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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Five innovations from the evolution of land plants

A

1) Protection of a multicellular embryo 2) Vascular tissue 3) Megaphylls 4) Seeds 5) Flowers

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2
Q

Diploid stage

A

The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, spores develop into a haploid generation (the gametophyte)

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3
Q

Haploid stage

A

The gametophyte generation produces gametes by mitosis which fertilize to form a diploid zygote

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4
Q

Mosses phylum:

A

Phylum Bryophyta

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5
Q

Liverworts phylum:

A

Phylum Hepaticophyta

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6
Q

Antheridia

A

Where the gametophyte produces sperm

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7
Q

Archegonia

A

Where the the gametophyte produces eggs

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8
Q

Prothallium

A

A heart-shaped gametophyte in ferns

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9
Q

Rhizome

A

The “base” of a fern

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10
Q

What group of plants are vascular and seedless?

A

Ferns and horsetails

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11
Q

Which generation shows the haploid # of chromosomes?

A

Gametophyte

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12
Q

Which generation shows the diploid # of chromosomes?

A

Sporophyte

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13
Q

Red algae 4

A

Mostly multicellular macroalgae, around 6000 species, red color comes from phycoerythin which masks chlorophyll, nori is a red algae used in sushi, kappaphycus: genus of red algae that is harvested for gel-forming substances

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14
Q

Green algae facts 3

A

Some form colonies of individual cells like filamentous ZYGNEMA, others form true multicellularity by cell division and differentiation like VOLVOX, and others have repeated division of nuclei in the same cell like CAULERPA

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15
Q

Watermelon Snow

A

A phenomenon caused by green algae at high elevations that protects the algae from UVs

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16
Q

Origin of green algae

A

1 BYA, previous estimates said 800 MYA

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17
Q

Land plants arose?

A

About 475 MYA

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18
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

Are called Bryophytes and include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Do not have seeds. Lifecycle is dominated by the haploid (gametophyte) stage.

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19
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A waxy & durable polymer found in charophytes and land plants that prevents zygotes and spores from drying out.

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20
Q

Leaf adaptations to prevent desiccation: 3

A

The cuticle is a waxy layer on the outside that helps retain water, stomata are holes in the epidermis that control carbon intake and water loss, and xylem is water-conducting tissue.

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21
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

A feature of plants owing to meristems (areas of undifferentiated stem cells). Cells in the meristem duplicate via mitosis. Meristems are found in the tips of a plant.

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22
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Secondary meristems that allow the plant to grow in girth. Xylem is inside the vascular cambium and phloem are found outside the VC.

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23
Q

Vascular plants

A

Include ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. This can be further divided into plants with or without seeds. Ferns do not have seeds and reproduce via spores while gymno/angiosperms have seeds

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24
Q

Sex in plants 3

A

Sex is less efficient that asexual reproduction. But sex allows for 2 copies of each chromosome that can silence recessive deleterious mutations. Most plants have both kinds of reproduction: asexual for rapid invasion or colonization and sex for when environmental conditions change.

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25
Bryophyte life cycle 5
Spores are unicellular, haploid and are dispersed in the wind. Spores grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte. These gametophytes produce either sperm/eggs, once fertilization occurs a diploid zygote forms and turns into a sporophyte. The sporophyte is attached to and supported by the gametophyte. Meiosis happens in the sporangium. GAMETOPHYTE DOMINANT
26
Liverworts 3
6000-9000 species. Gemma cups are discs of cells that, if splashed with water, can float away and reproduce somewhere else. Each gemmae can grown into a new liverwort gametophyte (asexual).
27
Hornworts 4
6 genera, 100-300 species. Hornworts have a flat thallus at the base and a "horny" sporophyte growing out of the top. Hornworts have unisexual or bisexual gametophytes. Their sporophyte has its meristem between the foot and sporangium.
28
Epiphytes
Refers to plants that grow on other plants. Bryophytes are common epiphytes
29
Where can bryophytes be found? 2
In cryptobiotic soil and peat bogs.
30
Xylem 4
Moves water. Has big, empty (dead), thick-walled cells that are under pressure. Xylem are what make up the rings of a tree. The inner rings are nonfunctional while the first and/or second outer-most rings are functional and move water.
31
Phloem
Are small, alive, and have normal-sized cell walls. Phloem move nutrients.
32
2 different kinds of xylem
Tracheids are long, skinny, structurally supportive, and not very efficient at moving water. Vessel elements are short, fat, and have more area for transporting water. But vessels don't provide a lot of support, instead fibers fill this niche.
33
Lignin
A component of xylem that provides tough structural support
34
Vascular tissue is:
A continuous interconnected set of cells from the tips of the roots to the tips of the leaves. Vascular tissue is responsible for moving water and nutrients as well as for secondary growth (vascular cambium).
35
Water movement
Water uptake comes from the soil where negative pressure potential is transferred to root cells. This negative pressure is caused by transpiration at the top of the plant from energy from the sun.
36
Coal and fossil fuels
Come from extinct lineages of seedless vascular plants that were preserved in swampy environments where decomposition cannot occur.
37
What area of the root is undergoing mitosis?
The zone of cell division (the apical meristem)
38
What type of growth results in an increase in the diameter of stems/roots?
Lateral meristems
39
What composes the rings of wood?
Xylem
40
What generation is the visible part of a gymnosperm?
Sporophyte
41
Why is it said that gymnosperms have naked seeds?
Because they bear no fruit
42
Seed plant embryos
The embryo is inside a seed coat, with it's lunch, and the root and tiny leaves called cotyledons
43
How do ferns grow in width?
Not with vascular cambium, instead they grow wider by combining a bunch of smaller stems into one big stem.
44
Sorus
A clump of sporangia underneath a fern frond, some sorus' are covered with an indusium
45
Parts of the sporangia
Stalk at the base, spores are contained inside, the lip cell is a thin covering on the outside, and the annulus is a mohawk-looking ridge on the outside of the sporangium
46
Seedless vascular plant lifecycle
Seed plants have a reduced gametophyte stage and are sporophyte dominant. Sporangia release spores which develop into a bisexual gametophyte (prothallium). The prothallium produces antheridia and archegonia which produce gametes that fertilize together to form a diploid zygote that grows into a sporophyte.
47
Plant sperm
Three cells: 2 sperm cells, generative cells that make non-flagellated sperm, and a tube cell.
48
Baby in a box with it's lunch
Megagametophytes make the egg in the archegonium. The integument turns into the seed coat, and the lunch is leftover megagametophyte.
49
Gametophytes are always:
Haploid, multicellular, and make gametes
50
Many rhizarians are:
Amoeba that move and feed using pseudopodia and are not a monophyletic group
51
Radiolarians (Rhizarian)
Protists with silica shells and pseudopodia, die and sink to the bottom of the ocean floor
52
Foraminiferans (rhizarian)
Protists with calcium carbonate shells called tests, pseudopodia
53
Cercozoans (rhizarian)
Amoebid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia, Paulinella chromatophora is an autotroph
54
Unikonta includes:
Amoebozoans and opisthokonts
55
Amoebozoans (Unikonta)
Lobe/tube-shaped psedopodia. Includes "slime molds," tubulinids, entamoebas, and plasmodial slime molds.
56
Tubilinids and entamoebas (Amoebozoans, Unikonta)
