Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology Sex Differences > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(113 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Men’s parental investment is:

A

Facultatively expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When men’s parental investment is facultatively expressed, it results in:

A

Trade-offs between benefits to children, mating opportunities, and paternity certainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physical Health is related to…

A

Family resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Development is about what?

A

Preparing for the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is Social Competitiveness important?

A

If it improves cultural success (e.g., socio-economic status) and this in turn reduces mortality risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Frequent population crashes make paternal investment in what?

A

Their children’s competitiveness, even if current mortality is low–may reduce change of lineage extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Confounds of maternal characteristics and paternal genes

A

–Fathers benefit children’s educational attainment
–Divorce is associated with reduced paternal investment and reduces graduating rates and increases delinquent behavior
Fathers who play with their children have better peer relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lost Mating Opportunity

A

–Women don’t like casual sex which reduces men’s mating opportunities
–Female-female competition (drives competitors away)
–Concealed ovulation that promotes pair-bonding
–Pair-bonding reduces male abandonment and cuckoldry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Costs to fathers

A

Lost mating opportunity, Risk of cuckoldry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Expression of Men’s Parenting

A

Hormones and Genetics, marriage quality, rules for marriage, Operational sex ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biological influences on Men’s Parenting

A

Hormones and Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormones in men’s parenting

A

Prolactin and Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prolactin in Men’s Parenting

A

May motivate men to engage with children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Testosterone in Men’s Parenting

A

Lower levels are typically associated with more parenting, but can vary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Genetics in Men’s Parenting

A

Heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heritability in Men’s Parents

A

Child-Evocative, Warmth and Negativity, Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Child-Evocative (Child traits) in Male Parenting

A

23-40% of variation in parenting, larger for mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Warmth and Negativity (criticism) in Male Parenting

A

27-38%, similar for mothers and fathers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Control (monitoring of activities) In Male Parenting

A

Low heritable effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Social Influences in Men’s Parenting

A

Quality of Marriage and Men’s Status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Quality of Marriage in Male Parenting

A

–Best single predictor of men’s engagement with infants
–Men invest more when they’re living with (presumably having sex with) the children’s mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Men’s Status in Male Parenting

A

–Higher status men provide less direct care
–Due in part to more time away from home (e.g., working, hunting)
–These men provision more, however
–But, focus on cultural success could be to get resources to use in making effort or parental effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Developmental Experiences in Men’s Parenting

A

–Parents’ experiences growing up
–Conflict at home and mortality risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Culture and Ecology in Male Parenting

