exam 2 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
do individuals evolve
A
individual don’t evolve populations do
2
Q
what results from natural selection
A
traits that are best suited for the envt
3
Q
how does fossil formation work
A
sediment carried from rivers to swamps where organisms are buried
4
Q
strata
A
layers of sediment
5
Q
fossil record
A
chronological appearance of fossils in rock layers
youngest layer on top
6
Q
what does the fossil record testify
A
organisms appeared in a sequence
7
Q
how old are the oldest fossils and what are they
A
3.5 byo, prokaryotes
8
Q
order of evolution of organisms
A
prokaryotes -> eukaryotes -> fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> mammals
9
Q
what did Darwin notice on the Galapagos islands
A
finches were more similar to finches on the mainland than to finches on other islands
10
Q
adaptive radiation
A
evolution by being separated from ancestor, ex being separated on islands
11
Q
comparative anatomy
A
comparing body strx between diff species
12
Q
homology
A
similar strx due to a common ancestor
13
Q
comparative embryology
A
comparison of strx that appear during the earliest stages of development
14
Q
according to comparative embryology, what do mammal, fish, bird, and reptile embryos all have in common
A
segmented muscles, tubular heart, gill pouches
15
Q
molecular biology
A
comparison of genes and proteins between diff species
16
Q
directional selection
A
natural selection favors one extreme, shifting bell curve
17
Q
diversifying (disruptive) selection
A
natural selection favors two extremes, bell curve splits down the middle
18
Q
stabilizing selection
A
natural selection favors the middle and extremes die off, bell curve gets thin and tall
19
Q
what kind of habitats lead to disruptive selection
A
patchy habitats
20
Q
what kind of habitats lead to stabilizing selection
A
Habitats that are relatively stable and consistent over time, with minimal environmental fluctuations
21
Q
what kind of habitats lead to directional selection
A
Habitats that are undergoing significant environmental changes
22
Q
gene flow
A
flow of genes in a population
23
Q
what does gene flow lead to
A
genetic diversity
24
Q
two mechanisms of gene flow
A
migration, sexual reproduction
25
genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies in a population
26
what effects lead to genetic drift
founders effect, bottleneck effect
27
what did Ernst Mayr do
invented the biological species concept
identified 138 species of birds when the indigenous people only identified 137
28
what is BSC based on
reproductive compatibility rather than morphological similarity
29
what is a prezygotic barrier
reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization
30
post zygotic barriers (2)
1. sterile offspring
2. hybrid inviability: offspring die before maturity
31
pre zygotic barriers (4)
1. behavioral: diff mating behavior
2. mechanical: strx difference in sex organs
3. habitat isolation
4. temporal: diff mating times
32
how many species exist and how many have been discovered
what animal are most species
5-30 mil exist and 1.8 mil discovered
mostly insects
33
what does habitat isolation lead to
speciation
34
what species are the hardest to identify
inconspicuous forms like bacteria
35
allopatric speciation
speciation from geographic isolation
36
sympatric speciation
speciation from reproductive isolation
37
how does sympatric speciation occur
a population becomes reproductively isolated in the middle of the parent population or mutation
38
what organisms does sympatric speciation occur in and why
plants because of changes in chromosomes
39
speciation
the formation of two or more genetically distinct groups
40
Precambrian era (4.6 bya-570 mya)
earliest living organisms - algae, bacteria, invertebrates
41
Paleozoic era (570-245 mya)
ancient life- early plants, fish, amphibians, insects, reptiles
42
Mesozoic era (245-65 mya)
gymnosperms, angiosperms, dinosaurs, mammals, birds
43
Cenozoic era (65 mya-present)
first primate groups
44
why is human-induced environmental change harmful
life on Earth evolved slowly, so when we speed up environmental change, life can't keep up, and we get species extinctions
45
systematics
the study of biodiversity
46
what did Carroleus Lineaus create
binomial nomenclature
47
binomial nomenclature
capitalize Genus, italicize species
48
Higheraechial classification
D, K, P, C, O, F, G, S
did king phillip come over for good sex
49
3 domain system
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
50
Biogeography
The geographic distribution of species
Related species are found in close proximity to each other
51
two examples of natural selection from class
spotted pepper moth and pesticide resistance
52
mutation
An error in cell reproduction will sometimes change the DNA.
