Exam 3 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
(Definition) The study of the species’ developmental and reproductive patterns
A
Life history
2
Q
(Definition) Maintenance, growth, and the accumulation of reproductive potential
A
Somatic effort
3
Q
(Definition) The development of physical, social, behavioral, and cognitive competencies needed to compete for mates and successfully invest in offspring
A
Reproductive potential
4
Q
(Definition) The expenditure of reproductive potential in adulthood
A
Reproductive effort
5
Q
What are the two aspects of Developmental Activity in Life History?
A
Growth and Maintenance, Reproductive Potential
6
Q
What are the 3 aspects of Growth and Maintenance in Life History?
A
Parent-Child Relationship
Kin Relationships
Self-Initiated Activities
7
Q
What are the 3 aspect of Reproductive Potential in Life History?
A
Parent-Child Relationship
Peer Relationships and Social Play
Motor, Object, and Exploratory Play
8
Q
Name the stage in the Evolution of Human Development:
The time of suckling; has decreased from 5 years to 2
A
Infancy
9
Q
Name the stage in the Evolution of Human Development:
The time between weaning–offspring feed themselves but are still socially dependent on mom–and adulthood
A
Juvenile
10
Q
Name the stage in the Evolution of Human Development:
The time between weaning and first molar (M1) – M1 occurs about the time the brain approaches adult size
A
Childhood
11
Q
Name the stage in the Evolution of Human Development:
An extension of the period of pubertal development; this occurs more rapidly in other primates
A
Adolescence
12
Q
Development of physical skills is associated with?
A
Competition and choice
13
Q
Boys are born ~6 weeks (more/less) mature in many physical systems (e.g., lungs) than girls which increases risk of…and contributes to ~30% (higher/lower) mortality than girls
A
Less, infectious disease, higher
14
Q
Boys grow more slowly during which developmental period?
A
Adulthood
15
Q
Boys have (large/small) advantages in muscle mass (8%) and strength
A
Small
16
Q
Peak growth at puberty occur about how much earlier in girls?
A
2 years
17
Q
Around when does physical maturation end for women?
A
About 16-17
18
Q
Around when does physical maturation end for men?
A
Early 20s
19
Q
Where are the most dramatic changes in physical development?
A
Muscle and skeletal growth, distribution of fat
20
Q
Relative to childhood, girls lean muscle mass increases …% during puberty, but boys by …%
A
50%, 10%
21
Q
By young adulthood, only 1 out of … women have as much muscle mass as the average man
A
50
22
Q
Strength differences are especially pronounced where?
A
Upper body
23
Q
Boys’ slower maturation = ?
A
Longer legs and taller
24
Q
Boys’ bones increase in thickness (more/less) than girls
A
More
25
Boys' facial features change (more/less) dramatically than girls
More
26
By maturation, girls about about ...% more fat--needed for breast feeding
60%
27
3 physical competencies in boys
Larger ranges
Projectile
Blunt force weapons
28
In childhood (small to moderate/moderate to large) differences in running speed, endurance, jumping distance, etc
Small to moderate
29
By what developmental period does 9 out of 10 men > average women in running speed, endurance, jumping distance, etc
Adulthood
30
Throwing distance, velocity, and accuracy--differences emerge in...and get larger at...
Preschool, puberty
31
By 12 years, there is (almost no overlap/a larger amount of overlap) in throwing velocities in boys and girls
Almost no overlap
32
9 out of 10 preschool boys throw (less far than/farther than) the average girls--get (smaller/larger) with development
Farther than, larger
33
3 out of 4 males are (more/less) accurate at throwing; short distances
More
34
Related to differences in length and structure of...and...--differences that emerge prenatally and get larger during puberty
The arm and shoulder
35
Darwin noted in 1871 that across species sex differences are (small/large) early in life and get (smaller/larger) as individual approach reproductive maturation
Small, larger
36
Infant (boys/girls) attend more to human faces and maintain eye contact for longer
Girls
37
(Boys/girls) are more responsive to social cues and show more empathy
Girls
38
By 6 months, (boys/girls) attend more to groups of people
Boys
39
Boys pay special attention to objects in...
Motion
40
(Boys/Girls) detect objects embedded in a group of objects earlier
Boys
41
(Boys/Girls) are more sensitive to rotations of objects and identify rotated objects more quickly
Boys
42
What abilities emerge through inherent constraints and child-driven experiences, including play?
Folk abilities
43
Name the type of play:
Play fighting and play parenting
Social play
44
Name the type of play:
Common in species that use tools to secure food; no consistent sex difference across species
Object play
45
Name the type of play:
Practice and refinement of prey capture or predator avoidance behaviors; no consistent sex differences across species
Locomotor play
46
Name the type of play:
Hitting, kicking, jumping on, shoving, etc., but with a "play face" to indicate it's not real aggression
Rough and tumble play
47
Name the type of play:
ex. team sports, boys engage more than girls
Coalitional pay
48
What does rough and tumble play merge into by adolescence?
Physical aggression and threats
49
Intensity of rough play is discouraged or encouraged, depending on the culture and nature of what in the culture?
Male-Male competition
50
Name the type of play:
Females engage in this more than males--associated with reduced mortality rates of first-born offspring
Play parenting
51
(Boys/Girls) are more aware of family relationships and engage in family-related sociodramatic play more frequently
Girls
52
90% of the tool-making and tool use activities are done by (men/women)
Men
53
Name the type of play:
Facilitates spatial-navigation abilities
Exploratory play
54
(Boys/Girls) manipulate (e.g., build forts) the ecology more
Boys
55
Name the definition:
Girls with excess androgens; have play and aggression patterns in-between unaffected girls and boys; boy-typical activities continue into adolescence; lower interest in play parenting and children
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
56
...are as important to long-term social and psychological development as parent-child relationships
Peer relationships
57
(Definition) Girls and boys separate into same-sex groups--different social cultures
Segregation
58
Ratio of 3-4 year olds same-sex vs mixed sex play
3:1
59
Elementary school ratio of same-sex vs mixed sex play
11:1
60
Boys form what kind of group at least three times more often than girls?
Competition-related social groups
61
Name the group:
--Larger than girls' groups
--Involve high levels of within-group cooperation and role differentiation
--Form to compete against other groups of boys
--Greater focus on shared activities
Competition-related social groups
62
Name the social relationship:
--Smaller than boys' coalitions, often dyad, but are defined by greater equality, intimacy and emotional support
--Complex network relationships
--Less stable friendships
--Expect: More emotional support, validation, protection from victimization
Inner circle of social/emotional support
63
(True/False) Within Western cultures, parents largely treat boys and girls the same
True
64
By what year do boys and girls identify with their sex and know they're the same or different from dad or mom?
5 years
65
(True/False) Boys and girls blindly imitate the same-sex parent
False
66
...and... passed across generations: Modify expression of evolved biases
(ex. laws and police)
Rules and mechanisms
67
Suppression of male kin-based coalitions leads to:
Democracy, less violence among males
68
--Less male-on-male aggression
--More male parenting
--More female-female competition
Socially-imposed monogamy
69
For boys, degree of polygyny correlated with inculcation of (what three things?) to older male kin
Aggression, industriousness, and obedience
70
Default is (male/female) brain
Female
71
Many sex differences related to bias in:
Dorsal or ventral visual stream
72
Stream that is the "where" and "how"
--Spatial attention
--Object tracking
--Objects as tools
--Acting on environment
Dorsal stream
73
Stream that is the "what"
--Face processing
--Body movement
--Theory of mind
--Social decision making
Ventral stream
74
In cortex, men's brains are more integrated (within each hemisphere, between hemispheres); women's brains are more integrated (within each hemisphere/between hemispheres)
Within each hemisphere, between hemispheres
75
What areas related to social-emotional information processing in the brain are disproportionately larger in women?
--Language areas (Wernicke and Broca)
--Face processing
--Emotion perception and processing
--Self-reflection
--Personal memories
--Emotional reactivity and control
76
What areas related to social-emotional information processing in the brain are disproportionately larger in men?
--Understanding and navigating social hierarchies
--Sensitivity to anger expressions and inhibition
--Risky decision making
--Cognitive-evaluative aspects of empathy
--Amygdala larger after puberty
77
What are the two aspects of the self in folk psychology?
--Awareness
--Schema
78
What are the 5 aspects of the individual in folk psychology?
--Nonverbal behavior
--Face processing
--Language
--Theory of Mind
--Person Schema
79
What are the 4 aspects of the group in folk psychology?
--Kin Bias
--In-Group bias
--Out-group bias
--Group schema
80
Key attributes for self awareness and self schema
--Sex, race, age
--Personality, competence/agency, warmth/communion
81
Self awareness is related to what 2 things?