Tubulinids lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia, unicellular in soil, freshwater, and marine environments. Entamoebas are parasitic amebozoans that can cause dysentery.
57
Planktonic and macroalgae/seaweeds role, what do zooxanthelle do?
Planktonic and macroalgae are important photosynthesizers and zooxanthellae form symbioses with coral.
58
Red algae, green algae, charophytes, and land plants form the Eukaryotic group:
Archaeplastida
59
What is the ancestor of land plants and what evidence supports that?
An ancestral green alga
60
What differentiates bryophytes from the rest of the land plants?
They don't have vascular tissue, are small and live in moist environments, and use flagellated sperm that swim to the egg
61
Pine life cycle
Sporophyte is dominant, gametophyte is reduced, cones produce male (small) and female (large) gametophytes, the ovule in the cone will develop into the seed
62
Pinyon juniper woodlands
Contain pinyon pines and juniper, this is what we see on the monument around 5000-6500 feet
63
Ponderosa pine woodlands
Around 6500-8500 feet. Ponderosas are specially adapted for fires with tall thick trunks and tightly sealed waxy cones that don't open unless they're burned.
64
Mixed conifers
9-10,000 ft. Includes Douglas fir, White fir, Blue Spruce, and Limber Pine
65
Spruce-fir
10,000-11,500 ft and includes Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Often in a conical shape to help shed snow.
66
"Weird" gymnosperms 4
Cycads: palm-like plants that were common in the Mesozoic era. Ginkgo: monotypic (one species in the whole phylum) and have fan-shaped leaves that fall in winter. Were thought to be extinct but were found in Asian monasteries. Gnetophytes include Ephedra (Mormon tea) and Welwitschia which are super old plants in SW Africa.
67
Sepals and petals
Sepals are green and enclose the flower, petals attract pollinators
68
Stamen and its parts
Stamens are microsporophylls, the stamen stalk is called the filament, and a terminal sac called the anther is where pollen is produced
69
Carpel and its parts
Carpels are megasporophylls, at the tip is the sticky stigma that receives pollen, a style leads from the stigma to the ovary at the base of the carpel
70
Pistil
Can be used to refer to a single (simple) pistil or two or more fused (compound) pistil.
71
What are some of the ways flowers can vary? 7
Number of parts per whorl, presence/absence of whorls, size/color of parts, fusion of parts, ovary position, floral position, how flowers are arranged in inflorescences.
72
What is an inflorescence?
A cluster of flowers on a branch
73
Angiosperm life cycle
Meiosis occurs in the carpel (F) and stamen (M) and creates haploid gametes that lead to double fertilization. The embryo is packaged with food into a seed contained in a fruit. The seed germinates and develops into mature SPOROPHYTE
74
How does pollen lead to allergic reactions?
Because some plants have no sepals or petals and rely on wind pollination. These plants have proteins on the outer wall (the exine) which in some people can trigger the production of immunglobulin E which causes the release of histamines.
75
What is double fertilization?
The process where a pollen tube grows and deposits two sperm cells. One sperm fertilizes the egg and makes a diploid zygote. The other sperm joins with two polar nuclei to make a triploid endosperm. The endosperm develops into food for the fertilized embryo.
76
When did angiosperms arise and when did they reach dominance?
140 MYA and 100 MYA
77
What key innovations led to angiosperm diversity and success?
Flowers direct the movement of gametes and fruits which protect the seed and aid in dispersal. Pollinators also play a role in angiosperm success.
78
What characteristics define angiosperms?
Phylum Anthophyta, flowers and fruits
79
Angiosperm life cycle
In the megasporangium of the ovule meiosis forms a female gametophyte. In the anther of a stamen division by meiosis produces microspores which develops into a pollen grain and eventually forms two sperm. After pollination, the two sperm cells double fertilize the egg. The zygote develops into a baby in a box with its lunch and then germinates into a mature SPOROPHYTE.
80
Parts of a flower
The stalk of the flower is called the pedicel. 4 Whorls: 1) The calyx or the sepals. 2) The corolla or the petals. 3) The stamen. Pollen is made in the anther and the filament holds up the anther. 4) Pistil: A sticky layer at the top or Stigma captures pollen, the stalk or Style connects to the ovary with ovules inside. Ovules turn into seeds and ovaries turn into fruits.

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