produces a change in inherited characteristics
53
allopatric speciation example from class
Antelope squirrels in the Grand Canyon
54
sympatric speciation example from class
wheat
55
Parapatric Speciation
when a species evolves into two distinct groups while still exchanging genes. This happens when a population is spread out over a large area
56
Domain Bacteria
prokaryotic, asexual reproduction
57
Domain Archaea
more similar to eukaryotes, extremophiles, unicellular
58
kingdom fungi
nonmotile, heterotrophic by absorption of nutrients
59
kingdom plantae
autotrophic by photosynthesis
60
kingdom animalia
heterotrophic by consumption, well developed tissues, motile
61
kingdom protista
not a plant, animal, or fungus
62
principle of common descent
species branched off from a common ancestor
63
phylogeny
evolutionary history
64
clade
common ancestor + all descendants
65
primitive characteristics
characteristics derived from a common ancestor
66
derived characteristics
new characteristics
67
toxicology
study of poisons
68
pollution
The addition of a chemical or physical agent to the air, water, or land
69
ecotoxicology
environmental poisons
70
contamination
unfit for human use
71
benzo pyrene
carcinogen and mutagen
72
tetragen
increases the risk of birth defects
ex: accutane
73
synergism
the combined effect of two chemicals is greater than the sum of the separate effects
74
what do heavy metals do between trophic levels
biomagnify
75
what caused the disease of the dancing cats
mercury was dumped into waterways, became methyl mercury, biomagnified
76
disease of dancing cats takeaways (4)
1. individuals vary in their response to certain doses
2. pollutants may have a threshold
3. some effects are reversible
4. chemicals can get altered in the envt
77
ppm
parts per million
78
ppb
parts per billion
79
what does micrograms per cubic meter measure
air
80
what does mg/l measure
water
81
what does 1 mg/l equal
1 ppm
82
what are the infectious agents (7)
heavy metals, toxic chemicals, natural and synthetic organic compounds, industrial pollutants, radiation, heat, particulate matter
83
what are persistent organic pollutants
synthetic compounds, often containing Cl, that don't easily break down in the envt
84
organic compounds
made of carbon
85
what are synthetic compounds used in
industrial processes
86
hormonally active agents
Chemicals in the environment able to cause reproductive and developmental abnormalities in animals
87
general effects of pollutants (5)
Changes in Abundance
Changes in Distribution
Changes in Birth Rates
Changes in Death Rates
Changes in Growth Rates
88
LD-50
amount of a toxin is enough to kill 50% of the population
89
ED-50
the concentration of a toxin that causes some kind of response in 50% of the population.
90
TD-50
dose of a toxin that is toxic to 50% of the population
91
acute exposure
sudden exposure to a large dose, severe reaction
92
chronic exposure
long term exposure to low levels
93
dose
amt of a chemical that an organism is exposed to
94
response
bodily processed occurring bc of the effect of the toxin
95
maximum benefit plateau
the highest dose of a substance that can be administered without causing adverse effects or death
96
threshold
amount of a chemical, below which there are no observable effects, but above which effects become apparent
97
tolerance
reduced response to a toxic substance after repeated exposure
98
Behavioral Tolerance
when an organism learns to modify its behavior to minimize the effects of a toxic substance
ex: getting good at drunk driving
99
Genetic Tolerance
inherited resistance to a toxic substance
ex: pesticide resistance
100
Physiological Tolerance
a gradual decrease in the body's response to a substance due to repeated exposure
ex: the more you drink, alcohol the more you need to get drunk
101
4 steps of the risk assessment test
1. identify the hazard
2. perform a dose response assessment
3. perform an exposure assessment
4. perform a risk characterization
102
precautionary principle
when you're unsure of a threat, the biggest risk is doing nothing
we should still take envtl precautions, even when were not certain of the threat
103
what has happened to US forests over time
they have declined in quantity and in quality
104
Biome
Defined by the climate and the dominant vegetation.