A

Father absent societies and Father present societies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Father Absent Societies in Male Parenting
--Aloof marital relationships, polygyny, and high levels of raiding and other forms of male-male competition --Low-level agriculture in which women can provide most of the food for children
26
Father Present Societies in Male Parenting
--Ecologically imposed monogamy; paternal investment is obligate --Socially imposed monogamy; polygyny is against the law; reduces men's mating opportunity and the opportunity cost of parenting
27
Operational Sex Ratio and Wealth in Male Parenting
--Dynamics of opposite sex relationships vary with the local operational sex ratio; related to growth rate, migration, morality --Too many women vs too many men
28
When there are "too many women"
--Men are more reluctant to marry --Divorce rates and single-mom families increase --Sexual mores are liberal (i.e., okay for uncommitted sex)
29
When there are "too many men"
--Men commit to marriage at a younger age --Divorce rates drop --Extra-pair relationships are less common
30
Marriage Systems definition
The cultural rules and ecological influences on family types
31
Types of marriage systems
Polygyny, polyandry, monogamy
32
Polygyny definition
Dominant men have several wives and low status men don't marry; most men marry monogamously
33
Polygyny types
Resourced based and social power
34
Resource based polygyny
Male coalitions compete for resource control; husband lives separately from wives and children
35
Social power polygyny
When resources aren't easily controlled; dominance is centered on social control (e.g., warfare)
36
Polyandry definition
Brothers marry one woman to avoid dividing land; found in other cultures at lower levels
37
Types of monogamy
Ecologically imposed, socially imposed
38
Ecologically imposed monogamy
Paternal and maternal investment is obligate
39
Socially imposed monogamy
Polygyny is illegal, but serial monogamy isn't; research rich cultures where couples are often removed form kin-group influences
40
Bride Service
A period of months or years before or after marriage during which the husband performs labor for his wife's parents
41
Bride Price
A sum of money or quantity of goods given to a bride's family by that of the groom
42
Culturally successful men
--These men control land, cattle, or other resources that women use to raise their children --These men have social power, which results in more food and better treatment by others --Access to these resources can have substantial influences on child health and survival
43
Trade-offs with a limited mate dollar budget:
With unlimited budgets, women and men want it all
44
Limited budgets force people to prioritize
--Positive: women prioritize --Negative--men prioritize
45
In Wealthy, Educated, Individualistic, Rich, and Democratic societies (WEIRD):
--Women rated sense of human, kindness, dependability, and communication skills > than did men --These enable women to form stable and emotionally satisfying long-term relationships
46
Physical attractiveness: The Prince
Socially dominant, good looking, wealthy, and eventually invests in the woman--a common theme across many literatures
47
A man's physical attractiveness as an indicator of good health and good genes
--Taller than average; but not too tall --Athletic--but not too much muscle --0.9 waist-to-hip ratio --0.7 wait-to-chest ratio --Facial features: eyes, cheek bones, jaw, but more idiosyncratic
48
Physical attractiveness and good genes in developing nations and traditional contexts
--Traits that women prefer are affected by parasites, nutrition, social stressors in these contexts --More variability in men's health --Women in areas with high parasite loads weigh a man's physical attractiveness more heavily than do women living in regions in fewer infectious diseases
49
Immune system genes
--Detected through pheromones --Certain diseases are detectable with these odors (e.g., gonorrhea) --Preference for men with variable immune systems
50
When these genes are too similar
--Longer time to get pregnant --More spontaneous abortions --Less sexual satisfaction and increased risk of affairs
51
Ovulatory Cycle
--Fantasize more, flirt more with extra-pair men --Don't cheat --Effects are moderated by current relationship --Maybe more cautious during fertile window
52
Women's Alternative Mating Strategies
--Monogamous marriage to a high-status man isn't always achievable --Women often live on their own and maintain relationships with several men --Partible paternity
53
Partible paternity
Children have 'two fathers'; associated with high male mortality
54
Mating effort vs Parental effort
Trade-offs steeper for men; more variation across men and relationship
55
Men's Alternative Mating Strategies
--Option of reproducing without investment --Casual sex
56
Who's more enthusiastic about casual sex?
Men are more easily sexually aroused
57
Do men or women have more 'deal breakers'?
Women
58
Is sexual fidelity more important for men or women?
Men
59
Did men or women value "good looks," "facial attractiveness," and "fitness" more?
Men
60
Traits correlated with age and number of children women could have
--Average or shorter in Modern; taller in some Traditional --Average body mass index --0.7 waist-to-hip ratio --Youthful face (e.g., large eyes)
61
Clear skin in Men's Mate Choices
Many parasitic infections create blemishes and can compromise fertility
62
Age in Men's Mate Choices
--Fecundability drops with age --Risk of birth defects and low birth weight increase with age, especially after 30 --Younger wives can have more children
63
Trade-offs in Men's Mate Choices
Limited Budget
64
Limited Budget in Men's Mate Choices
Men place more on physical attraction than on other traits; this diminishes as budgets increase but is always more important than for women
65
Male-male competition across primates shows:
--Larger size --Slower development --Shorter lifespan --More reproductive skew
66
Dominance-based status striving
Use of force or threat of force to gain status and achieve resource control
67
Prestige-based status striving
Acquiring culturally important skills that benefit others and result in the conferral of their status
68
Cultural success = ?
Reproductive success
69
Early empires for men's competition
Emerged through between-group competition, often between agricultural communities and nomadic raiders
70
Suppression of dominance and increase in prestige within developed societies
Initially ruling coalitions, suppressed with in-group conflict
71
Suppression of violence and economic development and diversification within developed societies
Created more opportunities for prestige-based status striving
72
How is gossip universal
Bonds gossipers and undermines competitors
73
Is gossiping more common in men or women?
Women
74
What is relational aggression?
Gossip and undermining competition
75
Wives married to high status men tend to:
--Mate guard more (e.g., call a lot) --Spend more time on physical appearance
76
What is dowry
Wife or her parents provides resources to groom
77
When is physical aggression common in women?
In difficult economic circumstances
78
Ecological dominance:
Ancestors reduced external threats
79
Selection remains a "struggle for existence" but becomes primarily a struggle with...
Other people for control of the resources that support life and allow one to reproduce
80
Function of behavior and supporting systems:
To control access to resources that were correlated with evolutionary outcomes during species' evolutionary history
81
Resources:
Social, biological, physical
82
Bandura's Agency
To exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life; essence of humanness
83
Maslow within prestige
Need for esteem and Self actualization
84
Key sex differences within the motivation to control:
Social relationships, communities, distribution of wealth within communities
85
Women attempt to create networks of social relationships that provide them and their children with...
--Social and Emotional support --Access to and control of culturally important resources
86
Women form a (small/large) network of what kind of relationships?
Small, interpersonal
87
Women have reciprocal, or...relationships
Give and Take
88
Women are more comfortable with
Status-attenuating conditions and reduces conflict
89
Men organize their...in ways that...in which they live and to attempt to gain access to culturally-important resources
Social world and life trajectory; increase their social status and influence within the wider communities
90
Men are more comfortable with?
Inequality
91
Men have a greater focus on:
--Relative status --Control of cultural resources --Group-level politics
92
Mentally representing the perfect world is:
A self-centered mental representation of how the world "should" work
93
Brain's default mode network
Automatically active when not focused on something
94
Daydreaming integrates brain areas involved in:
--Social cognition --Self-reflection --Episodic memories
95
The brain's default mode network helps prepare for:
--Future --Continuous self identity --Social relationships
96
Affect definition
Regulates interactions with the environment and with other people
97
Emotions:
Observable responses (e.g., facial expressions)
98
Feelings:
Unobservable reactions related to sense of well being
99
Men are more sensitive to:
Status related outcomes and social cues (disrespect)
100
Women more sensitive to:
Emotional expression in others
101
Sex difference in physical escalation
More intense fear response in women and harm avoidance
102
Universal folk domains
Social and Ecological
103
Social Folk Domain
Folk Psychology
104
Social Folk Psychology
Self, Individual, Group
105
Social Folk Psychology--Self
Aware, Schema
106
Social Folk Psychology--Individual
Nonverbal behavior, face, language, theory of mind, person schema
107
Social Folk Psychology--Group
Kin, in-group, outgroup, group schema
108
Ecological folk domain
Folk biology, folk physics
109
Ecological folk biology
Flora, fauna
110
When does testosterone increase the most in men?
Childhood to adolescence
111
What does testosterone increase?
Focus on status-related activities, aggression, challenge responses
112
What does testosterone decrease?
Fear and pain responses
113
What is testosterone related to?
Status striving, sexual opportunity

Psychology Sex Differences (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions