Exam 2

Question 1

A group of metabolic diseases associated with dysregulation of blood glucose

Answer 1

Diabetes mellitus

Question 2

What results from an absolute insulin deficiency, inadequate secretion of insulin, and/or resistance to insulin action?

Answer 2

Hyperglycemia

Question 3

What are some complications of poorly controlled diabetes?

Answer 3

-Kidney failure
-Retinopathy
-Atherosclerosis
-Cerebrovascular disease
-Peripheral arterial disease
-Peripheral neuropathy

Question 4

Who with diabetes are at a 2-3 X higher risk for caries ?

Answer 4

Adolescents

Question 5

Diabetic patients have increased periodontal disease with what involved teeth?

Answer 5

Endodontically

Question 6

Hormone produced by Beta Cells of the pancreas

Answer 6

Insulin

Question 7

What organs do insulin directly affect?

Answer 7

Every organ

Question 8

Beta cells release insulin in response to what?

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

the amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream has reached a high threshold

Answer 9

Hyperglycemia

Question 10

glucose spills into the urine

Answer 10

Glycosuria

Question 11

large amounts of urine produced and excreted

Answer 11

Polyuria

Question 12

fluid loss signals excessive thirst to the brain

Answer 12

Polydispsia

Question 13

Cells starved for glucose cause an increase in appetite and food intake, but weight loss is common

Answer 13

Polyphagia

Question 14

Are very acidic and are the end product of fat metabolism

Answer 14

Ketones

Question 15

What may lead to diabetic coma and death if not treated?

Answer 15

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Question 16

Insulin dependent

Answer 16

Type 1 diabetes

Question 17

Inadequate insulin secretion or diminished tissue response

Answer 17

Type 2 diabetes

Question 18

Over time insulin production ______ and insulin resistance of the cells _______.

Answer 18

decreases, increases

Question 19

Insulin secretion may increase to accommodate the increased what?

Answer 19

Blood glucose

Question 20

What are the three P’s?

Answer 20

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

Question 21

What does too much insulin lead to?

Answer 21

Low blood glucose

Question 22

Too much insulin

Answer 22

Hyperinsulinemia

Question 23

Patient is unable to identify symptoms and an emergency occurs quickly

Answer 23

Hyperglycemic unawareness

Question 24

Who are more likely to experience insulin complications such as hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemic unawareness?

Answer 24

People who have taken insulin for longer than 5 years with a history of hyperglycemia

Question 25

Where might hypoinsulinemia with increased levels of blood glucose be seen?

Answer 25

Undiagnosed or uncontrolled type I diabetes

Question 26

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 26

-Confusion -Sweating -irritability -Palpitations -Shakiness -Headache -Seizure

Question 27

What are symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Answer 27

-Polyuria -Polydipsia -Polyphagia -Weight loss -Blurred vision -Ketoacidosis -Increased risk of infections

Question 28

What is the 15/15 rule?

Answer 28

-Administer 15g of carbohydrates -Wait 15 mins & test blood glucose -If still under 70mL/dL, give another 15g carbohy. -Wait 15 mins & test blood glucose -If still under 70 activate EMS

Question 29

 Blood glucose level above normal but not meeting criteria for diagnosis of diabetes  Weight loss and exercise show a reduction in the progression

Answer 29

Pre-diabetes

Question 30

hormonal disorder where the ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal

Answer 30

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 31

 Description: 5-10% of cases, unknown etiology, autoantibodies  Former name: Insulin dependent DM

Answer 31

Type 1 diabetes

Question 32

 Description: 90-95% of patients, insulin resistant  Screening: age 45 & older every 3 years & earlier in obese patients  Former name: Non-insulin dependent DM or Adult-onset

Answer 32

Type 2 diabetes

Question 33

 Prevalence: 7.1% pregnancies in North America  Infants are larger & premature births more frequent

Answer 33

Gestational diabetes

Question 34

What are the diagnostic tests for diabetes?

Answer 34

-Glycated hemoglobin assay -Fasting plasma glucose -2-hour plasma glucose

Question 35

o Measures glucose bound to a hemoglobin molecule o Average blood glucose over 2–3-month period

Answer 35

Glycated hemoglobin assay

Question 36

What A1C is considered pre-diabetic?

Answer 36

5.7-6.4%

Question 37

What A1C represents diabetes?

Answer 37

> 6.5%

Question 38

What diabetes test requires fasting for 8 hours?

Answer 38

Fasting plasma glucose

Question 39

What diabetes test is an oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer 39

2-hour plasma glucose

Question 40

What is the dosage of insulin affected by?

Answer 40

Illness Stress Exercise Food intake Infection

Question 41

What are the methods for insulin administration?

Answer 41

Insulin pump, pen, inhalable

Question 42

What is the leading cause of renal disease?

Answer 42

Nepropathy

Question 43

Condition where the stomach muscles do not work properly, leading to delayed emptying of food into small intestines

Answer 43

Gastroparesis

Question 44

Light brown to black discoloration of the skin in the creases of the neck

Answer 44

Acanthosis Nigricans

Question 45

Loss of vision

Answer 45

Retinopathy

Question 46

Diminished taste perception

Answer 46

Hypogeusia