exam 3 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
4 ways we cause extinction
A
- disrupting/eliminating habitats
- introducing exotics
- international hunting/ harvesting
- pollution
2
Q
species management
A
creating laws
3
Q
ecosystem management
A
managing public and private land
4
Q
what mass extinction are we in, what is it called
A
6th, biodiversity crisis
5
Q
what makes the mass extinction we are in different from all the others
A
were not gonna recover from this one like the others because weve altered the land
6
Q
whats the key to stopping the biodiversity crisis
A
protecting habitats
7
Q
people+tech=
A
extinction
8
Q
4 ways people have used technology to degrade the environment
A
- agriculture, rise of civilization, fire: altered land
- hunting: extinctions
- humans explored new areas: introduced exotics
- introduction of new chemicals into the environment: pollution
9
Q
what were the earliest extinctions caused by
A
hunting
10
Q
how many species has the ESA recovered, how many are close
A
40 recovered, 33 close
11
Q
when was the ESA established
A
1973
12
Q
who established the ESA what party was congress
A
Nixon: republican, congress: democrats
13
Q
ESA major goals
A
conserve and recover endangered species and their habitats
14
Q
what organisms are eligible to be on the ESA
A
plants and animals, no pest insects
15
Q
how does the secretary of interior determine what a pest is
A
a threat to human health or public welfare, very subjective
16
Q
what is the basis for ESA listing
A
based solely on best scientific data available
17
Q
how to designate a critical habitat for ESA
A
science and economics taken into account
18
Q
what are some animals the ESA recovered
A
elephant seal, sea otter, bald eagle, blue whale, gray whale
19
Q
how does the US fish and wildlife service contribute to ESA
A
takes petitions to list terrestrial and freshwater species as endangered
20
Q
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
A
company within NOAA that accepts petitions for marine organisms to be endangered
21
Q
1st step for petitioning an endangered species
A
petitioning: any interested person or group may petition to add a species
22
Q
2nd step for petitioning endangered species
A
candidate assessment program: fish and wildlife biologists identify candidates
23
Q
listing designations ESA
A
endangered and threatened
24
Q
endangered
A
at risk of extinction in its range, >25% of original pop
25
threatened
at risk of being endangered, abundant but still declining
26
what does the ESA forbid to protect endangered species
selling endangered species or products made from them
27
ESA: section 7-federal agencies
must consult US fish and wildlife service to ensure activities don't harm wildlife
28
ESA: section 9
prohibits "take" or anything that can harm a listed species
29
what conflicts environmental protection
economic development
30
recovery plan criteria
est pop size, analysis of threats to sp, specific activities to aid recovery
31
how does the ESA recover species
critical habitat designations and recovery plans
32
what are critical habitat designations, what do they prohibit
area critical for the conservation of a species, prohibits adverse modification by federal agencies
33
Incidental Take Permits
Allows landowners to conduct
activities that might “take” a listed
species
34
what do Incidental Take Permits require from landowners
developing a Habitat Conservation
Plan (HCP)
35
what caused the Tellico Dam case
UT professor Etnier discovered endangered snail darter fish in the area of the river where 90% of the dam was built, halting construction
36
what was the first court case under the ESA
Tellico Dam court case
37
where was the Tellico Dam built, when was construction halted
little TN river, 1977
38
what was the real reason why citizens petitioned to halt Tellico Dam construction
they thought it was ugly but used the endangered fish as an excuse
39
what was the issue with the Tellico Dams construction being halted
it was considered environmental extremism because the Dam would produce 200 million kilowatt hours of hydroelectric power and save 15 million gallons of oil
40
who did the supreme court side with in the Tellico Dam case and why
the people who wanted to protect the fish because the ESA says protect all species no matter what
41
who was the politician that advocated for the dams construction to the senate
Howard Baker
42
when was the Tellico Dam complete, did the fish survive
1979, the fish survived
43
who are the most impacted groups according to the ESA
plants, birds, fish
*vertebrates
44
American alligator and ESA
American alligator was recovered by the ESA though it was never actually endangered
45
why do we need more species monitoring for the ESA
the status of many species is unknown
46
why do some say the ESA encourages habitat destruction
they encourage landowners to develop before endangered species arrive to their land if its a potential habitat
47
ESA limitations
Proactive not reactive, only goes into effect when species is almost extinct
48
how many species must remain to be listed as endangered under the ESA
10-120
49
what does CITIES stand for
Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species
50
what is CITIES
voluntary international agreement to control the commerce of endangered species and their products
51
how many nations are involved in CITIES, how many species
180 nations, 35,000 species
52
what is the conference of parties in CITIES
meetings to negotiate changes to cities, arrange species into appendicies
53
CITIES appendix I
most serious, no trade allowed
54
CITIES appendix II
less serious, some trade takes place with permits
55
CITIES appendix III
for species that are becoming threatened, controlled trade
56
what does IUCN stand for
International Union for Conservation of Nature
57
what is the IUCN
600 research institutions and private groups, publishes red list
58
types of public lands
Multiple Use Lands
Moderately Restricted Use Lands
Restricted Use Lands
59
conservation easement
legal agreement between a landowner and trust or agency that restricts land use to protect it
60
multiple use lands
consumptive activities allowed such as mining and logging
national forests, national resource lands
61
moderately restricted use lands
tighter restrictions on consumptive activities
national wildlife refuges
62
restricted use lands
consumptive activities not allowed
National Parks, Wilderness Areas
63
goals of restricted use lands
preserve nature and make it accessible to the public
64
problem with smoky mountains park
most visited but most polluted
65
conflicts in managing parks
what kinds of activities should be allowed?
what intensity of activities?
66
examples of controversial activities in parks
Motor vehicle use in Cades Cove and Snowmobiles in Yellowstone
67
biggest takeaway from air pollution chapter
AIR POLLUTION KILLS
68
biogenetics
when the envt is changed due to the actions of living organisms
ex: plants releasing gas makes smoke in smoky mtns
69
when was the Danora PA incident
1948
70
what happened in Danora PA
toxic pollutants from a metal smelting plant got trapped in the valley
71
how many people died in how long in Danora PA
20 people died in 3 days
72
why did pollutants get trapped in Danora PA
the weather and topography in the valley created a temperature inversion
73
when was the London Smog incident
1952
74
what happened in the London smog incident
cold weather caused people to burn coal->air became stagnant and a cold fog developed -> people burned more coal for more heat creating a feedback loop of pollution
75
how many people did the London Smog incident kill in how long
4000 people died in 6 days
76
what was the Indonesian fire incident
people slash and burned forests during el nino causing fires to rapidly spread
77
how many people got sick from the indonesian fires
20 million
78
what are the 6 criteria air pollutants
SO2, NOx, CO, Ozone (O3), PM, Pb
79
SO2 causes and effects
caused by burning coal, leads to acid rain
80
NOx causes
coal plants and automobiles
81
CO causes
automobiles, gas heaters + stoves
82
Ozone (O3) causes and effects
comes from car exhaust, creates photochemical smog
83
how is photochemical smog formed
car exhaust+moisture+sunlight
84
particulate matter harmful effects
gets lodged in lungs
85
lead causes
leaded gas and paint
86
stationary air pollution
fixed location
87
what are the 3 types of stationary air pollution sources
point sources, fugitive sources, area sources
88
point source
comes from one identifiable source
easy to control
89
fugitive source
comes from open areas exposed to wind like slash and burn
hard to control
90
area source
well defined area with multiple sources of pollution
91
mobile sources
move from place to place
cars
92
primary pollutants
emitted directly into the air and no reaction occurs
CO, PM
93
secondary air pollutants
form through a rxn with a primary pollutant and atmospheric compound
ozone
94
5 general effects of air pollution
1. reduced visual quality
2. damages vegetation animals and soil
3. damages water quality
4. erodes natural and artificial structures
5. human health: reynolds uncle
95
particulate matter
mixture of solid particles+liquid droplets suspended in air
96
how is PM measured
TSP: total suspended particles
97
types of PM
SO2: sulfate particles
NOx: nitrate particles
98
PM sizes
thoractic particles: <10 microns
coarse particles: 10-2.5 microns
fine particles: >2.5
ultrafine particles: > 0.1
99
which particles are the most dangerous and why
ultrafine because theyre absorbed into the blood stream
100
what PM size does the greatest damage to the lungs
0.1-10
101
synergism
when the combined effects of the pollutants are greater than the sum of their effects
ex: sulfates+PM
102
smog
smoke+fog
produces unhealthy urban air
103
brown air
photochemical smog
sun+NOx+organic hydrocarbons=ozone,Pan,PM
104
how is brown air formed
combustion reaction creates 2NO and catalyzes with the sun to create ozone
105
gray air
comes from burning coal and oil
produces SOx
106
atmospheric inversion
occurs when warm air sits on top of cool air, creating stagnant air
107
1st type of atmospheric inversion like in LA
warm air descends
sea breeze moves polluted air in and mtns form a barrier
108
2nd type of atmospheric inversion valley: warm air on cool air
clouds develop and block sun
ground air cools and forms fog
people burn fuel for heat and pollutants build up
109
what 4 factors determine air pollution
1. rate of emission ^
2. downwind distance ^
3. avg wind speed v
4. elevation v
110
as rate of emission and downwind distance increase
air pollution increases
111
as avg wind speed and elevation decreases
air pollution increases
112
southern CA air pollution
VOCs
temp inversion
topography
113
Ph scale
0-7-14
114
what is rains Ph and why
5.6 bc it bonds with CO2 to form carbonic acid
115
how does acidity increase
logarithmically
116
what kind of acid is carbonic acid
weak acid
117
weak acid
partial dissassociation
118
strong acid
full dissassociation
119
buffer
substance that neutralizes acids
ex: calcium carbonate
120
what kind of soil is less sensitive to acid rain
soils with calcium carbonate
121
what kind of soil is more sensitive to acid rain
soils with granite
122
how does acid harm leaves
it strips away the waxy cuticle
123
what do changes in soil acidity lead to
plants uptake heavy metal-> weakens trees->indirect deforestation
124
what do changes in water chem lead to
aquatic life dies off
125
what does acid rain lead to
changes in soil and water chemistry
126
short smokestacks
local air pollution
127
tall smokestacks
travels farther-regional air pollution
128
clean air act 1970
sets national health based air quality standards (NAAQS)
allows epa to set limits on air pollutants
129
NAAQS
national ambient air quality standards
130
what are state air quality implementation plans required to meet
NAAQS
131
Part 1 of clean air act
establishes 6 criteria air pollutants and NAAQS, state implementation plans
132
Part 2 of clean air act
prohibits significant deterioration of air quality
133
Part 3 of clean air act
recognizes hazardous air pollutants and sets emission standards
134
Part 4 of clean air act
recognizes coal fired power plants as regional air pollutants and requires reduction of NOx and SOx, acid rain
135
Part 5 of clean air act
recognizes motor vehicles as a local and regional source of air pollution
catalytic converters
136
what does a catalytic converter do
converts hydrocarbons to CO2 and H2O
137
what is a consequence of less developed countries having less air quality regulations
respiratory illnesses, #1 cause of death in children
138
clean air act amendments of 1990
regulations that address acid rain, toxic emissions, ozone depletion and automobile exhaust
139
global water distribution
97.5% oceans, 2.5% freshwater mostly ice caps
140
fresh water distribution
1.85% ice caps, 0.64% groundwater, 0.01% lakes rivers and wetlands
141
what is the #1 water related problem
lack of clean drinking water
142
2 takeaways from water pollution chapter
water conservation, don't pollute water
143
main abiotic water resivoir
ocean
144
the hydrologic cycle
driven by the sun
evaporation+transporation ^
condensation+precipitation v
145
H2O bond angle and polarity
120, polar
146
why does H2O have unique properties
because its polar
147
why is H2O special
universal solvent, dissolves a wide variety of substances
148
like dissolves like
polar dissolves polar
149
heat of vaporization
amt of heat energy required for a substance to move to a gas phase
150
why does H2O need more heat to evaporate
it absorbs a lot of heat
151
adhesion
ability of H2O to stick to other substances
152
cohesion
H2O ability to stick to its self
helps trees pump water
153
water stress
when the demand for water by humans exceeds the envts ability to supply it
154
water war Georgia
Atlanta needs water so Georgia wants access to TN river
155
8 types of water pollutants
sewage
disease causing agents
sediment
inorganic plant and algal nutrients
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
radioactive substances
thermal pollution
156
where does sediment pollution come from
construction and soil disturbance
157
how is sediment measured in water
TSP=total suspended particles
158
what does sediment pollution do
increase turbidity
159
as sediment increases what increases with it
turbidity
160
what does turbid water lead to
absorbs more heat leading to less dissolved oxygen (DO)
clogs fish gills
smothers aquatic organisms
161
as turbidity increases what happens
heat increases, DO decreases
162
what prevents turbidity
vegetation
163
as BOD increases
DO decreases
164
3 zones of sewage release
pollution zone
decomposition zone
recovery zone
165
hypoxia
DO plummets, oxygen deficient
166
fecal coliform bacteria
indicator species for sewage pollution
167
natural eutrophication
body of water develops a high concentration of nutrients
168
cultural eutrophocation
eutrophication accelerated by human activities
169
what does eutrophication lead to
increased nutrients-> increased algae-> increased BOD -> decreased DO suffocates fish
170
eutrophic lake
old lakes
shallow, warm, cloudy, nutrient rich
171
mesotrophic lakes
medium aged lakes
moderate nutrients and depth
172
oligotrophic lakes
young lakes
deep, cold, nutrient defficient, clear
173
clean water legislation
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
Clean Water Act of 1977