105
where are Temperate rainforests found
Northwest US, southeastern Australia, Southern South America
106
what are Temperate rainforests defined by (4)
50+ in of rain annually, mild climate, spruce and epiphytes, nutrient rich soil
107
where are Temperate deciduous forests
eastern North America, northeastern Asia, western + central Europe
108
what are Temperate deciduous defined by (4)
moderate climate, well defined seasons, 30-60 in of rain, broad leaf trees
109
Tropical rain forests
warm/moist climate, 79+ in rain, rich biodiversity, nutrient poor soil
110
Tropical dry forests
two seasons: rainy and dry
trees shed leaves in dry seasons
111
what is the largest terrestrial biome
boreal/ taiga
112
where is the boreal/ taiga biome
South of the tundra and at cool high elevations
113
what is the boreal/ taiga biome characterized by (5)
low temp, nutrient poor soil, snowy, conifers and evergreens, low biodiversity
114
photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
115
which way is primary growth
upwards
116
which way is secondary growth
sideways
117
biomass
living material/ plant tissue
118
xylem
transports water upwards
119
phloem
transports photosynthesis products downwards
120
Primary productivity
the rate at which producers build biomass
121
cambium
layer between xylem and phloem, 1 cell thick
122
evapotranspiration
evaporation from soil and leaves
123
ecological functions of a forest (4)
regulate temp, evaporate water to reduce runoff, absorb carbon, slow wind
124
what are the 4 US forests
Temperate Deciduous Forest, Temperate Rainforest, Costal Pine Forests, Rocky Mountain Pine Forests
125
what are the 2 giant US forests
Coast Redwood: coastal California
Giant Sequoia: inland on the western slopes of mountains
126
3 characteristics of giant forests
insect/fire resistant, high rainfall, basal burns
127
what is the perfect condition for a forest
theres no single set of perfect conditions for a forest
128
traditional forest management
commercially desirable species, monocultures, pesticides
129
Ecologically Sustainable Forest Management
mix of trees, conserves habitats, protects soil and water quality, uses wildlife corridors to encourage gene flow
130
where did deforestation take place historically (5)
east US, ancient greece, roman empire, medeval europe, near east
131
where is deforestation an issue now, how many acres a year
south america, 4.3 milion
132
causes of deforestation
settlement, agriculture, fuel, paper
133
indirect deforestation
death of trees from pollution and disease
134
indirect deforestation causes
acid rain, smog, bad air quality
135
clear cutting
removal of all trees without regard to size or species
136
problems with clear cutting
BAD!!!!!
increases erosion, soil decays faster
137
shelterwood cutting
remove undesirable trees
138
seed tree cutting
leave behind seed trees
139
selective cutting (thinning)
only cutting a certain size or species
140
strip cutting
cut forest in rows
141
chip mills
large areas of forest that are clear cut, trees are used to make chips
142
what are chip mills for
used for paper, land is burned for planting
143
what trees are planted at chip mills, why is it bad
loblolly pine seeds, reduces diversity
144
why are invasive species bad for forests
contributes to indirect deforestation
145
invasive forest species in the US
chestnut blight, dutch elm disease, wooly adeglid, asian longhorn beetle
146
what is the fundamental question of forestry
how can we achieve sustainable forestry
147
naturalization
establishment of wild population
148
requirements for the naturalization of an invasive species
find suitable habitat, escape predators, disease, parasites, outcompete native species
149
facilitation
spread of invasive species pop
150
where do invasive species facilitate the best
disturbed ecosystems, urban and agricultural areas
151
what ecosystems are the most susectpible
disturbed and island ecosystems
152
where have invasive species been exponentially increasing
everglades
153
top 3 threats to biodiversity
habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species
154
burmese python
endangered in india and china
menace in the everglades
155
exotic species
one species that is translocated from one geographic region to another
156
problematic invasive characteristics
generalists, reproduce quickly, small body size
157
how do invasive aquatic species get introduced
balast water, attach to ship
158
reasons for intentional introduction
agriculture, hunting, soil erosion control, biological control, fur trade
159
effects of invasive species
1. competetive exclusion
2. diseases
3. genetic swamping
4. reorganize ecosystem
160
competetive exclusion example
russian ecologist gregory with protists
161
diseases from invasives in the US
asian tiger mosquito: west nile virus
162
genetic swamping
genes of invasive ruin natural gene pool
163
how can we prevent the entry of invasives into the country
treat ballast water at port, exchange ballast water in the ocean, fumigate cargo
164
how can we control the spread of invasives
pesticides, hunting, biological control
165
biological control example
parastic fly introduced to control spotted gypsy moth
