on the anterior side of the arm) Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow. Flex the shoulder and extend the elbow. Extend the shoulder and flex the elbow. Extend the shoulder and extend the elbow.

Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.

The triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) act on the ankle as a First class lever Second class lever Third class lever

Second class lever

When we throw a ball, the muscles moving our arm exert force on a third class lever. In this case, The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis The distal part of the arm moves slower than the insertion of the brachialis The distal part of the arm moves in the opposite direction from the insertion of the brachialis

The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis

A muscle that originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula would Flex the knee and flex the hip. Flex the knee and extend the hip. Extend the knee and flex the hip. Extend the knee and extend the hip.

Flex the knee and extend the hip.

When the pectoralis major contracts while throwing a ball, the hand moves Faster than the insertion of the muscle Slower than the insertion of the muscle The same speed as the insertion of the muscle

Faster than the insertion of the muscle

If a neuron’s resting membrane potential is -70 mV and there were consistent graded membrane potentials, you would expect the voltage inside the cell to become More negative More positive I need more information

I need more information

In the nervous system, most information processing occurs in the CNS PNS

CNS

During the absolute refractory period, a neuron Is ready to fire an action potential Can fire an action potential, but it takes a larger than normal stimulus Cannot fire another action potential

Cannot fire another action potential

Which of the following cells control the activity of smooth muscle in the gut? Somatic motor neurons Autonomic motor neurons Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons

Autonomic motor neurons

During the relative refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are Open Closed Inactivated

Closed

Many choice: Effector tissue in the somatic nervous system consists of Glands Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle The epidermis

Skeletal muscle

Myelin Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel faster Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel slower Insulates cell bodies and causes action potentials to travel faster Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel slower

Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster

Which of the following predominate in a neuron’s dendrites? Action potentials Graded potentials

Graded potentials

Which of the following cells maintain the blood-brain barrier? Neurons Ependymal cells Microglia Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes

Astrocytes

An action potential that begins at the axon hillock travels only towards the axon terminal. This is because After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the relative refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards. After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards. After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the resting state so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.

After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.

When frightened by a lion, which branch of the nervous system is increases heart rate? Afferent Sensory Somatic Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Sympathetic

Many choice: The central nervous system includes The brain The spinal cord Spinal nerves

The brain The spinal cord

Afferent neurons carry Sensory signals Motor signals Neither sensory nor motor signals

Sensory signals

During the absolute refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are Open Closed Inactivated

Inactivated

Which of the following would relax a neuron? Graded depolarization Graded hyperpolarization Action depolarization Action hyperpolarization

Graded hyperpolarization

Tetanus toxin exerts its effects in the PNS CNS

CNS

Many choice: Treating a person with which of the following toxins would cause muscle cells to remain hyperpolarized all the time? Tetanus toxin Tubocurarine Succinylcholine

Tubocurarine

Botulinum toxin blocks contraction in skeletal muscle by Blocking inhibitory signals affecting the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus Blocking calcium channels in the skeletal muscle SR Blocking voltage gated sodium channels in skeletal muscle

Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus

Tetanus causes sustained skeletal muscle contraction by Locking ACh receptors in an open position Blocking ACh release at the lower motor neuron Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord Blocking the activity of the blood-brain barrier

Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is made up of Rapidly dividing epithelial cells Connective tissue Many layers of dead keratinocytes Sensory nerve fibers

Many layers of dead keratinocytes

In order for melanin to protect against at least two types of skin cancer, the pigment must be passed to Epithelial cells Fibroblasts Smooth muscle cells Neurons

Epithelial cells

As demonstrated in the skin, blood vessels travel through what tissue type? Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve Marshmallow

Connective

The type of cell that gives rise to a squamous cell carcinoma is in the Stratum corneum Stratum basale Papillary layer of the dermis Reticular layer of the dermis In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

In the negative feedback loop that restores body temperature when we get hot, the effector consists of Stratified squamous epithelial tissue Simple squamous epithelial tissue Sensory structures close to the surface of the skin Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

Sweat glands

Which of the following would result in lowest bone mass over two weeks? Consuming high levels of calcium while physically active Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive Consuming low levels of calcium while physically active

Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive

Where are blood cells synthesized? The brain Compact bone Spongy bone Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage

Spongy bone

Chicken bones that are dissolved in vinegar for a week become flexible. This is due to elimination of ____________ from the bone. Epithelium Osteocytes Osteoblasts Ground substance Protein fibers.

Ground substance

The structural units of spongy bone are Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteons Trabeculae Lacunae

Trabeculae

In a long bone, red bone marrow is located in the Epiphysis Diaphysis Foramen

Epiphysis

If the gene for collagen were damaged such that the collagen in bone became non-functional, the bone tissue would be Brittle Flexible Unchanged

Brittle

Many choice: Which of the following bones articulate with the femur at the knee? The tibia The fibula The talus

The tibia

Dorsiflexion of the foot brings the big toe (hallux) _______________ the tibial tuberosity. Closer to Farther away from

Closer to

As a muscle exerts more force, which of the following is always true? The muscle fires more action potentials More motor units are recruited More cross bridges form The muscle contracts faster The muscle contracts slower

More cross bridges form

The brachialis flexes the elbow when it shortens. In order to extend the elbow, The brachialis must generate force to lengthen the muscle. Synergists for elbow flexion must generate force to extend the elbow Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract

Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract

Organophosphates block the action of acetylcholinesterase. In this case, muscle fibers would spend more time Above threshold Below threshold

Above threshold

A synergist is a muscle that Group of answer choices Assists the prime mover for a motion Assists the antagonist for a motion Is primarily responsible for a movement Is primarily responsible for opposing a movement

Assists the prime mover for a motion

Which of the following would relax a neuron? Group of answer choices Sodium moving into a cell Chloride moving into a cell Potassium moving into a cell

Chloride moving into a cell

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)