Default mode network, social strategizing
82
Women are more focused on traits related to what?
Male choice
83
Men are more focused on traits related to what?
Physical competition and prestige
84
Individual-Level Abilities are sometimes called what?
Emotional intelligence
85
What are the two things individual-level abilities are related to?
One-on-one relationships and social dynamics
86
Vocal intonation has a small advantage for (men/women)
Women
87
Pragmatic/Use of language for men:
Dominance
88
Pragmatic/Use of language in women:
social enabling
89
(Men/Women) talk more about relationships
Women
90
(Men/Women) talk more about competition (e.g., politics)
Men
91
Females have a cognitive advantage in:
--Length and grammatical structure of utterances
--Speed of articulation
92
How does the basic brain system form?
Prenatally
93
What is the basic brain system integrated with?
The ventral visual stream
94
What is the basic brain system influenced by?
Pre- and early postnatal exposure to testosterone
95
What is the basic brain system shaped by?
Pubertal hormones
96
(Definition): Ability to make inferences about thoughts and feelings of others
Theory of Mind
97
The temporal-parietal area is more engaged on the right for (men/women)
Women
98
The temporal-parietal areas is more engaged in the left for (men/women)
Men
99
What are medial areas related to?
Social evaluations
100
There may be more grey matter in the temporal-parietal area for (men/women)
Women
101
What can group-level competition trigger?
Testosterone challenge response
102
Flora and Fauna means?
Food and medicines
103
(True/False): Basic knowledge of Flora and Fauna are similar between men and women
True
104
(Definition) Knowledge of Flora and Fauna
Folk Biology
105
(Definition): Brain and cognitive systems for representing and navigating in physical space and use and construction of tools
Folk Physics
106
(Men/Women) have better sensory systems; except for vision
Women
107
After 13 years, (men/women) have a small advantage on object location memory tasks
Women
108
In navigation, (men/women) have better memories for landmarks and verbally label these to aid in later recall
Women
109
Red-Green color vision provides convergent evidence for...
Foraging
110
Sensitivity to variation in color variation is due to...
X-linked genes
111
(Men/Women) have a better early intuitive sense of how to use objects as tools
Men
112
(True/False) There are sex differences on simple mechanical reasoning tasks
False
113
There are (small/large) sex differences on more complex tasks in tool use
Large
114
(Men/Women) prefer occupations dealing with people and helping them
Women
115
(Men/Women) prefer dominance-related positions and jobs that involve dealing with things
Men
116
Is there more variation in men's or women's achievement?
Men's
117
What two things is achievement related to?
Prestige and cultural success
118
Is there more variation in men's or women's focus on family vs work?
Women's
119
Is there more men or women working in areas related to non-living things like engineering, physics, and computer science?
Men
120
Women's related interests and strengths when it comes to STEM fields:
People interests, advantages in folk psychology
121
Men's related interests and strengths when it comes to STEM fields:
Things interests, advantages in folk physics
122
Sex differences in STEM fields are (smaller/larger) in gender-equal countries
Larger
123
(men/women) show more externalizing symptoms in psychopathology
Men
124
(men/women) show more internalizing symptoms in psychopathology
Women
125
Which homicide is more frequent: Male-on-male or female-on-female?
Male-on-Male
126
At what age range do homicide rates peak?
Late teens to mid-to-late 20s
127
At what point do homicide rates decline?
When men are married
128
(men/women) engage in more risky behaviors
Men
129
What is the cognition of boys and men involving accidents and risk taking?
Potential gain and "fun"
130
What is the cognition of girls and women involving accidents and risk taking?
Potential risks and harm
131
What are the two externalizing disorders?
Violence, accidents and risk taking
132
(boys/girls) express more fears and are inhibited, insecure in childhood
Girls
133
What is the ratio for clinical depression and anxiety?
2:1; girls to boys
134
(boys/girls) are more effected by relationship disruptions
Girls
135
Cognitive appraisals are more negative in (men/women)
Women
136
Relational aggression affects (boys/girls) more
Girls
137
What kind of mechanisms are internalizing disorders?
Defensive
138
What are the two internalizing disorders?
Anxiety, depression
139
What is sexual antagonistic pleiotropy?
Maternal kin have more children
140
Placental hormones
hCG
141
Insufficient releasing hormones
IGD
142
Mini-puberty
Post-natal surge
143
(Definition): Natal sex doesn't match identity
Transgender
